浅海波导中简正波干涉特征频率增强

针对浅海波导中水平线列阵接收的低频宽带低信噪比信号,提出了一种利用多拍信号相干累加来提高干涉简正波特征频谱信噪比的方法。这种方法主要针对未知距离和声源形式的运动声源,对不同时刻（或接收距离）处阵列输出信号进行WARPING变换,基于干涉简正波特征频率不变性原理,通过距离和径向速度比值的搜索来使得不同时刻或距离处信号自相关函数WARPING变换后频谱具有近似相同的特征频率,进而通过相干累加来增强信号干涉简正波特征频率。仿真和海上实验数据分析均验证了方法的性能。     

利用慢特征分析法提取层次结构系统中的外强迫

在大量真实的动力系统中,外部驱动力总是随时间发生变化,正是这种变化导致了非平稳行为的产生.因此,从此类系统的观测数据中提取和分析外强迫(也称驱动力)信号引起了人们越来越多的关注.慢特征分析法(slow feature analysis,SFA)是从非平稳时间序列中提取外强迫信息的一种有效算法.在其基础上利用变参数的Logistic映射产生的非平稳时间序列,通过数值试验进一步讨论了该方法的应用前景,并发展了一些相应的分析技术.试验结果表明,对于模型中包含两个时变驱动力参数的系统,经过一次SFA处理之后,可以进一步利用子波分析技术检索出外强迫信号中的两个参数;对于模型中有两个叠加驱动力层次的三层动力系统,可先通过一次SFA处理,提取出次慢层外强迫信号,对该信号进行二次SFA处理,可提取出最慢层外强迫信号.     

The non-stationary freefield response for a moving load with a random amplitude

This paper presents a stochastic solution procedure for the calculation of the non-stationary freefield response due to a moving load with a random amplitude. In this case, a non-stationary autocorrelation function and a time-dependent spectral density are required to characterize the response at a fixed point in the freefield. The non-stationary solution is derived from the solution in the case of a moving load with a deterministic amplitude. It is shown how the deterministic solution can be calculated in an efficient way by means of integral transformation methods if the problem geometry exhibits a translational invariance in the direction of the moving load. A key ingredient is the transfer function between the source and the receiver that represents the fundamental response in the freefield due to an impulse load at a fixed location. The solution in the case of a moving load with a random amplitude is formulated in terms of the double forward Fourier transform of the non-stationary autocorrelation function. The solution procedure is illustrated with an example where the non-stationary autocorrelation function and the time-dependent standard deviation of the freefield response are computed for a moving harmonic load with a random phase shift. The results are compared with the response in the deterministic case.     

Adaptive autoregressive modeling of non-stationary vibration signals under distinct gear states. Part 1: modeling

Non-parametric time-frequency techniques are increasingly developed and employed to process non-stationary vibration signals of rotating machinery in a great deal of condition monitoring literature. However, their capacity to reveal power variations in the time-frequency space as precisely as possible becomes a hard constraint when the aim is that of monitoring the occurrence of mechanical faults. Therefore, for an early diagnosis, it is imperative to utilize methods with high temporal resolution, aiming at detecting spectral variations occurring in a very short time. This paper proposes three new adaptive parametric models transformed from time-varying vector-autoregressive model with their parameters estimated by means of noise-adaptive Kalman filter, extended Kalman filter and modified extended Kalman filter, respectively, on the basis of different assumptions. The performance analysis of the proposed adaptive parametric models is demonstrated using numerically generated non-stationary test signals. The results suggest that the proposed models possess appealing advantages in processing non-stationary signals and thus are able to provide reliable time-frequency domain information for condition monitoring.     

Time-dependent variance and covariance of responses of structures to non-stationary random excitations

In this paper techniques for the analysis of non-stationary random responses of linear structures, discretized by the finite element method so that they can be analyzed as multi-degree of freedom systems, subjected to non-stationary random excitation are developed. The non-stationary random excitation is represented as a product of (a) an exponentially decaying function and a white noise process, and (b) a modulating function in the form of an exponential envelope and a white noise process. Closed form expressions for the time-dependent variance and covariance of response of structures are presented. Application of these expressions is made for the analysis of non-stationary random responses of a physical model of a class of mast antenna structures subjected to base excitation. It is concluded that (a) the coupling terms do have a definite influence on the response; the magnitude of the influence is proportional to the amount of damping in the structure and proximity of the modes excited; (b) the non-stationary random excitations considered are general in that the modulating functions are not necessarily identical, and therefore the influence of various modulating functions of the excitations applied to different locations of the structure on responses can be examined quantivatively; and (c) for a given damping parameter the magnitudes of the modulating function parameters cannot be chosen arbitrarily though the shapes of normalized modulating functions can be selected to best fit the excitation realizations.     

基于HHT变换的起动电动机特征信号时频分析

针对车辆起动电动机电气和机械故障发生时特征信号的时变不平稳特性,进行了时频域分析处理,提出了利用现代信号处理方法对故障信号提取特征向量的方法,主要对起动电动机的电枢和轴承故障进行诊断。在构建电机故障测试实验平台的基础上,利用破坏性实验构造了故障类型,测取了电枢电流和振动信号,分别采用小波分析理论和HHT变换对信号进行分析,通过分解再重构的方式将信号分解成了频率由高到低的不同分量,并获得了故障的特征频率,提取了特征向量。实验结果表明,基于HHT变换的现代信号处理方法在处理时变非平稳信号方面比小波分析理论更具有自适应性,更易识别。     

TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF A SUSPENSION BRIDGE BASED ON GPS

This paper describes the results obtained from full-scale measurements of Humen bridge, which is the second longest suspension bridge in China. A real-time kinematic (RTK) global positioning system (GPS) has been developed and installed on the Humen bridge for on-line monitoring of bridge deck movements. The field wind-induced vibration data were measured by this monitoring system. Three system identification techniques are then adopted in the modal analysis of the wind-induced vibration response: the time-frequency Wigner distribution (WD) technique, the frequency-domain fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique and the time-domain auto-regressive moving average vector (ARMAV) technique. The WD technique can recognize close modal coupling and non-stationary response. The FFT technique can on site verify the quality of the measurements, but its frequency resolution is low and damping estimates are unreliable. The ARMAV method allows for gaining high-frequency resolution. However, it is strictly related to the stationary hypothesis. It is a general conclusion that we can improve the quality of the analysis and get more precise characteristics of the signal by these three methods. In addition, the WD combined with ARMAV seems to be the best case in quantitative analysis of fast-changing vibration signals.     

Collocation Methods for Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations with Singular Sources

A numerical study is given on the spectral methods and the high order WENO finite difference scheme for the solution of linear and nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations with stationary and non-stationary singular sources. The singular source term is represented by the $δ$-function. For the approximation of the $δ$-function, the direct projection method is used that was proposed in [6]. The $δ$-function is constructed in a consistent way to the derivative operator. Nonlinear sine-Gordon equation with a stationary singular source was solved with the Chebyshev collocation method. The $δ$-function with the spectral method is highly oscillatory but yields good results with small number of collocation points. The results are compared with those computed by the second order finite difference method. In modeling general hyperbolic equations with a non-stationary singular source, however, the solution of the linear scalar wave equation with the non-stationary singular source using the direct projection method yields non-physical oscillations for both the spectral method and the WENO scheme. The numerical artifacts arising when the non-stationary singular source term is considered on the discrete grids are explained.     

Maximum likelihood identification of non-stationary operational data

In-operation modal analysis has become a valid alternative for structures where a classic input-output test would be difficult if not impossible to conduct. Due to practical considerations, measurements are sometimes performed in patches (roving sensor setups) instead of covering the entire structure at once. In practice, one is often confronted with non-stationary ambient excitation sources (e.g., wind, traffic, waves, etc.). Since the scaling of operational mode shape estimates depends on the unknown level of the ambient excitation, an extra effort is required in order to correctly merge the different parts of the mode shapes. In this contribution, two different approaches, for merging operational mode shapes from non-stationary data, are proposed. Both methods are based upon a single maximum likelihood estimation procedure. For comparison and validation, both techniques were applied to non-stationary data sets obtained by scanning laser vibrometry as well as the Z24 bridge bench mark data.     

Algebraic Rossby Solitary Waves Excited by Non-Stationary External Source

The paper deals with the effects of non-stationary external source forcing and dissipation on algebraic Rossby solitary waves. From quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation, basing on the multiple-scale method, an inhomogeneous Korteweg-de Vries-Benjamin-Ono-Burgers (KdV-B-O-Burgers) equation is obtained. This equation has not been previously derived for Rossby waves. By analysis and calculation, four conservation laws associated with the above equation are first obtained. With the help of pseudo-spectral method, the waterfall plots are obtained and the evolutional characters of algebraic Rossby solitary waves are studied. The results show that non-stationary external source and dissipation have great effect on the generation and evolution of algebraic solitary Rossby waves.     

Algebraic Rossby Solitary Waves Excited by Non-Stationary External Source

The paper deals with the effects of non-stationary external source forcing and dissipation on algebraic Rossby solitary waves.From quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation,basing on the multiple-scale method,an inhomogeneous Korteweg-de Vries-Benjamin-Ono-Burgers(KdV-B-O-Burgers) equation is obtained.This equation has not been previously derived for Rossby waves.By analysis and calculation,four conservation laws associated with the above equation are first obtained.With the help of pseudo-spectral method,the waterfall plots are obtained and the evolutional characters of algebraic Rossby solitary waves are studied.The results show that non-stationary external source and dissipation have great effect on the generation and evolution of algebraic solitary Rossby waves.     

A prediction theory of random level distribution based on a generalized difference type of Fokker-Planck equation and its application to environmental noise and vibration,II: Experimental study

In a companion paper [1], a procedure for solving the short time prediction problem in terms of the transition probability distribution has been theoretically derived, for discrete time-sampled data. Explicit algorithms for estimating the non-stationary moment statistics of arbitrary order also have been derived, based on a generalized difference equation of Fokker-Planck type for the conditional probability distributed function, which is central to the theory. In this paper, evidence for the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method is presented, as obtained not only by means of digital simulation but also by using road traffic noise data obtained experimentally in Hiroshima. For several non-stationary random processes simulated by means of random numbers, the theoretical and experimental conditional probability functions are compared. For non-stationary road traffic noise data the theoretically predicted and experimentally determined confidence intervals are compared; in these comparisons several types of conditional probability function and various values of weighting parameter are used in the algorithm. All of the theoretical results show good agreement with the experimental results.     

Bivariate phase-rectified signal averaging

Phase-Rectified Signal Averaging (PRSA) was shown to be a powerful tool for the study of quasi-periodic oscillations and nonlinear effects in non-stationary signals. Here we present a bivariate PRSA technique for the study of the inter-relationship between two simultaneous data recordings. Its performance is compared with traditional cross-correlation analysis, which, however, does not work well for non-stationary data and cannot distinguish the coupling directions in complex nonlinear situations. We show that bivariate PRSA allows the analysis of events in one signal when the other signal is in a certain phase or state; it is stable in the presence of noise and impassible to non-stationarities.     

基于时变功率谱的激光器调谐瞬时线宽测量方法研究

半导体激光器的线宽通常采用激光外差测量技术,通过差拍信号的功率谱密度函数来确定,受傅里叶变换方法的限制,得到的均是在一定时间段内的静态平均线宽。为了获得半导体激光器在电流调谐过程中的瞬时线宽特性,提出了利用时变功率谱获知调谐瞬时线宽的相干和非相干测量方法,并分别进行了理论分析和实验验证。首先对半导体激光器输出光信号及差拍信号进行了时间-频率域下的数学描述,确定了时变功率谱与调谐瞬时线宽的关系;其次,针对差拍信号的趋向性特征,提出了趋势局部均值分解方法,并研究了利用分解出的乘积函数建立差拍信号及激光器输出光信号的时变功率谱的方法;最后利用非相干和相干测量法分别获得了分布反馈式半导体激光器在50~51及50~100 mA锯齿波电流调谐过程中的瞬时线宽。     

Canonical and microcanonical ensemble approaches to Bose-Einstein condensation: The thermodynamics of particles in harmonic traps

The thermodynamic properties of bosons moving in a harmonic trap in an arbitrary number of dimensions are investigated in the grand canonical, canonical and microcanonical ensembles by applying combinatorial techniques developed earlier in statistical nuclear fragmentation models. Thermodynamic functions such as the energy and specific heat are computed exactly in these ensembles. The occupation of the ground or condensed state is also obtained exactly, and signals clearly the phase transition. The application of these techniques to fermionic systems is also briefly discussed. Received 18 August 1998 and Received in final form 14 October 1998     

Ensemble vs. time averages in financial time series analysis

Empirical analysis of financial time series suggests that the underlying stochastic dynamics are not only non-stationary, but also exhibit non-stationary increments. However, financial time series are commonly analyzed using the sliding interval technique that assumes stationary increments. We propose an alternative approach that is based on an ensemble over trading days. To determine the effects of time averaging techniques on analysis outcomes, we create an intraday activity model that exhibits periodic variable diffusion dynamics and we assess the model data using both ensemble and time averaging techniques. We find that ensemble averaging techniques detect the underlying dynamics correctly, whereas sliding intervals approaches fail. As many traded assets exhibit characteristic intraday volatility patterns, our work implies that ensemble averages approaches will yield new insight into the study of financial markets’ dynamics.     

匀加速运动声源的声场建模及其数值算法研究

针对匀加速运动点声源的声场特性与其运动状态密切相关这一问题,提出匀加速直线运动状态下点声源的声场计算方法。利用此方法建立了匀加速直线运动时点声源的声压模型,对模型中的关键参数声矢量R进行数值解析,并对声压进行数值分析仿真,得出匀加速直线运动时固定接收点的声压数值计算方法。用此方法对固定接收点位置的匀加速点声源声压进行声场建模,结果表明:在声源接近接收者一定距离以后,声压明显增大;在此距离之外,距离对声压的影响不大。     

Wideband focused film transducer for optoacoustic tomography

The response of a focused film transducer to wideband acoustic signals is studied both theoretically and experimentally. The transducer has the form of a narrow PVDF strip placed on a concave cylindrical surface. A software package is developed for calculating the impulse transient response functions depending on the position of the point source of spherical waves. The experiments are performed using laser thermooptical sources of acoustic spherical wave pulses excited by a pulsed diode-pumped Nd: YAG laser. The theoretical and measured temporal profiles of signals recorded by the transducer are shown to be in good agreement for the source positioned near the transducer’s focus. For this region, a transducer sensitivity map is investigated. For the case of the source positioned at the focus of the transducer, the absolute value of the transducer sensitivity is 8 µV/Pa.     

基于Lempel-Ziv复杂度和经验模态分解的癫痫脑电信号的检测方法

癫痫脑电信号是非平稳、非线性的,根据此特性我们提出一个基于Lempel-Ziv复杂度和经验模态分解(EMD)的癫痫脑电信号的检测方法,首先将癫痫脑电信号用EMD分解,再分别计算每阶固有模态函数(IMF)的复杂度,最后将得到的复杂度作为特征进行检测.实验用波恩数据库来评估提出的方法.结果表明,该方法检测准确率可达到95.25%,具有准确率高、适应性强等优点.