Cation-induced collapse of low-molecular-weight polyacrylic acid in the dispersion of barium titanate

Observations on the steric layers formed by the adsorption of low-molecular-weight polyacrylic acid (PAA) were taken using the colloidal probe method in an atomic force microscope. The effects of divalent barium ions and of monovalent potassium ions at varying concentrations were observed on the repulsive interaction profiles. High ionic concentrations screened double-layer forces to small distances, whereby the acting forces were reduced to steric interactions. De Gennes scaling theory was used to model the effect of electrolyte on an aqueous barium titanate system, which was stabilized with PAA. The brush model was found to represent the force curves better than the mushroom model. The collapse of PAA layers with increasing salt approximated a grafted polymer brush in monovalent electrolyte, but the addition of barium ions caused markedly less steric collapse. It is suggested that the formation of a Ba(2+)-PAA complex in the adsorbed layer increases its compressibility parameter.     

Structural and optical properties of barium titanate modified bismuth borate glasses

Glass samples with composition (70B₂O₃–29Bi₂O₃–1Dy₂O₃) modified with Barium titanate (BT), where BT is added in different successive weight percents, have been synthesized by conventional melt quenching technique. X-ray diffraction studies were performed in order to confirm the amorphous nature of the samples. The density of the samples has been found to decrease with an increase in the BT content, whereas an opposite trend has been observed in the molar volume. The analysis of FTIR and Raman spectra of the samples depicts that the glass network is built up of mainly BiO₆, BiO₃, BO₃ and BO₄ units. Its detailed analysis also revealed that the glass structure depends upon the amount of BT in the glass matrix and hence it acts as a modifier in the glass network. Introduction of BT into the glass matrix leads to the conversion of BO₃ trigonal units into BO₄ tetrahedral units, which results in a decrease in the degree of disorder in the glass network and makes the glass system more stable. The values of Urbach energy obtained for the prepared samples also confirmed the decrease in disorder in the glass network. The optical absorption measurements carried out for well-polished samples show a decrease in optical band gap energy with an increase in BT content whereas the molar refractivity shows the reverse trend. The Hydrogenic excitonic model applied to the studied glasses suggested that the present glass system favors direct transitions. The metallization criterion of the presently studied samples suggests that the prepared glasses may be potential candidates for nonlinear optical applications.     

Formation and some properties of barium titanate embedded into porous matrices

Embedding of barium titanate into porous oxide matrices via sol–gel synthesis and introduction in structured slurry based on fumed oxides has been carried out. Prepared compositions have been studied using XRD, DTA-TG, FTIR, TEM, and adsorption of nitrogen. It has been established that simultaneous formation both barium titanate crystal structure and porous structure of matrices occurs. Crystallites of barium titanate, which arise in pores, possess lesser size in comparison with that for bulk BaTiO₃.     

Liquid-phase synthesis of barium acetatotitanyl and barium oxalatotitanyl as intermediates for preparing nanosized barium titanate

Liquid-phase methods (an oxalate process in aqueous solution and a semialkoxide sol-gel process in anhydrous acetic acid) were used to prepare barium acetatotitanyl (BAT) and barium oxalatotitanyl (BOT), which are potential fillers for electrorheological liquids, and to prepare barium titanate during heat treatment of the aforementioned intermediates at 1200°C. The materials were characterized using electron microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. The particle size was 80 to 100 nm for BAT powders and 20 to 50 nm for BOT powders. X-ray spectra of the powders dried at 120°C contain reflections from a barium titanate phase. The dielectric spectra of the materials synthesized were studied for suspensions in PMS-20 silicone oil over the frequency range from 25 to 10⁶ Hz up to 4 kV/mm. The dielectric parameters of BOT suspensions decrease hyperbolically with rising alternate current frequency, whereas BAT suspensions give rise to a relaxation dielectric spectrum with relaxation times on the order of 10⁻³ s.     

The electrical properties of chemically obtained barium titanate improved by attrition milling

Barium titanate ceramics were prepared using the nanopowder resulting from a polymeric precursor method, a type of modified Pechini process. The obtained nanopowder was observed to agglomerate and in order to de-agglomerate the powder and enhance the properties of the barium titanate the material was attrition milled. The impact of this attrition milling on the electrical properties of the barium titanate was analysed. The temperature dependence of the relative dielectric permittivity showed three structural phase transitions that are characteristic for ferroelectric barium titanate ceramics. The relative dielectric permittivity at the Curie temperature was higher for the attrition-treated sample than for the non-treated barium titanate. The dielectric losses were below 0.04 in both barium titanate ceramics. The grain and grain-boundary contributions to the total resistivity were observed using impedance analyses for both ceramics. A well-defined ferroelectric hysteresis loop and piezoelectric coefficient d₃₃ = 150 pC/N were obtained for the ceramics prepared from the de-agglomerated powder. In this way we were able to demonstrate that by attrition milling of chemically obtained powders the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the ceramics could be enhanced.     

Synthesis and thermal decomposition of barium peroxytitanate to barium titanate

Barium peroxytitanate, Ba₂[Ti₂(O₂)₄(OH)₄(H₂O)₄], was synthesized and its thermal decomposition in the temperature range from 298 to 1173 K was investigated. The intermediates at 423, 533, 773 and 873 K were identified by means of quantitative analysis, IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. On the basis of the data obtained, a scheme of its thermal decomposition was suggested.Isothermal treatment was carried out at 873 and 973 K for different periods. The optimum conditions of preparation of tetragonal barium titanate with high crystallinity were determined, i.e. annealing for 390 min at 873 K.

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Zusammenfassung Bariumperoxotitanat Ba₂[Ti₂(O₂)₄(OH)₄(H₂O)₄] wurde dargestellt und seine thermische Zersetzung im Temperaturbereich 298–1173 K untersucht. Die bei 423, 533, 773 und 873 vorliegenden Zwischenprodukte wurden durch quantitative Analyse, IR-Spektroskopie und Röntgenbeugung untersucht. Nach den Ergebnissen wurde ein Ablaufschema der thermischen Zersetzung vorgeschlagen. Isotherme Behandlung über unterschiedliche Zeiten bei 873 und 973 K ergaben als optimale Bedingungen für die Präparation von Bariumtitanat hoher Kristallinität 390 min bei 873 K.

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-Ba₂[Ti(O₂)₄(OH)₄(H₂O)₄] — 298–1173 . , , 423, 533, 773 873 . . 873 973 . 873 390 .

     

Room-temperature biosynthesis of ferroelectric barium titanate nanoparticles

The syntheses of inorganic materials by biological systems is characterized by processes that occur close to ambient temperatures, pressures, and neutral pH, as is exemplified by biosilicification and biomineralization processes in nature. Conversely, laboratory-based syntheses of oxide materials often require extremes of temperature and pressure. We have shown here the extracellular, room-temperature biosynthesis of 4-5 nm ternary oxide nanoparticles such as barium titanate (BT) using a fungus-mediated approach. The tetragonality as well as a lowered Curie transition temperature in sub-10 nm particles was established, and the ferroelectricity in these particles was shown using Kelvin probe microscopy.     

Synthesis of single-crystalline perovskite nanorods composed of barium titanate and strontium titanate

We report the solution-based synthesis of single-crystalline nanorods composed of barium titanate (BaTiO3) and strontium titanate (SrTiO3), which yields well-isolated nanorods with diameters ranging from 5 to 60 nm and lengths reaching up to >10 mum. Electron microscopy and diffraction measurements show that these nanorods are composed of single-crystalline cubic perovskite BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 with a principal axis of the unit cell preferentially aligned along the wire length. These BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 nanorods should provide promising materials for fundamental investigations on nanoscale ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and paraelectricity.     

Preparation of optical active single-handed helical barium titanate nanotubes and characterization of dielectric properties

Left and right-handed helical barium titanate nanotubes are prepared with the impregnation of Ba(OH)_2 into single-handed helical titania nanotubes.Wide angle X-ray diffraction pattern and transmission electron microscopy image indicate that they are constructed by nanoparticles with a partially crystalline structure.The diffuse reflertance circular dichroism spectra indicate that they exhibit optical activity which was proposed to originate from chiral defects on the inner surfaces of the nanotubes.Both the dielectric constant and tanδ decrease with increasing the frequency.At 10 and 100 Hz,one dielectric constant peak at 9.6℃ and one tanδ peak at 5.0℃ are observed at -120℃ to 180℃.     

Dielectric properties of barium zirconate titanate (BZT) ceramics tailored by different donors for high voltage applications

The dielectric properties of BZT ceramics with different Zr contents and donor types are studied. It is shown that the large enhancement of the dielectric permittivity is achieved accompanying with the remarkable shift of Curie temperature in the samples doped with donors such as La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Dy, and Yb, whereas the results are different in them doped with other type of donors such as Ce and Y. The shift of Curie temperature is related to the ionic radii of the doped donors. A smaller ion results in a greater shift. The dielectric properties of BZT with different doping levels of Yb are also studied and showed that there is a preferable doping content as Yb ∼0.1% to make the material with the highest permittivity, ɛ ∼25,800, withstand voltage >∼3.5 kV/mm.     

Hydrothermally assisted complex polymerization method for barium strontium titanate powder synthesis

Barium strontium titanate was obtained by hydrothermal treatment of barium strontium titanate citric precursor solution, previously prepared by complex polymerization method. The thermally induced phase evolution was followed at various temperatures up to 800 °C using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. Microstructural characterization of barium strontium titanate powders was performed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The proposed synthesis route has been proven as a better and faster method for barium strontium titanate powder preparation as compared to the conventional complex polymerization route. The method was found efficient for production of low agglomerated, fine, nanosized barium strontium titanate powder with well defined stoichiometry, and sub-micron particle size. The results of structural and microstructural characterization showed the complete crystallization of carbonate-free barium strontium titanate powder at 700 °C with an average size of crystallites below 50 nm.     

Non-aqueous titration of quinine and quinidine sulphates by use of barium perchlorate

A simple non-aqueous titration method has been devised for determining the sulphates of quinine and quinidine. The sulphate is precipitated by addition of excess of barium perchlorate solution in acetic and the liberated alkaloid is then titrated in 1:2 anhydrous acetic-dioxan mixture, with an acetic acid solution of perchloric acid. The end-point is determined either visually with Crystal Violet as indicator or potentiometrically with a glass-Ag/AgCl combination electrode. The method is accurate, precise and suitable for routine analysis of pure materials and tablets.     

Approaches for enhancing the photocatalytic activities of barium titanate: A review

Barium titanate(Ba TiO₃), a dielectric/ferroelectric semiconductor with perovskite structures is the most widely used photocatalyst in the field of environmental applications due to its low-cost, chemical stability, and non-toxicity. Different types and forms of Ba TiO₃have shown their great potential toward the significant photocatalytic reactions owing to the several beneficial properties, including appropriate band positions, high oxygen vacancies, multiple crystal struc...     

Probing the multifunctional behaviour of barium zirconate/barium titanate/epoxy resin hybrid nanodielectrics

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - In this study, thermodynamic analysis of a supercritical closed Brayton cycle integrated with parabolic trough solar collectors operating with various...     

Photoluminescence of barium titanate and barium zirconate in multilayer disordered thin films at room temperature

The emission of wide band photoluminescence showed a synergic effect on barium zirconate and barium titanate thin films in alternate multilayer system at room temperature by 488 nm exiting wavelength. The thin films obtained by spin-coating were annealed at 350, 450, and 550 degrees C for 2 h. The X-ray patterns revealed the complete separation among the BaTiO3 and BaZrO3 phases in the adjacent films. Visible and intense photoluminescence was governed by BaZrO3 thin films in the multilayer system. Quantum mechanics calculations were used in order to simulate ordered and disordered thin films structures. The disordered models, which were built by using the displacement of formers and modifier networks, showed a different symmetry in each system, which is in accordance with experimental photoluminescence emission, thus allowing to establish a correlation among the structural and optical properties of these multilayered systems.     

Toward a more environmentally benign synthesis of doped barium titanate

Abstract

Barium titanate is one of the most thoroughly studied members of the perovskite family due to its prominent place in the electroceramic industry. To be used as a capacitor at room temperature, a high-dielectric constant is needed which is achieved through doping. The focus of this research was to develop a more environmentally benign alternative to the doping of barium titanate. The barium source was barium titanyl catecholate, Ba[Ti(cat)₃] (aq) and the doping sources were strontium oxalate (SrC₂O₄) and strontium carbonate (SrCO₃). The doping strategies included a solid-state synthetic pathway as well as microwave- and centrifuge-assisted methods which both employed water as the only solvent. The last two benign by design methods were tested with respect to their thermodynamic control over barium-to-strontium stoichiometric ratios. These methods of doping proved to be more environmentally friendly and economical while combining green chemistry and materials science.     

Synthesis of barium titanate/polymer composites from metal alkoxide

Barium titanate (BaTiO₃)/polymer composite was successfully synthesized by methacryltriisopropoxytitanium (MTPT) and barium alkoxide. MTPT undergoes radical polymerization using azobisisobutyronitrile at temperatures from 90 to 150°C. ¹H NMR spectra showed that MTPT reacted with barium alkoxides yielding a complex alkoxide. BaTiO₃ particles/polymer was formed after the polymerization and hydrolysis of the complex alkoxide. The transmission electron microscopic observation revealed that crystalline BaTiO₃ particles of around 3 nm in size were dispersed in the polymer matrix.     

Mechanistic investigations on the densification behaviour of barium titanate ceramics

The processes occurring during the densification of La_0.002Ba_0.998TiO₃ powders with different SiO₂-containing additives (TiO₂+SiO₂), (CaO+TiO₂+SiO₂), (2BaO+TiO₂+2SiO₂) have been investigated using a step-like annealing of the compacts. The reactions taking place during isothermal dwelling and their effects on the shrinkage rates in the following heating period have been characterized. The samples dwelt for 30 minutes exhibited a higher shrinkage rate than the compacts dwelt for 120 minutes. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that the differences between both dwelling times are caused by the differences in the structural activity of the powders, i.e. by the reaction-mediated formation and degradation of defects in the surface regions of the BaTiO₃ grains. The process of formation of the Ba₂TiSi₂O₈ phase which acts as a defect source is kinetically preferred to the formation of the Ba₄Ti₁₃O₃₀ phase which acts as a defect drain. Thus, during short dwelling times defect-rich surfaces of the BaTiO₃ grains and/or glass-like intermediates are created. These structures favour the sliding of whole grains and consequently result in high shrinkage rates. The gradual degradation of these thermodynamically unstable structures by the formation of the Ba₄Ti₁₃O₃₀ phase during prolonged dwelling times deteriorates the sliding properties of the grains and reduces the shrinkage rate.     

Removal of uranyl ions from aqueous solutions using barium titanate

Remediation of water sources contaminated with radioactive waste products is a major environmental issue that demands new and more efficient technologies. For this purpose, we report a highly efficient ion-exchange material for the removal of radioactive nuclides from aqueous solutions. The kinetic characteristics of adsorption of uranyl ions on the surface of barium titanate were investigated using a spectrophotometric method under a wide range of conditions. By controlling the pH it was possible to exert fine control over the speciation of uranium, and by optimizing the temperature and grain size of the exchanger, almost total removal was achieved in a matter of just hours. The highest efficiency (>90 % removal) was realized at high temperature (80 °C). Moreover, the effect of competitive ion adsorption from a range of different cations and anions was quantified. Adsorption was found to follow first-order kinetics and both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms could be applied to this system. The results of a mathematical treatment of the kinetic data combined with the observation that adsorption was independent of stirring speed and dependent on the ion-exchanger grain size, indicate that the dominant mechanism influencing adsorption is particle spreading. The adsorption behavior was not influenced by exposure to high-intensity gamma radiation, indicating potential for use of this ion-exchanger in systems containing radioactive material. These results will be of use in the development of uranium extraction systems for contaminated water sources.     

Dispersion of nanosized aqueous suspensions of barium titanate with ammonium polyacrylate

The colloidal stability of nanosized barium titanate (BaTiO3) aqueous suspensions with ammonium polyacrylate (PAA-NH4) at different pH values has been investigated by means of zeta potential, adsorption isotherm, sedimentation, and rheology characterization. The isoelectric point of BaTiO3 powders is at pH 2.5 and the value of zeta potential is at its maximum near pH 10. The amount of leached barium ion decreases with increasing pH, but the change decreases with increasing initial pH. Adsorption of PAA-NH4 onto the surface of BaTiO3 decreases its zeta potential. Results show that PAA-NH4 adsorption follows Langmuir monolayer adsorption isotherms and the amount of PAA-NH4 required to stabilize nanosized BaTiO3 suspensions decreases as the pH increases. The mechanism of stabilization of BaTiO3 is shown to be electrosteric under the experimental conditions. Good agreement between zeta potential, sedimentation, and rheological tests is found, which identifies an optimum pH value of about 10 and an optimum dispersant concentration of about 2.0 wt%, independent of the solids volume fraction of suspensions.