单相合金凝固过程时间相关的界面稳定性(Ⅱ)实验对比

采用典型的透明模型合金，即丁二腈-1．5at％水杨酸苯酯(SCN-1．5at％Salol)合金，对界面前沿溶质扩散边界层和界面稳定性进行了实时观测，并结合丁二腈-1．1wt％乙醇(SCN-1.1wt％Eth)、丁二腈0.43wt％氧杂萘邻酮152(SCN-0.43wt％C152)的实验结果，对纯扩散和存在对流情况下的定向凝固界面形态稳定性进行了系统的分析.发现以往所进行的界面稳定性分析能够准确描述实验中所观测到的界面失稳的时间相关特性，并发现界面失稳演化存在两个时间结点，即界面失稳孕育时间和平胞转变孕育时间，所获得的时间相关解能够准确预测实验中观测到的平胞转变孕育时间，而对流效应则明显缩短了界面失稳和平胞转变的孕育时间.实验中获得的单位扰动振幅发展速率比稳态理论预言值小了将近一个数量级，而与时间相关解较为接近. 关键词： 界面稳定性 凝固 扩散 对流     

Preliminary study of two immiscible liquid layers subjected to a horizontal temperature gradient

Marangoni convection, driven by interfacial instability due to a surface tension gradient, presents a significant problem in the crystal growth process. To achieve better materials processing, it is necessary to suppress and control this convection, especially in crystal growth using Liquid Encapsulated Czochralski techniques in which the melt is encapsulated in an immiscible medium. Marangoni convection can occur at the liquid-liquid interface and at the gas-liquid free surface. Buoyancy driven convection can also affect and complicate the flow. The present report studied Marangoni convection in a two-liquid layer system in an open and enclosed cavity. Flow in the cavity was subjected to a horizontal temperature gradient. Interactive flow near the liquid-liquid interface was measured by the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. The measured flow field is in good agreement with numerical predictions.     

液-液两相液层间传质过程的Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni对流特性

传质引发的Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni对流(RBM对流)对化工传递过程有着显著影响.但是,已有的相关研究多集中于气-液体系,并且有限的针对液-液体系的相关研究尚缺乏对RBM对流演化及其引发的界面扰动行为的深入分析.因此,本文基于阴影法设计搭建了竖直狭缝内液-液两相液层间传质过程的RBM对流特性可视化实验平台,并实验观测了水-甲苯-丙酮三元体系中丙酮组分扩散传质时出现的RBM对流结构以及其向下层水相主体的发展演变过程,探讨了水相丙酮初始浓度、甲苯相丙酮初始浓度以及甲苯层厚度对RBM对流特性和液-液界面形貌的影响.研究表明:在Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性作用下,水相上层密度(重力)分层"界面"下凸沉降形成波浪形丘状"界面",并随着"界面"处密度与压力失调的加剧而演变成羽状流;因羽流区"界面"不同浓度梯度引起的传质特性差异,羽状流又可以演变成弱羽状流和强羽状流两种形态;当丙酮浓度梯度增大到一定程度后,近界面处短时间内产生大量RBM对流结构,且结构间相互影响增强而聚并成对流团,并随着传质过程的进行,逐渐演变成独立的强羽状流; RBM对流强度与上下液层丙酮浓度梯度大小呈正相关关系,且液-液界面粗糙度及其非稳态波动随着丙酮浓度梯度的增加而增大.     

Instability in Two-Sided Thermocapillary-Buoyancy Convection with Interfacial Phase Change

A new model of two-phase thermocapillary-buoyancy convection with phase change at gas-liquid interface in an enclosed cavity subjected to a horizontal temperature gradient is proposed,rather than the previous onesided model without phase change.We study the onset of multicellular convection and two modes of convective instability,and find four different flow regimes.Their transition map is compared with the non-phase-change condition.Our numerical results show the stabilizing effect of interfacial phase change on the thermocapillarybuoyancy convection.     

Influence of evaporation on Bénard-Marangoni instability in a liquid-gas bilayer with a deformable interface

Bénard-Marangoni instability in a bilayer liquid-gas system with a deformable interface is investigated. The present work is devoted to a linear approach. We discuss the influence on the onset of stability of the following parameters: initial temperature profile, relative thickness of the gas and liquid layers, deformation of the interface, influence of the evaporation process, and the wetting parameter.Received: 9 February 2004, Published online: 31 August 2004PACS: 47.20.Dr Surface-tension-driven instability - 47.20.Hw Morphological instability; phase changes - 05.70.Np Interface and surface thermodynamics - 44.25. + f Natural convection     

单相合金凝固过程时间相关的界面稳定性(I)理论分析

对定向凝固界面前沿非稳态溶质扩散场进行了系统的对比分析，发现无论在纯扩散还是存在对流的情况下，界面前沿的溶质扩散场通常满足指数分布的形式，可以采用一个统一的公式来描述界面前沿的瞬态溶质扩散场.进而在此基础上，对定向凝固界面形态稳定性进行了统一的时间相关的非稳态分析，发现界面临界稳定性条件的数学描述形式与Mullins和Seker ka理论给出的稳态解完全一致, 只是用时间相关的浓度梯度GtC、界面速度Vi、溶质扩散长度l代替了稳态生长中所得到的GC,V，DL/V.     

Combined action of different mechanisms of convective instability in multilayer systems

The nonlinear regimes of convection in a system of three immiscible viscous fluids are investigated by the finite-difference method. We study new phenomena caused by direct and indirect interaction of thermocapillary and buoyancy (Rayleigh and anticonvective) instability mechanisms. Two variants of heating-from below and from above-are considered. The interfaces are assumed to be flat. We focus on nonlinear evolution of steady and oscillatory motions and selection of stable convective structures depending on the parameters of systems. The influence of the lateral boundary conditions is also investigated. A classification of different variants of interaction between Rayleigh and thermocapillary instability mechanisms is presented, and several typical examples are studied. Specifically, we considered six different configurations where the Rayleigh convection arises mainly in a definite layer, and the thermocapillary convection appears mainly near the definite interface. Also, the case where both interfaces are active and alternatively play a dominant role is investigated. Some configurations of interaction between anticonvective and thermocapillary instability mechanisms are considered.     

一种模拟大密度比多相流的混合算法

在扩散界面法(diffuse interface method,DIM)的基础上提出一种能够处理大密度比(large density ratio)的多相流混合算法.流场信息通过格子波尔兹曼方法(lattice Boltzmann method,LBM)获得;相界面通过直接求解Cahn-Hilliard(C-H)方程确定.为保证在大密度比情况下求解界面方程的稳定性,采用二阶迎风格式来离散方程的对流项.通过对Rayleigh-Taylor(R-T)不稳定、液体中的气泡上升及液滴撞击干燥壁面的数值模拟,验证了方法的可行性.     

磁场对二元合金凝固过程中糊状层稳定性的影响

利用线性稳定性方法研究了外加磁场对二元合金凝固过程中糊状层稳定性的影响,且模型同时考虑了温度场、浓度场和流动的耦合作用.利用计算得出的色散关系式分析了磁场对糊状层稳定性的影响,其中包括直接模式和振荡模式.给出了不同情况下外加磁场对糊状层稳定性的影响,发现磁洛伦兹力可以减小由浮力引起的失稳效应.振荡模式下外加磁场对糊状层产生稳定作用,但直接模式下外加磁场对糊状层的稳定作用具有不确定性.本文所给出结果为工业中利用外加磁场改善产品的质量提供了重要的理论参考.     

不相溶系统内酸碱中和反应驱动动力学的不稳定性

采用含Mach-Zehnder干涉光路和Hele-Shaw反应器的实验系统,研究了重力场作用下,在Hele-Shaw系统内沿水平界面发生的由酸碱中和反应驱动的动力学不稳定性.反应器内包含上下两层反应物,即下层密度较大的四甲基氢氧化铵水溶液和上层密度较小的溶解于有机相的丙酸溶液. 研究了在伴随有界面传质的中和反应过程中,化学组分对于动力学不稳定性的影响. 观察发现了由于反应物初始浓度不均引起的多种形式的Marangoni对流结构,包含有胞状结构和各种震动波形式的结构.测量了不稳定性发生过程中碱溶液的浓度. 结果表明不稳定性对流的产生可以显著提高系统内的传质效率,并造成传质结 构的剧烈变形.     

Bénard-Marangoni instability in a viscoelastic ferrofluid

In this paper we report theoretical and numerical results on convection of a magnetic fluid in a viscoelastic carrier liquid. The viscoelastic properties are given by the Oldroyd model. We impose the lower interface to be rigid, whereas the upper one is free and is assumed to be non-deformable and flat. Also, at the upper interface the surface tension is taken to vary linearly with the temperature. Using a spectral method we calculate numerically the convective thresholds for both stationary and oscillatory bifurcations. The effect of the viscoelasticity and the Kelvin force on the instability thresholds are emphasized.     

Fingering instability in combustion: an extended view

We detail the experimental situation concerning the fingering instability that occurs when a solid fuel is forced to burn against a horizontal oxidizing wind. The instability appears when the Rayleigh number for convection is below criticality. The focus is on the developed fingering state. We present direct measurements of the depletion of oxygen by the front as well as new results that connect heat losses to the characteristic scale of the instability. In addition, we detail the experimental system, elaborate (qualitatively and quantitatively) on the results that were previously presented, and discuss new observations. We also show that the same phenomenological model applies to electrochemical deposition.     

Interfacial instability in bilayer films due to solvent evaporation

We perform a linear analysis of the Marangoni instability of a deformable interface between two fluid layers of finite depths, submitted to a gradient of solvent concentration induced by evaporation at the top layer, in the presence of convective as well as diffusive solvent transport. We discuss, in turn, the influence on the onset of the instability of the solvent evaporation rate, of the ratios of viscosity and diffusivity, of the rate of convection and of the layer depths. Qualitative comparison with experimental observations of spin-coating processes of solution of two immiscible polymers are then performed, yielding satisfactory agreement.     

Effect of interfacial tension on propagating polymerization fronts

This paper is devoted to the investigation of polymerization fronts converting a liquid monomer into a liquid polymer. We assume that the monomer and the polymer are immiscible and study the influence of the interfacial tension on the front stability. The mathematical model consists of the reaction-diffusion equations coupled with the Navier-Stokes equations through the convection terms. The jump conditions at the interface take into account the interfacial tension. Simple physical arguments show that the same temperature distribution could not lead to Marangoni instability for a nonreacting system. We fulfill a linear stability analysis and show that interaction of the chemical reaction and of the interfacial tension can lead to an instability that has another mechanism: the heat produced by the reaction decreases the interfacial tension and initiates the liquid motion. It brings more monomer to the reaction zone and increases even more the heat production. This feedback mechanism can lead to the instability if the frontal Marangoni number exceeds a critical value. (c) 2000 American Institute of Physics.     

一种基于AUSM分裂的真正多维HLL格式

文章给出了一种真正多维的HLL Riemann解算器.采用AUSM分裂将通量分解成为对流通量和压力通量, 其中对流通量的计算采用迎风格式, 压力通量的计算采用HLL格式, 且将HLL格式的耗散项中的密度差用压力差代替, 从而使得格式能够分辨接触间断.为了实现数值格式真正多维的特性, 分别计算了网格界面中点和角点上的数值通量, 并且采用Simpson公式加权组合中点和角点上的数值通量得到网格界面的数值通量.为了减少重构角点处状态时的模板宽度, 计算中采用基于SDWLS梯度的线性重构获得2阶空间精度, 而时间离散采用2阶保强稳Runge-Kutta方法.数值实验表明, 相比于传统的一维HLL格式, 文章的真正多维HLL格式具有能够分辨接触间断, 以及更大的时间步长等优点.与其他能够分辨接触间断的格式(例如HLLC格式)不同, 真正多维的HLL格式在计算二维问题时不会出现激波不稳定现象.      

壁面附近火焰OH自由基行为的PLIF研究

利用OH-PLIF测试技术在狭缝燃烧器上考察了不同壁面条件对平行平板间甲烷/空气预混火焰壁面附近处OH浓度分布的影响.实验结果表明,随着壁面间距的减小,狭缝火焰出现不稳定传播现象,不同壁面温度下不稳定传播现象不同.壁面附近OH浓度越高,熄火间距越小.壁面附近的OH浓度是决定熄火间距的关键因素,而火焰的OH浓度峰值只表示...     

Slip boundary conditions and through flow effects on double-diffusive convection in internally heated heterogeneous Brinkman porous media

A model for double-diffusive convection in a heterogeneous porous layer with a constant throughflow is explored, with penetrative convection being simulated via an internal heat source using the Brinkman model. In particular, we analyse the effect of slip boundary conditions on the stability of the model. Because of the many applications in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and other microfluidic devices, a study of this problem is necessary. Both linear instability analysis and nonlinear stability analysis are employed. We accurately analyse when stability and instability will commence and determine the critical Rayleigh number as a function of the slip coefficient.     

Effect of buoyancy-driven convection on steady state dendritic growth in a binary alloy

The effect of buoyancy-driven convection on the steady state dendritic growth in an undercooled binary alloy is studied. For the case of the moderate modified Grashof number, the uniformly valid asymptotic solution in the entire region of space is obtained by means of the matched asymptotic expansion method. The analytical results show that the buoyancy- driven convection has a significant effect on the needle-like interface of dendritic growth. Due to the buoyancy-driven convection, the needle-like interface shape of the crystal is changed. When the Peclet number that is not affected by the buoyant flow is less than a certain critical value, the interface shape of the dendrite becomes thinner as the Grashof number increases; when it is larger than the critical value, the interface shape becomes fatter as the Grashof number increases. In the undercooled binary alloy the morphology number plays an active role in the interface shape and leads to the buoyancy effect that is different from the situation for the pure melt. The smaller the morphology number is, the more significant change the interface shape has. As the Peclet number further increases, the effect of buoyancy on the interface diminishes eventually.     

Diffusion-controlled combustion of gases in the absence of forced convection

A mathematical model for the laminar diffusion combustion of gases in the absence of forced convection is developed. This combustion mode is realized near an orifice in the partition that separates the fuel and oxidizer. The stationary solution, size and shape of the flame, temperature distribution, and profiles of the concentrations of fuel, oxidizer, and combustion products are determined. It is shown that the limiting diameter of the diffusion flame is inversely proportional to the burning rate of an equivalent premixed mixture of the same fuel and oxidizer, whereas the flame length is proportional to the diameter of the orifice. The unsteady (quasi-stationary) solution to this problem for the case where the gas is confined in a finite-volume vessel is obtained. The time it takes the flame to approach the partition of the vessel with fuel and enter inside is determined. Experiments on studying the diffusion combustion of natural gas in the absence of forced convection near orifices and a slit in the partition separating the gaseous fuel and oxidizer in a finite-volume vessel are performed. The time of combustion is obtained. Depending on the orifice diameter and slit width, three modes of diffusion combustion were identified: combustion above the partition ending in flame extinction, combustion with a breakthrough, and combustion inside the vessel (submerged flame).     

Oscillating two-stream instability of a lower hybrid wave in aninhomogenous plasma

The effect of the density inhomogeneity on the oscillating two-stream instability of a lower hybrid pump wave with a finite wavelength is investigated. The density inhomogeneity introduces dephasing that restricts the interaction region where the matching conditions hold. The loss of energy due to convection from this region introduces a certain convection threshold for the onset of this instability. The coupled differential equations are solved in Fourier space by converting them into an uncoupled eigenvalue equation and then applying a quantization condition. Expressions are obtained for the growth rate and the convective threshold, and the results are applied to the Princeton Large Torus parameters