THz Radiation Generation via the Interaction of Ultra‐short Laser Pulses with the Molecular Hydrogen Plasma

In this paper, a two dimensional Particle In Cell‐Monte Carlo Collision simulation scheme is used to examine the THz generation via the interaction of high intensity ultra‐short laser pulses with an underdense molecular hydrogen plasma slab. The influences of plasma density, laser pulse duration and its intensity on the induced plasma current density and the subsequent effects on the generated THz signal characteristics are studied. It is observed that the induced current density in the plasma medium and THz spectral intensity are increased at the higher laser pulse intensities, laser pulse durations and plasma densities. Moreover, the generated THz electric field amplitude is reduced at the higher laser pulse durations. A wider frequency range for the generated THz signal is shown at the lower laser pulse durations and higher plasma densities. Additionally, it is found that the induced current density in hydrogen plasma medium is the dominant factor influencing the generation of THz pulse radiation. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Generation of THz Radiation from Laser Beam Filamentation in a Magnetized Plasma

The terahertz (THz) frequency radiation production as a result of nonlinear interaction of high intense laser beam with low density ripple in a magnetized plasma has been studied. If the appropriate phase matching conditions are satisfied and the frequency of the ripple is appropriate then this difference frequency can be brought in the THz range. Self focusing (filamentation) of a circularly polarized beam propagating along the direction of static magnetic field in plasma is first investigated within extended‐paraxial ray approximation. The beam gets focused when the initial power of the laser beam is greater than its critical power. Resulting localized beam couples with the pre‐existing density ripple to produce a nonlinear current driving the THz radiation. By changing the strength of the magnetic field, one can enhance or suppress the THz emission. The expressions for the laser beam width parameter, the electric field vector of the THz wave have been obtained. For typical laser beam and plasma parameters with the incident laser intensity ≈ 10¹⁴ W/cm², laser beam radius (r₀) = 50 μm, laser frequency (ω₀) = 1.8848 × 10¹⁴rad/s, electron plasma (low density rippled) wave frequency (ω₀) = 1.2848 × 10¹⁴ rad/s, plasma density (n₀) = 5.025 × 10¹⁷cm^–3, normalized ripple density amplitude (μ)=0.1, the produced THz emission can be at the level of Giga watt (GW) in power (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

紫外激光烧蚀Cu产生等离子体辐射特性

通过时间分辨的光谱测量技术,测定了308 nm XeCl紫外激光烧蚀金属Cu在氮气环境中诱导产生等离子体的发射光谱及其强度随时间分布,实验结果表明等离子体辐射光谱线主要由原子光谱线、一价离子光谱线及连续辐射背景光组成,各种光谱线的数目、辐射强度、持续时间不同。结合实验结果对等离子辐射机理进行了探讨,认为电子通过逆韧致辐射获得较高的能量,连续辐射主要来自高能电子的韧致辐射,原子和一价离子的激发主要是通过电子与原子、离子的碰撞传能以及电子与离子的复合产生,并用其定性地解释了所观察的实验现象。     

不同能量水下激光诱导等离子体的轴向辐射分布特性研究

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术作为一项新兴的水下原位探测技术,备受海洋探测技术领域的关注。将这项技术推向实用化的关键之一是改善LIBS的远程探测能力,因此需要采用超击穿阈值的高能量探测激光。为观察超击穿阈值情况下的等离子体辐射和动态击穿特性,采用图像与光谱相结合的方法,以KCl溶液为样品进行了系列实验研究。通过对1～20 mJ不同能量激发下的等离子体图像分析,获得了不同激发条件下总辐射的轴向跨度和最亮点位置信息。随激光脉冲能量增大,等离子体长度增加,从1 mJ时的0.49 mm增加到20 mJ时的1.83 mm,同时辐射最亮点位置向激光入射方向移动了0.79 mm。结合光谱探测分析,得出等离子体特征辐射的轴向空间分布也对激光能量有明显的依赖性。虽然不同能量下谱线强度呈相似的轴向空间分布,但钾原子辐射最强处的位置和相应强度均随能量变化,在5 mJ激发下获得最佳辐射强度。实验结果表明,为满足远程LIBS应用需求,提高激光能量时应考虑其对原子辐射的影响。还对不同能量下的谱线的半高宽和信背比进行了观测分析。     

Second Harmonic Generation of Self‐Focused Cosh‐Gaussian Laser Beam in Thermal Quantum Plasma by Excitation of an Electron Plasma Wave

This paper presents a scheme for second harmonic generation (SHG) of an intense Cosh‐Gaussian (ChG) laser beam in thermal quantum plasmas. Moment theory approach in W.K.B approximation has been adopted in deriving the differential equation governing the propagation characteristics of the laser beam with distance of propagation. The effect of relativistic increase in electron mass on propagation dynamics of laser beam has been incorporated. Due to relativistic nonlinearity in the dielectric properties of the plasma, the laser beam gets self‐focused and produces density gradients in the transverse direction. The generated density gradients excite electron plasma wave (EPW) at pump frequency that interacts with the incident laser beam to produce its second harmonics. Numerical simulations have been carried out to investigate the effects of laser parameters on selffocusing of the laser beam and hence on the conversion efficiency of its second harmonics. Simulation results predict that within a specific range of decentered parameter the ChG laser beams show smaller divergence as they propagate and, thus, lead to enhanced conversion efficiency of second harmonics. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

激光诱导煤样等离子体的表征

以脉冲Nd·YAG激光器泵浦的光学参量发生/放大器输出为激发源,获得了一种家庭用煤样品的激光诱导等离子体(laser induced plasma,LIP)发射光谱。谱线线型呈洛伦兹线型,表明等离子体加宽以Stark展宽为主。利用发射谱线的Stark展宽和强度,通过测量等离子体不同位置的发射光谱,确定了等离子体温度和电子密度的空间分布,发现二者在垂直等离子体发光火焰方向相对火焰中心对称分布,沿发光火焰方向不具有对称分布的特点。发光火焰中心的等离子体温度和电子密度最大,且发光强度较大,因此利用光谱技术测量等离子体特征量时,宜采集火焰中心的发射光谱。样品中有些元素的发射谱线线型显示,等离子体中存在很强的自吸收现象,自吸收程度和激发波长及激光能量密切相关,激发波长接近谱线中心波长时,自吸收现象最明显;随激光能量的增加,发射光谱强度增加的同时,自吸收的程度也增大。把这些现象归因于原子跃迁概率的增大及激光强度增加引起的等离子体中粒子数密度的增大。自吸收现象导致实验观测到的发射谱线强度小于LIP的真实辐射强度,对等离子体进行测量时,应选取不存在自吸收现象的谱线,以便于提高测量准确度。     

Proposal of a Microwave-Driven Semiconductor Superlattice Oscillator for Generation of THz Radiation

We present the proposal of a microwave-driven semiconductor superlattice oscillator. We show that the interplay of a microwave pump field with a synchronous harmonic field can make a semiconductor superlattice to a gain medium for the harmonic field. Placing the superlattice in a resonator for the harmonic field allows the operation of an oscillator. The gain mechanism is based on Bloch oscillations of miniband electrons. The gain is mediated either by the interaction of the high-frequency field with the single electrons or with space charge domains or with both. The microwave-driven superlattice oscillator should be suitable for generation of coherent radiation up to several THz.     

激光诱导Al等离子体吸收谱分析

用Nd:YAG脉冲激光烧蚀金属Al靶获得等离子体，激光脉冲能量为115mJ.pulse^-1，用氮气作保护气体，压强为1个大气压，获得激光诱导Al等离子体的时间分辨谱。分析了Al等离子体辐射特征。根据连续辐射时间分布，对吸收谱的形成作了简单的解释，认为Al原子对连续辐射的共振中收是形成吸收谱中的“凹谷”的主要机制。     

低真空时激光诱导Al等离子体辐射分析

用Nd :YAG激光烧蚀Al靶获得等离子体 ,激光脉冲能量为 145mJ·pulse-1,光源中通入Ar气作保护气体 ,压强为 10 0Pa。利用时间分辨技术获得纳秒级时间分辨光谱。分析了等离子体连续辐射、连续辐射的吸收、Al原子谱线辐射的时间演化规律 ,并进行了简短的讨论。结果发现 ,低真空时激光诱导Al等离子体的连续辐射、连续辐射的吸收、Al原子谱线辐射的时间演化规律以及它们之间的相互关系 ,与常压时的情况十分相似     

强激光和稠密等离子体相互作用产生的三次谐波

研究了超强激光和均匀及线性梯度高密度等离子体相互作用产生的三次谐波，特别研究了等离子体密度为四倍临界密度时的情形，这可能是用相对论效应产生高效谐波的最佳密度。     

双脉冲激光锡等离子体光源的碎屑动力学研究

极紫外光刻是下一代大容量集成电路制造中最有发展前景的技术之一, 而碎屑的减缓及阻挡一直是极紫外光刻光源研究中亟需解决的关键问题。研究了双纳秒激光脉冲辐照锡靶产生的等离子体碎屑的动力学演化。结果表明, 等离子体碎屑强烈依赖于预脉冲的能量及其与主脉冲的时间延迟, 当预脉冲能量为30 mJ, 双脉冲时间间隔150 ns情况下, 大部分锡离子的能量从2.47 keV降低到0.40 keV, 降低了6.1倍, 碎屑得到了有效抑制。通过对碎屑动能角分布的测量, 发现此方法可以有效减缓全角度范围的激光锡等离子体碎屑, 并且越接近靶材法线方向, 碎屑的动能减少得越多。     

双脉冲激光锡等离子体光源的碎屑动力学研究

极紫外光刻是下一代大容量集成电路制造中最有发展前景的技术之一,而碎屑的减缓及阻挡一直是极紫外光刻光源研究中亟需解决的关键问题。研究了双纳秒激光脉冲辐照锡靶产生的等离子体碎屑的动力学演化。结果表明,等离子体碎屑强烈依赖于预脉冲的能量及其与主脉冲的时间延迟,当预脉冲能量为30 mJ, 双脉冲时间间隔150 ns情况下,大部分锡离子的能量从2.47 keV降低到0.40 keV,降低了6.1倍,碎屑得到了有效抑制。通过对碎屑动能角分布的测量,发现此方法可以有效减缓全角度范围的激光锡等离子体碎屑,并且越接近靶材法线方向,碎屑的动能减少得越多。     

激光脉冲重复频率对等离子体辐射特性的影响

为了提高激光诱导击穿光谱质量,采用Nd∶YAG激光器输出的纳秒脉冲激光激发产生土壤等离子体,采用光栅光谱仪和光电检测系统记录了元素谱线AlⅠ394.401 nm,BaⅠ455.403 nm,FeⅠ430.791 nm和TiⅠ498.173 nm的辐射强度和信背比,研究了激光脉冲重复频率(5,10和15 Hz)对等离子体辐射特性的影响。实验结果表明,在相同的激光输出能量条件下,当采用15 Hz的激光脉冲重复频率时,元素Al,Ba,Fe和Ti的谱线强度要比5 Hz时的分别提高50.94%,112.7%,107.46%和99.38%,光谱信背比分别提高15.16%,24.08%,40.26%和72.06%。通过测量等离子体参数,解释了激光脉冲重复频率对等离子体辐射特性的影响机理。     

Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser Interaction with High Z Plasma

The formation and evolution of a plasma in the interaction of laser radiation with gold targets are studied by computer simulations using MHD code (ESC-CASTOR). The nonlinear features of the interaction including the absorption of laser radiation, heating of the plasma components, and the deformation of the density profile under the action of the ponderomotive force are discussed. The role of these nonlinear effects together and the influence of the radiative and collisional transport in the evolution of the density profile are discussed based on the numerically obtained two-dimensional dynamical structures of the hydrodynamic parameter (electron density n_e, ion density n_i, electron temperature T_e, ion temperature T_i), radiation temperature T_r, ponderomotive force profile, and the space-time dependencies of the absorption efficiency and the ionization rates. The radiation spectrum is analyzed and the regularities in the motion of the critical density surface are clarified.     

侧吹气体对光纤激光修锐青铜金刚石砂轮等离子体特性影响

为了研究辅助侧吹氩气对光纤激光修锐青铜结合剂金刚石砂轮等离子体的影响,利用高速摄像机拍摄不同侧吹工艺参数下等离子体空间膨胀形态,结果表明：氩气降低了等离子体的膨胀高度,随着压力增加,等离子体的膨胀距离减小,等离子抑制作用增强。 利用光谱仪研究了等离子体发射光谱在砂轮径向上的最大值随氩气压力的变化情况,并根据Boltzmann斜线法和Stark展宽法,计算不同氩气压力下等离子体在砂轮径向上电子温度和电子数密度的最大值,结果表明：气体压力增大,等离子体光谱线强度先增大后减小,等离子体光谱线强度在0.2 MPa时达到峰值,较大的氩气压力明显降低等离子体电子温度和电子数密度,从而减小对砂轮表面形貌的影响。 利用超景深三维扫描仪观测添加侧吹气体前后砂轮表面形貌,结果表明：0.5 MPa侧吹氩气后,砂轮表面形貌质量明显优于未添加侧吹气体时。     

Difference-Frequency Generation of THz Radiation via Parametric Three-Wave Interaction in CdTe and ZnTe Crystals

Difference-frequency generation of terahertz (THz) radiation in a collinear single-crystal scheme with distributed feedback implemented by means of parametric interaction of counterpropagating optical waves in a periodically inhomogeneous medium exhibiting quadratic nonlinearity is investigated. Using ZnTe and CdTe crystals optically pumped at λ = 0.77 and 1.06 μm, respectively, as an example, the possibility of obtaining parametric generation of THz radiation with an optical-to-THz conversion efficiency exceeding 10^–3 (with an extremely narrow line of oscillation of less than 4 GHz for ZnTe and less than 9 GHz for CdTe at 1 THz) is demonstrated in the undepleted-pump-intensity approximation. The obtained results can be used for construction of narrow-band lasers in the THz frequency range with an output power (in the quasicw regime of oscillation) of about 10⁵ W/cm².     

铝合金焊前激光清洗的等离子体光谱在线检测

铝合金焊接技术在工业生产、制造和维修等领域有广泛的应用,焊缝内存在气孔导致焊接质量降低是铝合金焊接技术的常见问题。由于铝合金表面金属氧化物是导致气孔生成的主要来源,对激光清洗过程进行在线检测,不但可以实时分析表面氧化物的清洗状态,而且可以避免基体表面因为过度清洗造成损伤或二次氧化。提出采用激光诱导等离子体光谱(LIBS)在线检测铝合金焊前激光清洗过程,表征清洗后铝合金基体的表面状态。LIBS技术可以对多元素成分同时检测,拥有较低的检出限和较高的准确性。搭建基于Andor Mechelle 5000光谱仪的铝合金焊前激光清洗在线检测系统,剔除空气环境对实验结果的影响,测试6061铝合金表面氧化物和铝合金基体的LIBS光谱,分析两者独特的元素特征谱线,采用X射线能谱(EDS)测试结果验证元素特征谱线的准确性,并探讨激光清洗过程LIBS技术在线检测的可行性。实验测试等离子体光谱谱线强度与激光能量密度之间的关系,获得单次脉冲激光去除铝合金表面氧化物的损伤阈值,结合X射线能谱的检测结果研究激光损伤阈值的成因及影响。研究激光清洗过程等离子体光谱特征谱线与脉冲次数之间的关系,提出基于O/Al特征谱线强度比值作为在线检测清洗效果及二次氧化损伤的评判依据。为验证该评判依据的准确性,将O/Al特征谱线强度比值随清洗次数的变化趋势与X射线能谱测试获得的氧元素原子百分比变化趋势进行对比。实验结果表明:采用200~700 nm范围内激光诱导等离子体谱线特征分析激光清洗状态,可以剔除空气环境的影响;氧元素和铝元素特征谱线准确反映出表面氧化膜与铝合金基体的成分差异;X射线能谱检测元素成分和含量表明氧元素含量随着激光清洗能量密度先减后增,单次清洗铝合金的二次氧化损伤的激光能量阈值为11.46 J·cm-2,小于损伤阈值的激光能量密度对铝合金基体的多次清洗未造成损伤,等离子体光谱特征谱线强度与表面清洗状态相关, 656.5 nm(OⅡ)/396.2 nm(AlⅠ)谱线强度比值≤1.5%为激光清洗干净的依据。研究结果有利于铝合金的激光清洗实时控制技术和焊接装置集成化。     

单模辐射场与N个原子相互作用理论

用玻色算符的三维型哈密顿量描述单模辐射场与Ｎ个两能级原子的相互作用。在原子系统处于低能态。光子数很大的初始条件下，得到了作用系统的动力学变化规律。     

Indicatrices of the Radiation Intensity of Laser Plasma Formations in the Air

We have investigated the indicatrices of the visible and IR radiation of laser plasma formed under irradiation of cadmium, indium, and silicon in the air by radiation from a monopulsed neodymium laser with a power density at the irradiation spot of up to 12 GW/cm² on the first harmonic and up to 4 GW/cm² on the second harmonic. It is shown that the radiant intensity indicatrices have a prolate form depending on the target material, the spectral range of observation, and the power density of the acting laser radiation. The radiant intensity of laser plasma in the 0.3–4.2 m range is approximately proportional to the laser radiation power density and depends on the target material.     

超强激光参数对等离子体折射系数的影响分析

分析了超强激光与等离子体相互作用的“准静态”冷等离子体模型,求出了等离子体相对于矩形和非矩形脉冲激光的折射系数;讨论了激光参数对等离子体折射系数的影响,结果发现：1）当激光强度归一化矢势的大小大于1.4时,在同一激光强度下,矩形激光对应的静电势大于非矩形激光对应的静电势,激光强度越小,两者的差异越小;2）在同一激光强度下,矩形脉冲激光引起的折射系数远较非矩形激光脉冲引起的折射系数大;3）不管是哪种脉冲激光,只要激光强度增加,折射系数都增加,但矩形脉冲激光更易使折射系数达到1;4）在激光强度一定时,随着脉冲激光波长的增加,折射系数都按一定的指数规律减少,非矩形脉冲激光的减少幅度大于矩形脉冲激光减少的幅度;5）当波长趋于零时,折射系数都趋于1,这是由于脉冲激光的频率增高,等离子体中产生了非常强的 “透镜”效应所至.