Copper and Nickel Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using New Chelating Poly[Acrylamide/N‐vinyl pyrrolidone/3‐(2‐hydroxyethyl carbamoyl)acrylic acid] Hydrogels

New poly[Acrylamide/N‐vinyl pyrrolidone/3‐(2‐hydroxyethyl carbamoyl)acrylic acid], poly [AAm/NVP/HECA], chelating hydrogels with different composition of HECA monomer have been prepared via free radical solution polymerization using N,N‐methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinker. The hydrogels obtained were loaded with metal ions and characterized by FT‐IR spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Thermogravimatric analysis (TGA). The removal of Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ from aqueous solutions by the hydrogel was examined by a batch equilibrium method. The influence of treatment time, pH, initial concentration of the metal ions and HECA content in the feed compositions on the amount of adsorbed metal ions was studied. Swelling of the hydrogel was also carried out in distilled water and metal ion solutions. The removal of the metal ions followed the following order: Ni²⁺>Cu²⁺. The amount of metal ions removed increased with increasing HECA content in the feed composition, treatment time, pH of the medium and initial concentration of metal ions. The desorption of metal ions were carried out using 1 N HCl and 0.5 N H₂SO₄. The poly[AAm/NVP/HECA] hydrogels could be used many times without significantly decreasing their adsorption capacity.     

Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) diblock copolymer: A facile synthesis via sequential radical polymerization mediated by isopropylxanthic disulfide and its nanostructuring polybenzoxazine thermosets

In this contribution, we reported a facile synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (PMMA‐b‐PVPy) diblock copolymers via sequential radical polymerizations mediated by isopropylxanthic disulfide (DIP). It was found that the radical polymerization of N‐vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) mediated by DIP was in a controlled and living manner. In contrast, the polymerization of methyl methacrylate mediated by DIP displayed the behavior of telomerization, affording xanthate‐terminated PMMA with a good control of molecular weights while the conversion of monomer was not very high. The xanthate‐terminated PMMA can be successfully used as the macromolecular chain transfer agent for the polymerization of NVP via RAFT/MADIX process and thus PMMA‐b‐PVPy diblock copolymers can be successfully synthesized via sequential radical polymerization mediated by isopropylxanthic disulfide. One of these diblock copolymers was incorporated into polybenzoxazine and the nanostructured thermosets were obtained as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy, small angle X‐ray scattering, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The formation of nanostructures in polybenzoxazine thermosets was ascribed to a reaction‐induced microphase separation mechanism. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 952–962     

Poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone)‐block‐Poly(N‐vinyl carbazole)‐block‐poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) triblock copolymers: Synthesis via RAFT/MADIX process,self‐assembly behavior,and photophysical properties

Poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone)‐block‐poly(N‐vinyl carbazole)‐block‐poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP‐b‐PVK‐b‐PVP) triblock copolymers were synthesized via sequential reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer/macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthate (RAFT/MADIX) process. First, 1,4‐phenylenebis(methylene)bis(ethyl xanthate) was used as a chain transfer agent to mediate the radical polymerization of N‐vinyl carbazole (NVK). It was found that the polymerization was in a controlled and living manner. Second, one of α,ω‐dixanthate‐terminated PVKs was used as the macromolecular chain transfer agent to mediate the radical polymerization of N‐vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) to obtain the triblock copolymers with various lengths of PVP blocks. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the triblock copolymers in bulks were microphase‐separated and that PVK blocks were self‐organized into cylindrical microdomains, depending on the lengths of PVP blocks. In aqueous solutions, all these triblock copolymers can self‐assemble into the spherical micelles. The critical micelle concentrations of the triblock copolymers were determined without external adding fluorescence probe. By analyzing the change in fluorescence intensity as functions of the concentration, it was judged that the onset of micellization occurred at the concentration while the FL intensity began negatively to deviate from the initial linear increase with the concentration. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that the self‐assembled nanoobjects of the PVP‐b‐PVK‐b‐PVP triblock copolymers in water were capable of emitting blue/or purple fluorescence under the irradiation of ultraviolet light. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54, 1852–1863     

Quality testing of human albumin by capillary electrophoresis using thermally cross‐linked poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)‐coated fused‐silica capillary

To detect the quality of medicinal human albumin by capillary electrophoresis, we produced a fused‐silica capillary coated with thermally cross‐linked poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) to prohibit protein adsorption. This type of capillary was easily obtained by injecting an aqueous poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) solution into a fused‐silica capillary and thermally annealing it at 200°C. Notably, stable and low electro‐osmotic flow was obtained in the poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)‐coated capillary at pH 2.20–9.00, and the separation of a mixture of four basic proteins indicated that the poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)‐coated capillary exhibits excellent repeatability and separation efficiency; moreover, the separation of these four basic proteins could even be achieved at pH 7.00. The protein recovery percentage of human serum albumin in a single‐protein solution and a mixed blood proteins solution was determined to be 97.03 and 95.40% in the poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)_50–3 (representing the concentration of the capillary‐injected poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) aqueous solution, 50 mg/mL, and thermal annealing time, 3 h) capillary, respectively. Based on these results, we used the poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)_50–3‐coated capillary to quantify the protein content of human albumin, and the results obtained from run to run, day to day and capillary to capillary demonstrated that the coated capillary could be used for quality testing commercially available human albumin.     

Facile Surface Superhydrophilic Modification: NVP/MBA Inverse Microemulsion Surface‐Grafting Polymerization Initiated by UV Light

Summary: Superhydrophilic modification of poly(propylene) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) films' surfaces was realized by the UV‐initiated surface photografting of a N‐vinyl pyrrolidone/N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide inverse microemulsion. AFM characterization of the treated films' surface revealed that it was the grafted quasi‐bimodal (ca. 45 and 110 nm) particles of cross‐linked poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) that led to superhydrophilicity of the surface. The grafted nanometer‐scale particles showed little influence on the transparency of the substrate's surface, but endowed long‐term stability to the superhydrophilicity.

The surface morphology of the PP film grafted with a NVP/MBA inverse microemulsion via a one‐step method. Quasi‐bimodal particles (ca. 45 nm and 110 nm) were tethered on the film's surface, and the corresponding surface water CA fell below 5°.     

A biocompatible composite based on poly(ε‐caprolactone fumarate) and hydroxyapatite

Fabrication of biodegradable composites applicable as hard tissue substitutes consisting of poly(ε‐caprolactone fumarate) (PCLF), methacrylic acid (MAA), and hydroxyapatite (HA) was investigated. PCLF macromers were synthesized by reaction of PCL diol with fumaryl chloride in the presence of propylene oxide and characterized by gel permeation chromatography, FTIR, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Composites were fabricated by incorporating HA as inorganic filler in PCLF matrix which followed by thermal curing of the composition using benzoyl peroxide and MAA as a free radical initiator and reactive diluent, respectively. Uniform distribution of the fine ceramic phase in the polymer matrix was elucidated by scanning electron microscopy. The effects of the initial macromer molecular weight and the filler volume fraction on mechanical properties and cytotoxicity of the composites were also examined. Significant enhancement in the mechanical properties was observed upon increasing HA content and/or initial PCLF molecular weight. The biocompatibility of the specimens was also improved with increasing ceramic phase. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis and preparation of biodegradable and visible light crosslinkable unsaturated fumarate‐based networks for biomedical applications

Biodegradable polymers have currently attracted high interest as ideal carriers in drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. In situ forming devices based on these materials will synergistically provide the advantages of the customary prefabricated devices as well as ease of administration. To acheive these objectives, optically transparent and biodegradable macromers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and fumaric acid copolymers were synthesized using propylene oxide as a different proton scavenger to enhance in situ photocrosslinking capability. The macromers in different compositions were then photocured for 300 sec in the presence of a visible light initiator/accelerator couple and also a reactive diluent. Characterization of the macromers and the resulting networks were performed using different spectroscopic, chromatographic, physical, and thermal analysis techniques. The resulted shrinkage strain of the macromers upon photocuring was studied using the bounded disk technique, and initial shrinkage strain rates were obtained by numerical differentiation. Our results suggest that the compositions based on these unsaturated aliphatic polyesters are potentially useful to develop injectable, in situ photocrosslinkable carriers for drug and cell delivery applications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation of swelling,drug release and diffusion behaviors of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)/poly (N‐vinylpyrrolidone) full‐IPN hydrogels

The synthesis of sequential full interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) based on poly (N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and negatively charged poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) (PNVP) was described and their swelling, drug release, and diffusion studies were investigated. PNIPAAm was used as a host network. According to swelling experiments, IPNs gave relatively lower swelling ratios compared to PNIPAAm hydrogel due to the higher cross‐linking density. Lidocaine (LD) was used as a model drug for the investigation of drug release behavior of IPNs. LD uptake of the IPNs were found to increase from 24 to 166 (mg LD / g dry gel) with increasing amount of PNIPAAm and AMPS contents in the IPN structure. It was observed that the specific interaction between drug and AMPS co‐monomer influenced the drug release profile. In the diffusion transport mechanism study in water, the results indicated that the swelling exponents n for all IPNs are in the range from 0.50 to 0.72. This implies that the swelling transport mechanism was transferred from Fickian to non‐Fickian transport, with increasing AMPS content and NIPAAm character in the IPN structure. In addition, diffusion of LD within the IPNs showed similar trend. The incorporation of AMPS leads to an increase in electrostatic interaction between charge sites on carboxylate ions and cationic LD molecules. Therefore, the highest diffusion coefficient (D) of drug was found for IPN2 sample. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis and Evaluation of Thiol Polymers

Thiol polymer, which is known as a reactive and functional polymer, is synthesized and evaluated quantitatively by the modified Ellman method. The synthesis was accomplished by 1) hydrolysis of an isothiouronium salt that is the adduct of 4‐chloromethylstyrene (CMS) homopolymer or CMS‐styrene (St) copolymer with thiourea; 2) hydrolysis of a precursor copolymer made from 4‐vinylbenzyl N‐ethyldithio‐carbamate (VBEC) and St or N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NVP); 3) solvolysis of an iminium salt polymer obtained from the reaction of CMS‐NVP copolymer with N,N‐dimethylthioformamide (TDMF). When a higher thiol content is desired, more severe hydrolysis conditions are required which however, also increase the loss of thiol. Hence, it is clear that the best synthesis of thiol polymers is Method 3. A quantitative yield of functional thiol polymer is obtained by this method, and the product is soluble in DMSO, DMF, and CHCI_3.     

Comparison of surface segregation and anticoagulant property in block copolymer blended evaporation and phase inversion membranes

In our recent study, an ABA amphiphilic triblock copolymer poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)‐b‐poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP‐b‐PMMA‐b‐PVP) was synthesized and directly blended with polyethersulfone (PES) to prepare membranes. To further investigate the effects of surface energy and miscibility on the near‐surface composition profile of the membranes, evaporation membrane and phase inversion membrane of PES/PVP‐b‐PMMA‐b‐PVP were prepared by evaporating the solvent in a vacuum oven, and by a liquid–liquid phase separation technique, respectively. The surface composition and morphology of the membranes were investigated using XPS and tapping mode atomic force microscopy, and the surface segregations of the membranes were compared and discussed. For the evaporation membrane, PVP blocks were buried below the lower surface energy PMMA blocks and PES substrate at the airside surface. For the phase inversion membrane, however, the hydrophilicity of PVP blocks were the biggest driving force because of the high speed exchange between water and solvent, and present at the membrane surface. Thus, the modified PES membrane prepared by using phase inversion method has a layer of PVP block brushes on its surface and has the better anticoagulant property, which might improve the blood compatibility of the membrane and has potential to be used in blood purification. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

In situ polymerization and morphology of polypyrrole obtained in water‐soluble polymer templates

Several water‐soluble polymers were used as templates for the in situ polymerization of pyrrole to determine their effect on the generation of nanosized polypyrrole (PPy) particles. The polymers used include: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(vinyl butyral), polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly(ethylene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) (PEMA), poly(octadecene‐alt‐maleic anhydride), poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl butyral‐co‐vinyl alcohol‐co‐vinyl acetate), poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide), poly(ethylene oxide‐block‐propylene oxide), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, and guar gum. The oxidative polymerization of pyrrole was carried out with FeCl₃ as an oxidant. The morphology of PPy particles obtained after drying the resulting aqueous dispersions was examined by optical microscopy, and selected samples were further analyzed via atomic force microscopy. Among the template polymers, PVA was the most efficient in generating stable dispersions of PPy nanospheres in water, followed by PEO and PEMA. The average size of PPy nanospheres was in the range of 160 nm and found to depend on the molecular weight and concentration of PVA. Model reactions and kinetics of the polymerization reaction of pyrrole in PVA were carried out by hydrogen ¹H NMR spectroscopy using ammonium persulfate as an oxidant. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Effective fixation of carbon dioxide into poly(glycidyl methacrylate) in the presence of pyrrolidone polymers

The homopolymer (PGMA) of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and the copolymer of GMA with N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone were prepared under radical conditions and employed for the fixation of CO₂ with LiBr as a catalyst, in which the oxirane groups were transformed into five‐membered cyclic carbonate groups. For the fixation of CO₂ into the oxirane groups on PGMA, poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone), in which the catalyst was impregnated before the reaction, was found to be an effective additive. This was exploited for the reaction using the copolymer containing both the oxirane and pyrrolidone moieties. The oxirane groups on the copolymer were also converted readily to the cyclic carbonates through the fixation of CO₂. In such use of the pyrrolidone structures on the polymers, the fixation of CO₂ could be carried out effectively in a diluted chlorobenzene solution and also under solvent‐free conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4578–4585, 2005     

Polymer networks containing crystallizable poly(octadecyl vinyl ether) segments for shape‐memory materials

New polymer networks were prepared by free radical initiated copolymerization of crystallizable α,ω‐bismethacrylate‐terminated poly(octadecyl vinyl ether) (polyODVE) with butyl acrylate (BA). The polyODVE bismacromonomers were obtained by end‐capping the bifunctionally living cationic polymerization of ODVE with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The segmented networks show a high degree of phase separation over a wide range of compositions. The shape memory properties of a material containing 20 wt.‐% of polyODVE are reported.     

Phosphate‐Loaded Hydrogel Nanoparticles for Sepsis Prevention Prepared via Inverse Miniemulsion Polymerization

Local depletion of intestinal phosphate triggers changes in bacterial phenotypes that adversely affect the health of the host. This article describes a process for encapsulating phosphates in crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) nanoparticles using inverse miniemulsion polymerization as a drug delivery approach for sustained release of phosphates to the intestinal epithelium. The effects of crosslinker, PEGDA co‐monomer, N‐vinyl pyrrolidone, (NVP) and surfactant concentrations on the nanoparticle size distribution, swelling ratio and monomer conversion are investigated. Increased surfactant and PEGDA concentrations result in smaller particle size and swelling ratio. A copolymerization model of crosslinking is used to predict conversion and gelation dynamics as a function of polymerization conditions. The model assumes that bulk polymerization can be used to approximate inverse miniemulsion polymerization with an aqueous‐phase initiator. The initiator efficiency is used as an adjustable parameter to simulate the conversion dynamics, thus accounting for radical confinement effects and interaction with emulsifier molecules.     

pH‐responsive ionic poly(N,N‐diethylaminoethyl methacrylate‐co‐N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) hydrogels: Synthesis and swelling properties

A series of an ionic hydrogels composed of N,N‐diethylaminoethyl methacrylamide (DEAEMA), N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (VP), and itaconic acid were synthesized by free‐radical cross‐linking copolymerization in water–ethanol mixture by using N,N‐methylenebis(acrylamide) as the cross‐linker, ammonium persulfate as the initiator, and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylenediamine as the activator. The swelling behaviors of these hydrogels were analyzed in buffer solutions at various pH. It was observed that the swelling behavior of cross‐linked ionic poly(N,N‐diethylaminoethyl methacrylamide‐co‐N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) [P(DEAEMA/VP)] hydrogels at different pH agreed with the modified Flory–Rehner equation based on the affine network model and the ideal Donnan theory. The swelling process in buffer solutions at various pH was found to be Fickian‐type diffusion. The pH‐reversibility and on–off switching properties of the P(DEAEMA/VP) hydrogels may be considered as good candidate to design novel drug‐delivery system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2819–2828, 2005     

3‐Ethylated N‐Vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone with LCST Properties in Water

The monomer 3‐ethyl‐1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone ( 3 ) and the homopolymer poly(3‐ethyl‐1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) ( 5 ) have been synthesized. Polymer 5 is soluble in water and shows a critical temperature (T_c) of 27 °C. The presence of cyclodextrin causes a slight shift of the T_c. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) could be varied between 27 and 40 °C by copolymerization with N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. A linear correlation between the T_c and the copolymer composition is observed.

     

Synthesis,characterization, and swelling behaviors of chitosan‐g‐poly(acrylic acid)/poly(vinyl alcohol) semi‐IPN superabsorbent hydrogels

A series of granulated semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) superabsorbent hydrogels composed of chitosan‐g‐poly(acrylic acid) (CTS‐g‐PAA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were prepared by solution polymerization using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator and N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker. The effects of reaction conditions such as the concentration of MBA, the weight ratio of AA to CTS, and the content of PVA on water absorbency were investigated. Infrared (IR) spectra and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses confirmed that AA had been grafted onto CTS backbone, and PVA semi‐interpenetrating into CTS‐g‐PAA networks. SEM analyses indicated that CTS‐g‐PAA/PVA has improved porous surface and PVA was uniformly dispersed in CTS‐g‐PAA network. The semi‐IPN hydrogel containing 10 wt% PVA shows the highest water absorbency of 353 and 53 g g^?1 in distilled water and 0.9 wt% NaCl solution, respectively. Swelling behaviors revealed that the introduction of PVA could improve the swelling rate and enhance the pH stability of the superabsorbent hydrogel. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fabrication and cytocompatibility evaluation for blood‐compatible polyethersulfone membrane modified by a synthesized poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)‐block‐poly (acrylate‐graft‐poly(methyl methacrylate))‐block‐poly‐(vinyl pyrrolidone)

Polyethersulfone (PES) membrane, one of the most important polymeric materials because of its good chemical resistance, thermal stability, mechanical, and film‐forming properties, has already been used in hemodialysis, tissue engineering, and artificial organs. In order to improve the blood compatibility of PES membrane, many amphiphilic block copolymers have been synthesized and used as additives for surface modification. The object of this study is to develop a hydrophilic PES membrane by blending a comblike amphiphilic block copolymer poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)‐block‐poly [acrylate‐graft‐poly (methyl methacrylate)]‐block‐poly‐(vinyl pyrrolidone) [PVP‐b‐P (AE‐g‐PMMA)‐b‐PVP] synthesized by RAFT polymerization. The cytocompatibility performance of PVP‐b‐P (AE‐g‐PMMA)‐b‐PVP modified PES membrane was evaluated, which showed better cytocompatibility compared with that of pristine PES membrane. Endothelial cells cultured on the modified membranes present improved growth in terms of scanning electron microscope observation, MTT assay, and confocal laser scanning microscope observation. These results indicate that the modified membrane has great potential application in blood‐contact fields such as hemodialysis and bio‐artificial liver supports. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Side Reactions in Aqueous Phase Polymerization of N‐Vinyl‐Pyrrolidone as Possible Source for Fouling

An improved kinetic model for the radical polymerization of N‐vinyl‐pyrrolidone (NVP) in aqueous medium is developed. Quantum chemical simulations reveal that the transfer to polymer is of minor importance whereas the transfer to monomer by hydrogen abstraction in 3‐position of the pyrrolidone ring leads to a radical with a double bond which initiates a new chain bearing a terminal double bond (TDB). The resulting dead chains with one, two, or more TDB are the main source for a strong increase of molar mass in batch reactors at high conversion due to long chain branching and crosslinking. This can be a source for gel formation and fouling in continuous reactors.     

Ion‐imprinted poly(methyl methacrylate‐vinyl pyrrolidone)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) blending membranes for selective removal of ruthenium(III) from acidic water solutions

While conventional approaches have been studied for removal of ruthenium(III) ions (Ru(III)), this work focuses on the applicability of ion‐imprinted poly(methyl methacrylate‐vinyl pyrrolidone)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) blending membranes (Ru(III)–ion‐imprinted membrane[IIM]) for selective removal of Ru(III) from acidic water solutions. In order to measure the effectiveness of these imprinted membranes, after fabrication, binding experiments were done with aqueous Ru(III) solutions. The results showed that Ru(III)‐IIMs were fabricated successfully at various blending ratios, and their chemical components, microstructures, hydrophilicity, and water fluxes were measured. In pH range 0.5 to 5.0, binding capacity (Q_e) of Ru(III) onto Ru(III)‐IIM increases remarkably with pH and then reaches to a maximum value (53.52 mg/g) at pH 1.5. After that, Q_e gradually decreases. Compared with a nonimprinted membrane, Ru(III)‐IIM demonstrates higher selectivity for Ru(III) at pH 1.5 in the presence of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions, and its selectivity coefficients for Ru(III)/Ni(II) and Ru(III)/Cu(II) are 3.70 and 3.32, respectively. Also, Ru(III)‐IIM shows a good chemical stability and reusability. C─N and C═O bonds within poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) segments of poly(methyl methacrylate‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (P(MMA‐VP)) participate the uptake of Ru(III). Ru(III)‐IIM exhibited excellent hydrophilicity and Ru(III) selective adsorption ability and reusability and has potential to be used for Ru(III) removal from acidic water solutions.