扇形截面杆扭转的应力分析

柱体扭转的基本方程为非齐次偏微分方程,在极坐标系下,利用分离变量法及傅立叶级数展开法,求出了扭转应力函数,进一步即可计算出扇形截面杆在外力偶作用下,扭转角和横截面上剪应力的精确解答。这种方法为精确解法,在各种机械及其他工程设备中,对受扭转作用的扇形截面杆设计,有一定实用价值。     

Saint-Venant torsion analysis of bars with rectangular cross-section and effective coating layers

This paper investigates the torsion analysis of coated bars with a rectangular cross-section. Two opposite faces of a bar are coated by two isotropic layers with different materials of the original substrate that are perfectly bonded to the bar. With the Saint-Venant torsion theory, the governing equation of the problem in terms of the warping function is established and solved using the finite Fourier cosine transform. The state of stress on the cross-section, warping of the cross-section, and torsional rigidity of the bar are evaluated. Effects of thickness of the coating layers and material properties on these quantities are investigated. A set of graphs are provided that can be used to determine the coating thicknesses and material properties so as to keep the maximum von Mises stress on the cross-section below an allowable value for effective use of the coating layer.     

ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE LAMINATE BEAMS USING COUPLING CROSS-SECTION FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Beams and plates manufactured from laminates of composite materials have distinct advantages in a significant number of applications. However, the anisotropy arising from these materials adds a significant degree of complexity, and thus time, to the stress and deformation analyses of such components, even using numerical approaches such as finite elements. The analysis of composite laminate beams subjected to uniform extension, bending, and/or twisting loads was performed by a novel implementation of the usual finite element method. Due to the symmetric features of the deformations, only a thin slice of the beam to be analysed needs to be modelled. Conventional three-dimensional solid finite elements were used for the structural discretization. The accurate deformation relationships were formulated and implemented through the coupling of nodal translational degrees of freedom in the numerical analysis. A sample solution for a rectangular composite laminate beam is presented to show the validity and accuracy of the proposed method.     

各向异性两相材料尖劈奇性场的非协调元分析

提出了一个基于位移的、分析柱状各向异性两相材料尖劈端部邻域的奇性位移场和应力场问题的非协调元特征分析法. 该方法从柱状扇区的散度定理出发，将柱状扇区控制方程的弱式化为一个与虚功原理相同形式的方程，采用一种新的非协调元技术把所导出的``虚功原理'转化为标准一阶特征方程的求解问题. 非协调元法中，尖劈端部邻域的位移场假定没有采用奇异变换技术，有限元的单元形式是一维的. 将柱状各向异性两相材料尖劈视为``广义平面应变'问题，位移场与坐标z无关，只关注界面端的幂奇异性而不考虑对数奇异性. 运用该方法给出了柱状各向异性两相材料尖劈端部奇性应力指数、奇性位移角分布和应力角分布的算例. 所有的计算结果表明，该方法使用的单元少而且精度较高.     

The warping functions of regular prismatic bars under torsion evaluated by caustics

Reflection of a bundle of coherent light on the warped cross section of a prismatic bar submitted to torsion forms a caustic on a receiver plane. From the mathematical expression of this curve and the theory of reflected caustics, it is possible to evaluate accurately the warping function of the cross section. Using this idea, it was possible to study the torsion problem in prismatic bars with sections which were equilateral triangles and squares. It was observed that the shape of the caustic is an hypocycloid curve with three or four cusps respectively. By evaluating the warping function by using elements from the respective caustics it was possible to find out that, for the triangular cross section, the expression for the warping function coincided exactly with the expression given by the exact solution of the problem. For the square cross section, a closed-form solution for its warping function was readily derived, to which the series approximation solution differed only by a few percent at maximum for the shear stresses. Since the method can be readily extended to any canonical polygonic cross section, it constitutes a general solution for the torsion of prismatic bars, which approximates their exact deformations better than the solutions based on the Saint-Vénant assumptions.     

Non-linear elastic non-uniform torsion of bars of arbitrary cross-section by BEM

In this paper an elastic non-uniform torsion analysis of simply or multiply connected cylindrical bars of arbitrary cross-section taking into account the effect of geometric non-linearity is presented employing the boundary-element(BE) method. The torque-rotation relationship is computed based on the finite-displacement (finite-rotation) theory, that is the transverse displacement components are expressed so as to be valid for large rotations and the longitudinal normal strain includes the second-order geometric non-linear term often described as the “Wagner strain”. The proposed formulation does not stand on the assumption of a thin-walled structure and therefore the cross-section's torsional rigidity is evaluated exactly without using the so-called Saint-Venant's torsional constant. The torsional rigidity of the cross-section is evaluated directly employing the primary warping function of the cross-section depending on its shape. Three boundary-value problems with respect to the variable along the beam axis angle of twist, to the primary and to the secondary warping functions are formulated. The first one, employing the Analog Equation Method (a BEM-based method), yields a system of non-linear equations from which the angle of twist is computed by an iterative process. The remaining two problems are solved employing a pure BE method. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the method and demonstrate its efficiency and accuracy. The developed procedure retains most of the advantages of a BEM solution over a pure domain discretization method, although it requires domain discretization.     

Extended virtual element method for the torsion problem of cracked prismatic beams

Meccanica - In this paper, we investigate the capability of the recently proposed extended virtual element method (X-VEM) to efficiently and accurately solve the problem of a cracked prismatic beam...     

A nonlinear finite element formulation for axisymmetric torsion of biphasic materials

In this paper, we present a finite element formulation for describing the large deformation torsional response of biphasic materials, with specific application to prediction of nonlinear coupling between torsional deformation and fluid pressurization in articular cartilage. Due to the use of a cylindrical coordinate system, a particular challenge arises in the linearization of the weak form. The torsional axisymmetric case considered gives rise to additional geometric terms, which are important for the robustness of the numerical implementation and that would not be present in a Cartesian formulation. A detailed derivation of this linearization process is given, couched in the context of a variational formulation suitable for finite element implementation. A series of numerical parametric studies are presented and compared to experimental measurements of the time dependent response of cartilage.     

A finite element beam model including cross-section distortion in the absolute nodal coordinate formulation

A new class of beam finite elements is proposed in a three-dimensional fully parameterized absolute nodal coordinate formulation, in which the distortion of the beam cross section can be characterized. The linear, second-order, third-order, and fourth-order models of beam cross section are proposed based on the Pascal triangle polynomials. It is shown that Poisson locking can be eliminated with the proposed higher-order beam models, and the warping displacement of a square beam is well described in the fourth-order beam model. The accuracy of the proposed beam elements and the influence of cross-section distortion on structure deformation and dynamics are examined through several numerical examples. We find that the proposed higher-order models can capture more accurately the structure deformation such as cross-section distortion including warping, compared to the existing beam models in the absolute nodal coordinate formulation.     

A smeared / layered reinforced concrete model for finite element analysis

A new reinforced concrete model, in which the reinforcement steel is assumed as smeared / layered in concrete, is established and installed into a currently used finite element code for nonlinear analysis. It performs the nonlinear behaviors of both concrete and the reinforcement steel. The results of examples are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

薄膜横向振动的有限元分析

构造了一种3节点三角形膜单元,以适用于平面薄膜横向振动的有限元分析.在给出单元形函数的基础上,根据最小势能原理建立了薄膜自由振动方程,并推导了单元刚度矩阵和单元质量矩阵.研究结果表明,单元刚度矩阵和单元质量矩阵形式简单,且自由度少;通过两个典型算例,证明3节点三角形膜单元的计算结果非常接近理论解,同时可以达到很高的精度...     

The coupling method for torsion problem of the square cross-section bar with cracks

By coupling natural boundary element method (NBEM) with FEM based on domain decomposition, the torsion problem of the square cross-sections bar with cracks have been studied, the stresses of the nodes of the cross-sections and the stress intensity factors have been calculated, and some distribution pictures of the stresses have been drawn. During computing, the effect of the relaxed factors to the convergence speed of the iterative method has been discussed. The results of the computation have confirmed the advantages of the NBEM and its coupling with the FEM. Foundation item: the State Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering Computation Biography: ZHAO Hui-ming (1971-)     

一种新型并行化有限元结构模态分析集成系统

以成熟有限元软件的模态分析流程和大型稀疏矩阵特征值的并行求解为基础,开发出一种基于大规模并行机的新型有限元结构模态分析系统。通过对串行CAE软件的二次开发,将模态分析过程中计算量最大的特征值求解部分代之以并行计算。针对并行机特性以隐式重启动Lanczos算法为基础,编写了基于MPI的特征值并行求解程序,并通过实际算例验证了并行程序的加速比和扩展性;同时实现并行程序与其它串行分析步骤的无缝集成,使集成系统的界面友好,操作方便。本系统使结构模态分析的规模和速度大幅度提高,以大型CAE软件MSC／NASTRAN为并行化求解器开发平台,在“神威Ⅰ”超级计算机上验证了其可行性和高效性。     

Stress bounds for bars in torsion

Upper bounds for the maximum shear stress in the St. Venant torsion problem are derived with the aid of the theory of subharmonic functions. The main result is a bound that is determined in a simple manner by the magnitude of the applied twisting moment and two parameters peculiar to the cross section: the radius of the largest circle contained in it and the minimum curvature of the curve that bounds it.

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Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe subharmonischer Funktionen werden obere Grenzen in dem Torsionsproblem von St. Venant erhalten. Das Hauptergebnis ist eine Grenze, die auf einfache Weise vom Drehmoment und zwei nur vom Querschnitt abhängigen Parametern bestimmt ist, und zwar von dem Radius des grössten eingeschriebenen Kreises und von der Minimalkrümmung der Begrenzungskurve des Querschnitts.

     

A DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION ALGORITHM WITH FINITE ELEMENT-BOUNDARY ELEMENT COUPLING

A domain decomposition algorithm coupling the finite element and the boundary element was presented. It essentially involves subdivision of the analyzed domain into sub-regions being independently modeled by two methods, i.e., the finite element method (FEM) and the boundary element method (BEM). The original problem was restored with continuity and equilibrium conditions being satisfied on the interface of the two sub-regions using an iterative algorithm. To speed up the convergence rate of the iterative algorithm, a dynamically changing relaxation parameter during iteration was introduced. An advantage of the proposed algorithm is that the locations of the nodes on the interface of the two sub-domains can be inconsistent. The validity of the algorithm is demonstrated by the consistence of the results of a numerical example obtained by the proposed method and those by the FEM, the BEM and a present finite element-boundary element (FE-BE) coupling method.     

A precise singular finite element for crack analysis

The multi-variable finite element algorithm based on the generalized Galerkin’smethod is more flexible to establish a finite element model in the continuum mechanies.Byusing this algorithm and numerical tests a new singular finite element for elasto-plasticfracture analysis has been formulated.The results of numerical tests show that the newelement possesses high accuracy and good performance.Some rules for formulating amulti-variable singular finite element are also discussed in this paper.     

A finite element model of ferroelastic polycrystals

A finite element model of switching in polycrystalline ferroelastic ceramics is developed. It is assumed that a crystallite switches if the reduction in mechanically driven potential energy of the system exceeds a critical value per unit volume of switching material. Stress induced (i.e. ferroelastic) switching is a change of permanent strain in characteristic crystallographic directions. Martensitic twinning is one example, but the strain response of ferroelectric materials has the same characteristics. The model is suitable for representing ferroelastic systems such as shape memory alloys and as a preliminary model for ferroelectric/ferroelastic materials such as perovskite piezoelectrics. In the simulations, each crystallite is represented by a finite element and the crystallographic principal direction for each crystallite is assigned randomly. Different critical values for the energy barrier to switching are selected to simulate stress vs strain hysteresis loops of a ceramic lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) at room temperature. The measured stress versus strain curves of polycrystalline ceramics designated PZT-A and PZT-B are also reproduced by the model.