2-芳基-5-[4′-(2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧)氨基]-1,3,4-恶二唑自旋标记化合物的合成

2,2,6,6,-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基是目前应用最广泛的自旋标记试剂之一,但用哌啶氮氧自由基标记1,3,4-恶二唑类杂环的研究。迄今未见报道。1,3,4-恶二唑杂环衍生物具有抗结核、     

稳定氮氧自由基TMPO和TMPRO的合成与应用

本文评述了近年来4-氧-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基(TMPO)和2,2,5,5-四甲基吡咯啉-1-氧自由基(TMPRO)及其衍生物在合成和应用方面的进展,着重讨论了这些氮氧自由基的合成方法和作为自旋标记试剂的应用。     

氮氧自由基的研究(Ⅰ)——哌啶类氮氧自由基的合成与反应

本文报导了从4-氧-2,2,6,6-四甲基派啶氧化成4-氧-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基的一个改进方法,它具有收率高、反应时间短的优点。还对4-氧-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧与羟胺盐酸盐在不同pH条件下的反应进行了研究:在碱性条件(pH 9-11)下得到该自由基的肟,在近中性条件(pH7-8)下,得到自由基肟的Beckmann重排产物,在酸性条件(pH2-5)下,得多一非自由基产物的盐酸盐,其分子式为C₉H₁₈N₂O₂·HCl.4-氧-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基很容易与抗坏血酸反应,被还原为1-羟基-4-氧-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶。对几种氮氧自由基在固态的顺磁共振谱及质谱也进行了测定。     

氮氧自由基的研究(Ⅳ)——氮氧自由基对半胱氨酸的氧化反应

氮氧自由基是目前最广泛采用的自旋标记物^[1-2]。2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基虽然在许多情况下是很稳定的,但是仍然可以发生歧化、单电子氧化还原等反应^[3-4]。     

含有仲氨基团的甲基丙烯酸酯单体的原子转移自由基聚合研究

聚(4-甲基丙烯酰氧基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基)(PTMA)是一种具有应用前景的锂离子电池正极材料,一般通过2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶醇-4-甲基丙烯酸酯(TMPM)的自由基聚合及进一步氧化来制备.但是TMPM的可控自由基聚合受制于其分子中的仲氨基团.通过对不同的引发剂和催化体系TMPM的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)进行了研究,得到了TMPM最优的ATRP聚合条件,为合成具有不同分子量或拓扑结构的自由基聚合物奠定了基础.     

氮氧自由基研究XVII:水溶液中哌啶氮氧自由基的电化学行为和自衰变动力学研究

循环伏安法研究表明,2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-羟基哌啶-1-氧自由基和2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-氧哌啶-1-氧自由基,在水溶液中的单电子氧化电极反应的可逆性随介质酸性,扫描速度和自由基浓度增加而增加,表明电极氧化产物可进一步发生化学反应.     

乙烯系单体聚合阻聚反应(Ⅵ)——4-位取代2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1氧自由基衍生物同醌类混合对MMA自由基聚合的阻聚效应

本文研究了几种4位取代2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基及1-位取代的2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶类化合物同醌类混合对甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)自由基聚合的阻聚效应。     

乙烯系单体自由基聚合的阻聚效应——ⅩⅣ.4-甲基丙烯酰氧基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基低聚物的合成及对丙烯酸阻聚的研究

研究了数均分子量10~3～5×10~3的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的制备及其在甲醇镁存在下和2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-羟基哌啶-1-氧自由基(TMHPO·)间的酯交换反应,合成了聚-4-甲基丙烯酰氧基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基(PMTMPO·)低聚物。同时观察了4-甲基丙烯酰氧基2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶的调聚反应,同样制得PMTMPO·低聚物。利用IR、EPR和TGA技术对PMTMPO·进行了表征。评价了PMTMPO·对AIBN引发的丙烯酸(AA)自由基聚合的影响,表明PMTMPO·对AA有良好的阻聚功效。     

2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-氧-哌啶氮氧自由基的阻聚及其同醌类化合物的协同效应

<正> 2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-氧哌啶氮氧自由基(TMPO)是六十年代后合成的一个新稳定自由基.这一物质可作类脂物的抗氧化剂,高分子材料的老化剂,它还被用作类脂、核酸、蛋白质、生物膜等生物高分子的新型自旋标记物,这已有专论叙述.另外TMPO对烯烃还有阻聚性质,如对丙烯酸类、苯乙烯.文献曾报道TMPO对苯乙烯、甲基丙     

牛血清白蛋白修饰的近红外荧光纳米金顺磁标记分子探针

以光稳定性良好、 Stokes位移大且可近红外发射的谷胱甘肽包裹纳米金(GSH-AuNPs)为发光载体, 以4-氨基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基(4-NH₂-TEMPO)作为顺磁标记基团, 对构建发光-顺磁双模式传感分子探针进行了研究; 以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为表面修饰剂, 通过调节荧光纳米金的表面状态, 改善顺磁标记微环境, 获得了基于顺磁基团识别诱导信号传导的荧光-顺磁双模式响应型分子探针. 顺磁标记BSA修饰GSH-AuNPs形成弱荧光-强顺磁复合物(GSH-AuNPs@BSA-TEMPO), 复合物中顺磁基团TEMPO经抗坏血酸还原后呈现出荧光增强和顺磁信号减弱现象, 表现出对抗坏血酸浓度相关的荧光Off-on与顺磁On-off的双模式响应.     

Thiyl radical interaction with pyrimidine C5-C6 double bond

Addition and elimination interaction of thiyl radicals with the C5-C6 double bond in pyrimidines was studied by the pulse radiolysis technique in aqueous solution with the use of different monitoring systems. For this purpose, p-thiocresol, cysteamine hydrochloride, and mercaptoethanol were used. The rate constants of addition and elimination of thiyl radicals were determined by applying the modified version of ACUCHEM (computer program for modeling complex reaction systems). Aliphatic thiyl radicals add to the pyrimidine C5-C6 double bond with k = 1.0-3.0 x 10(7) dm3 mol(-1) s(-1), whereas elimination takes place with k = 0.7-2.0 x 10(5) s(-1). Quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d)/PCM level show that the addition should occur at the C6 position of the pyrimidine ring and that the energy of interaction between thiyl radicals and the pyrimidine double bond C5-C6 is low.     

Reversible intramolecular hydrogen transfer between cysteine thiyl radicals and glycine and alanine in model peptides: absolute rate constants derived from pulse radiolysis and laser flash photolysis

The intramolecular reaction of cysteine thiyl radicals with peptide and protein alphaC-H bonds represents a potential mechanism for irreversible protein oxidation. Here, we have measured absolute rate constants for these reversible hydrogen transfer reactions by means of pulse radiolysis and laser flash photolysis of model peptides. For N-Ac-CysGly6 and N-Ac-CysGly2AspGly3, Cys thiyl radicals abstract hydrogen atoms from Gly with k(f) = (1.0-1.1 x 10(5) s(-1), generating carbon-centered radicals, while the reverse reaction proceeds with k(r) = (8.0-8.9) x 10(5) s(-1). The forward reaction shows a normal kinetic isotope effect of k(H)/k(D) = 6.9, while the reverse reaction shows a significantly higher normal kinetic isotope effect of 17.6, suggesting a contribution of tunneling. For N-Ac-CysAla2AspAla3, cysteine thiyl radicals abstract hydrogen atoms from Ala with k(f) = (0.9-1.0) x 10(4) s(-1), while the reverse reaction proceeds with k(r) = 1.0 x 10(5) s(-1). The order of reactivity, Gly > Ala, is in accord with previous studies on intermolecular reactions of thiyl radicals with these amino acids. The fact that k(f) < k(r) suggests some secondary structure of the model peptides, which prevents the adoption of extended conformations, for which calculations of homolytic bond dissociation energies would have predicted k(f) > k(r). Despite k(f) < k(r), model calculations show that intramolecular hydrogen abstraction by Cys thiyl radicals can lead to significant oxidation of other amino acids in the presence of physiologic oxygen concentrations.     

Effects of oxygen and antioxidants on the <Emphasis Type="Italic">cis-trans</Emphasis>-isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids caused by thiyl radicals

The interaction of unsaturated compounds methyllinoleate and β-carotene with thiyl radicals occurred in exchange radical reactions with mercaptoethanol. β-Carotene was shown to be an effective thiyl radical acceptor. In the case of methyllinoleate, thiyl radicals catalyze cis/trans isomerization, which can be reduced by the natural antioxidant α-tocopherol; the cis/trans isomerization rate decreases in an oxygen atmosphere.     

The influence of solid-state molecular organization on the reaction paths of thiyl radicals.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has been employed to investigate the effect of solid-state molecular organization on the reaction of thiyl radicals with thiols. In an irradiated C18H37SH/thiourea clathrate, the conversion of thiyl to perthiyl radicals is substantial, due to the head-to-head arrangement of the reactants within the channels and the suppression of other possible competing reactions due to hindrance by the clathrate walls. The perthiyl radical was identified using EPR analysis of its molecular dynamics within the clathrate channels. Irradiated polyethylene film containing 30% C18H37SH afforded a negligible conversion of thiyl to perthiyl radicals because of the random distribution of reactants. These results suggest that in the absence of favorable structure-control effects, the reaction between RS* and RSH is unimportant with respect to other competing reactions. Perthiyl radicals are also the major product in the vacuum solid-state radiolysis of lysozyme. A proposal of the mechanism involved in all cases is based on the equilibrium RS* + RSH <==> RSS*(H)R, followed by the irreversible conversion of the sulfuranyl radical to the perthiyl radical. As the equilibrium is strongly shifted to the left, the intermediate sulfuranyl radicals were not detected, but the lack of other competing reactions for the thiyl radicals caused the formation of perthiyl radicals to become the major path in the clathrate and in solid lysozyme radiolysis.     

The kinetics of thiyl radical-induced reactions of monounsaturated fatty acid esters

The time-dependent isomerizations and thiol additions of several Z- and E-monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters catalyzed by alkanethiyl radicals during gamma-radiolysis of tert-butyl alcohol solutions are analyzed on the basis of the radiation chemical yield of radicals and established rate data. This provides room-temperature rate constants for the reversible thiyl addition. Within experimental errors, they do not depend on the double bond position in the alkyl chains. Particularly noteworthy is the very fast beta-elimination of thiyl radicals from alkyl radicals which carry a second beta-substituent. It is supported by additional evidence obtained with a radical clock methodology, and the large preference of fragmentation to the E-isomers is attributed to different barriers for the formation of the E- and Z-transition states from the equilibrium radical structure.     

Internal Spin Trapping of Thiyl Radical during the Complexation and Reduction of Cobalamin with Glutathione and Dithiothrietol

The activation of cobalamin requires the reduction of Cbl(III) to Cbl(II). The reduction by glutathione and dithiothreitol was followed using visible spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance. In addition the oxidation of glutathione was monitored. Glutathione first reacts with oxidized Cbl(III). The binding of a second glutathione required for the reduction to Cbl(II) is presumably located in the dimethyl benzimidazole ribonucleotide ligand cavity. The reduction of Cbl(III) by dithiothreitol, which contains two thiols, is much faster even though no stable Cbl(III) complex is formed. The reduction, by both thiol reagents, results in the formation of thiyl radicals, some of which are released to form oxidized thiol products and some of which remain associated with the reduced cobalamin. In the reduced state the intrinsic lower affinity for the benzimidazole base, coupled with a trans effect from the initial GSH bound to the β-axial site and a possible lowering of the pH results in an equilibrium between base-on and base-off complexes. The dissociation of the base facilitates a closer approach of the thiyl radical to the Co(II) α-axial site resulting in a complex with ferromagnetic exchange coupling between the metal ion and the thiyl radical. This is a unique example of 'internal spin trapping' of a thiyl radical formed during reduction. The finding that the reduction involves a peripheral site and that thiyl radicals produced during the reduction remain associated with the reduced cobalamin provide important new insights into our understanding of the formation and function of cobalamin enzymes.     

Kinetic studies of retinol addition radicals

Retinol neutral radicals (RS-retinol˙), generated from the reaction of retinol with 4-pyridylthiyl and 2-pyridylthiyl radicals in argon-saturated methanol, undergo β-elimination, which can be monitored via the slow secondary absorption rise at 380 nm attributed to the rearrangement of the unstable retinol neutral addition radicals to the more stable addition radicals. Rate constants for the β-elimination reactions (k(β)) of 4-PyrS-retinol˙ were measured at different temperatures and the Arrhenius equation for the reaction is described by log (k(β)/s(-1)) = (12.7 ± 0.2) - (54.3 ± 1.3)/θ, where θ = 2.3RT kJ mol(-1). The reactivities of retinol addition radicals (RS-retinol˙), generated from the reaction of retinol with various thiyl radicals, towards oxygen have also been investigated in methanol. In the presence of oxygen, the decay of RS-retinol˙ fits to biexponential kinetics and both observed rate constants for the RS-retinol˙ decay are oxygen-concentration dependent. This suggests that at least two thiyl addition radicals, formed from the reaction of RS˙ with retinol, undergo oxygen addition reactions. In light of the estimated rate constants for oxygen addition to RS-retinol˙ and RS-CAR˙ (CAR: carotenoid), the antioxidant-prooxidant properties of retinol are discussed.     

Thiyl radicals abstract hydrogen atoms from the (alpha)C-H bonds in model peptides: absolute rate constants and effect of amino acid structure

Thiyl radicals are important intermediates in biological oxidative stress and enzymatic reactions, for example, the ribonucleotide reductases. On the basis of the homolytic bond dissociation energies (BDEs) only, the (alpha)C-H bonds of peptides and proteins would present suitable targets for hydrogen abstraction by thiyl radicals. However, additional parameters such as polar and conformational effects may control such hydrogen-transfer processes. To evaluate the potential of thiyl radicals for hydrogen abstraction from (alpha)C-H bonds, we provide the first absolute rate constants for these reactions with model peptides. Thiyl radicals react with (alpha)C-H bonds with rate constants between 1.7 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) (N-acetylproline amide) and 4 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (sarcosine anhydride). However, the correlation of rate constants with BDEs is poor. Rather, these reactions may be controlled by conformation and dynamic flexibility around the (alpha)C-H bonds.     

A Strategy for Controlling the Polymerizations of Thiyl Radical Propagation by RAFT Agents

The ability to extend the polymerizations of thiyl radical propagation to be regulated by existing controlled methods would be highly desirable, yet remained very challenging to achieve because the thiyl radicals still cannot be reversibly controlled by these methods. In this article, we reported a novel strategy that could enable the radical ring-opening polymerization of macrocyclic allylic sulfides, wherein propagating specie is thiyl radical, to be controlled by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents. The key to the success of this strategy is the propagating thiyl radical can undergo desulfurization with isocyanide and generate a stabilized alkyl radical for reversible control. Systematic optimization of the reaction conditions allowed good control over the polymerization, leading to the formation of polymers with well-defined architectures, exemplified by the radical block copolymerization of macrocyclic allylic sulfides and vinyl monomers and the incorporation of sequence-defined segments into the polymer backbone. This work represents a significant step toward directly enabling the polymerizations of heteroatom-centered radical propagation to be regulated by existing reversible-deactivation radical polymerization techniques.     

Intramolecular addition of cysteine thiyl radicals to phenylalanine in peptides: formation of cyclohexadienyl type radicals

The intra-molecular addition of peptide cysteine thiyl radicals to phenylalanine yields alkylthio-substituted cyclohexadienyl radicals for the peptides Phe-Cys and Phe-Gly-Cys-Gly, i.e. even when Phe and Cys are separated by a Gly residue, and presents a possible free radical pathway to thioether-containing peptide and protein cross-links.