三检测通道-气相色谱法快速分析天然气的组成

采用配有五阀(2个十通阀和3个六通阀)、七柱(2根毛细管柱和5根填充柱)和三检测器(氢火焰离子化检测器A、热导检测器B和C)的气相色谱法测定了天然气的组分。借助阀的切换系统及设置的分析程序,一次进样便可实现天然气常规组分的测定。检测器A用于烃类气体的检测,检测器B用于永久气体的检测,检测器C用于氢气检测。根据标准样品组分的保留时间对未知样品作定性检测,用外标法进行定量测定。方法的精密度符合国家标准GB/T 13610-2003中的规定,本方法所测得的由标准气体所混合组成的标准样品中,各组分的测定值与标准值之间的相对误差均小于5%。     

高效阴离子交换色谱在易极化阴离子痕量分析中的应用

以45 mmol/L的 NaOH溶液作淋洗液,采用强亲水性的IonPac AS16阴离子交换分析柱和脉冲安培检测器,在15 min内分离检测了Br-,S2O2-3,I-和SCN-4种易极化阴离子,检测限(以3倍信噪比计)分别为0.5,0.2,0.05和2 μg/L (进样25 μL)。痕量离子的标准溶液平行9次进样测定的相对标准偏差为0.8%～3.7%。而在相同的色谱条件下,抑制型电导检测器对上述4种阴离子的检测限分别为1,1,2和10 μg/L,平行9次进样测定的相对标准偏差为0.9%～4.7%。通过实验比较可知,脉冲安培检测器的灵敏度是抑制型电导检测器的2～40倍。在测定上述易极化阴离子时,脉冲安培检测器具有选择性强、精密度好和灵敏度高等优点。     

等离子体发射检测器在检测高纯氦气中微量氖气的应用

采用等离子发射检测器(PED)和氦离子放电检测器(DID)对重量法制备的氦气中微量氖气进行了检测,对比了微量氖气在两种检测器上的灵敏度和重复性。结果显示,PED对氖气的检测灵敏度较高,氖气含量在0.03~0.3μmol/mol范围与响应值呈良好的线性关系,r2=1.000,检测限小于1 nmol/mol,测定结果的相对偏差小于2%(n=6)。利用大气压离子质谱仪对检测限测试结果进行了验证。采用等离子发射检测器检测氦气中微量氖气的方法,可以降低微量氖气标准物质的定值不确定度,为研制高准确度微量氖气标准物质奠定基础。     

离子色谱电导-紫外检测器串联法测定海洋沉积物孔隙水中的4种阴离子EI北大核心CSCD

建立了电导-紫外检测器串联离子色谱法测定海洋沉积物孔隙水中的NO_2^-,NO-3,PO_4^(3-)和SO2-4,选用高通量色谱柱和保护柱,以1.9 mmol/L Na HCO3-3.2 mmol/L Na2CO3为淋洗液,采用电导和紫外检测器同时检测4种离子,抑制电导检测器检测PO_4^(3-)和SO2-4,紫外检测器检测NO_2^-和NO-3以消除高含量Cl-的影响。在优化的色谱条件下,单个样品测试时间为6 min,NO_2^-,NO-3,PO_4^(3-)和SO2-4的方法检出限分别为17.2,32.0,144和22.7μg/L。对2个真实样品进行检测,各离子的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.5%~5.3%,对样品进行加标回收实验,加标回收率为95.6%~105.6%。     

高效离子交换色谱-电化学检测法测定药物合成中间体中的6-磷酸甘露糖

在制备6-磷酸甘露糖过程中,将6-磷酸甘露糖与磷酸根杂质分开是纯化过程和建立质量标准的重要环节。本文建立了6-磷酸甘露糖和磷酸根的离子色谱分离-电化学检测方法。样品经溶解、过滤后进行色谱分析,以IonPac AG18离子交换柱(50 mm×4 mm)为保护柱,在Ionpac AS18离子交换色谱柱(250 mm×4 mm)上分离,以25 mmol/L氢氧化钾溶液为流动相,等度淋洗,流速1.0 mL/min,安培检测器和电导检测器串联检测,外标法定量。先使用安培检测器检测,在碱性条件下,6-磷酸甘露糖在安培检测器上被选择性检出;后使用电导检测器检测,经ASRS型抑制器抑制背景电导后,6-磷酸甘露糖和磷酸根同时被电导检测器检出,二者分离度良好。采用安培检测器检测时,进样量为25 μL, 6-磷酸甘露糖的线性范围为0.06～10.00 mg/L,相关系数为0.9998,回收率为92.1%～103.1%,相对标准偏差均小于3%,检出限(以信噪比为3计)为0.02 mg/L。该方法灵敏度高,无杂质干扰,前处理简便,可用于原料药合成中间体的检测,结果令人满意。     

生姜中涕灭威及涕灭威砜的GC分析方法研究

本文研究了气相色谱火焰光度检测器法(FPD)同时检测生姜中涕灭威及其代谢物涕灭威砜的分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,无水硫酸钠柱脱水,弗罗里硅土回相萃取柱净化后用火焰光度检测器硫滤光片进行检测。结果表明,当涕灭威和涕灭威砜添加水平在0.040、0.080和0.200 mg/kg时,样品的回收率范围分别为81.3%~103.8%和91.5%~104.7%,样品的标准偏差(RSD)范围分别为2.8%~4.8%和4.1%~5.5%。     

离子色谱电导-紫外检测器串联法测定海洋沉积物孔隙水中的4种阴离子

建立了电导-紫外检测器串联离子色谱法测定海洋沉积物孔隙水中的NO_2~-,NO-3,PO_4~(3-)和SO2-4,选用高通量色谱柱和保护柱,以1.9 mmol/L Na HCO3-3.2 mmol/L Na2CO3为淋洗液,采用电导和紫外检测器同时检测4种离子,抑制电导检测器检测PO_4~(3-)和SO2-4,紫外检测器检测NO_2~-和NO-3以消除高含量Cl-的影响。在优化的色谱条件下,单个样品测试时间为6 min,NO_2~-,NO-3,PO_4~(3-)和SO2-4的方法检出限分别为17.2,32.0,144和22.7μg/L。对2个真实样品进行检测,各离子的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.5%~5.3%,对样品进行加标回收实验,加标回收率为95.6%~105.6%。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定小麦中的多环芳烃

建立了反相高效液相色谱法测定小麦中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量的检测方法.采用氢氧化钾、甲醇体系恒温超声皂化反应,环己烷萃取,离心分离,旋转蒸发仪浓缩,硅胶小柱净化,最后使用尼龙0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤.采用LC-PAHs专用液相色谱柱分离,用水和乙腈进行梯度洗脱,优化了PAHs的分离测定条件,采用可调波长荧光检测器(FLD)和紫外检测器(VWD)检测.PAHs的质量浓度与其色谱峰面积的线性(R)在0.9991～0.9998之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)均低于18%,回收率在79.8%～115.2%之间.方法可用于小麦中多环芳烃含量的检测.     

二氧化锡气体传感器快速检测挥发性有机化合物

论述了将SnO2气体传感器作为便携式气相色谱检测器,重点是挥发有机化合物(VOCs)检测方法的可行性研究。SnO2气体传感器的动态范围103;最小检测浓度(苯)8.12×10-4g/L、面积重现性<6%,取得了较满意的结果。对SnO2气体检测器的加热电压、温度特性和快速检测指标作了基本分析和考察,最后将SnO2气体传感器和FID检测器进行了初步比较。实验表明,将其作为专用便携色谱检测器,可以基本满足快速分析应用的要求。     

气相色谱仪灵敏度及检测限的测量不确定度评定

按JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》和JJG700-1999《气相色谱仪检定规程》评定了气相色谱仪检测器灵敏度或检测限测量的不确定度。给出了评定灵敏度及检测限的测量不确定度数学模型,并对各不确定度分量进行了评定。浓度型检测器灵敏度或检测限的相对扩展不确定度均为4.4%(k=2),质量型检测器检测限的相对扩展不确定度为3.8%(k=2)。依据JJF1033-2008《计量标准考核规范》采用比对法验证了灵敏度和检测限测量不确定度的合理性。     

Fast Multi‐residue Screening for 84 Pesticides in Tea by Gas Chromatography with Dual‐tower Auto‐sampler,Dual‐column and Dual Detectors

A fast multi‐residue screening method for determining pesticides in tea is described. Pesticides are extracted from tea with acetone and methylene chloride, then enriched and cleaned up with solid phase extraction (SPE) prior to gas chromatographic determination. The fast screening is achieved by a gas chromatograph system equipped with dual‐column, dual‐tower auto‐sampler and both electron capture detector (ECD) and flame photometric detector (FPD). Optimal conditions are investigated for the prospective pesticides including column selection, detection mode, the retention behaviors, quantitative calibration, as well as the recoveries and repeatability of pesticides from tea samples. Under the optimal conditions, with the FPD‐P detector accompanied CP‐SIL 13CB column, 48 pesticides can be separated well and detected within 38 min; and with a DB‐5 column, 35 ECD‐detectable pesticides can be separated and detected within 46 min. The recoveries of 84 pesticides in tea samples are 65–120% with 0.34–16% RSD for spiking 0.02–3.0 mg/kg standard species. Because of the thermal instability of most pesticides, direct cold extraction of pesticides from a tea sample is recommended. The proposed method provided a very fast and efficient procedure to screen 84 pesticides from a complicated tea sample matrix.     

Determination of 24 pesticides residues in mineral and peat soils by modified QuEChERS method and gas chromatography

A simple extraction and cleanup procedure has been developed for the analysis of 24 organophosphorus (OP), organochlorine (OC) and pyrethroid (PY) pesticides in mineral and peat soils using modified QuEChERS method. The pesticides were extracted from the soil with acidified acetonitrile. The water was removed from the extract by salting out with sodium chloride and addition of magnesium sulfate. For OP pesticides, the extracts were cleaned up with 0.2 g of primary secondary amine packed in glass Pasteur pipette and determined by gas chromatography with flame photometric detector. For OC and PY pesticides, the extracts were cleaned up with 0.2 g of silica gel packed in a glass Pasteur pipette and determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detector. After the cleanup, the extracts had lower colour intensity and reduced matrix interferences. The recovery of the OP and OC pesticides for mineral and peat soils determined at 0.01–1.0 mg kg^?1 fortification levels ranged from 79.0–120.0% and 82.2–117.6%, respectively. The detection limits for OP and OC pesticides were 0.001–0.01 and 0.002–0.005 mg kg^?1, respectively. The recovery of the PY pesticides ranged from 87.5–111.7% at the detection limits of 0.002–0.010 mg kg^?1. The relative standard deviations for all pesticides studied were below 10.8%. The modified method was simple, fast, and had utilized less reagents than the conventional methods. The method was applied to the determination of the pesticide residues in mineral and peat soil samples collected from the vegetable farms.     

加速溶剂萃取/凝胶渗透色谱－固相萃取净化、气相色谱－质谱法测定茶叶中残留的33种农药

建立了茶叶中有机磷、有机氯、拟除虫菊酯类共33种农药残留的分析方法。样品以丙酮-二氯甲烷(体积比为1:1)为提取剂经加速溶剂方法萃取,提取液用凝胶渗透色谱净化除去大部分的色素、脂类和蜡质,再用Carb-NH2小柱和Florisil小柱净化。采用气相色谱法分析、外标法定量、气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）定性。加标水平为0.05 mg/kg时,大部分农药的回收率为70%~120%,相对标准偏差小于20%。方法的检测限为0.005～0.05 mg/kg (以10倍信噪比计)。该方法的提取效率高,准确灵敏,目前已应用于出口茶叶中农药残留的日常检测。大量实际样品的检测结果表明,此方法适于出口茶叶中农药残留检测实际工作的需要。     

Development and validation of a multiresidue method for determination of 37 pesticides in soil using GC-NPD

In this study, a multiresidue analytical method for the detection of 37 pesticides in a soil matrix was developed and validated. The soil sample was fortified with a known quantity of pesticides at two different concentration levels (0.1 and 0.01 µg/g) and the analytes were extracted via a liquid–solid extraction method. The pesticides were separated on an HP5 capillary column and were analyzed with a gas chromatograph coupled to a nitrogen–phosphorous detector (GC‐NPD). Method validation was accomplished with good linearity (r² = 0.994–0.999) within a considerable range of concentrations. Satisfactory recoveries (70.5–110.4%) were obtained with 32 pesticides at both spiking concentration levels, whereas five pesticides—dimepiperate, buprofezin, prometryn, pirimicarb, and fludioxonil—were recovered at relatively low levels (43.6–61.8%). The applicability of the method was demonstrated by analyzing field samples collected from 24 different sites around Yeongsan and Sumjin rivers in the Republic of Korea. No residues of the selected pesticides were detected in any of the samples. The developed method could be employed as a simple and cost‐effective method for the routine detection and analysis of 37 pesticides in soil samples. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dual low thermal mass gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for fast dual-column separation of pesticides in complex sample

A method is described for fast dual-column separation of pesticides by use of dual low thermal mass gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (dual LTM-GC–MS) with different temperature programming. The method can provide two total ion chromatograms with different separation on DB-5 and DB-17 in a single run, which allows improved identification capability, even with short analysis time (<17 min). Also simultaneous detection with MS and elemental selective detector, e.g. pulsed flame photometric detection (PFPD) was evaluated for fast dual-column separation of 82 pesticide mixtures including 27 phosphorus pesticides. Dual LTM-GC–MS/PFPD was applied to analysis of pesticides in a brewed green tea sample with dual stir bar sorptive extraction method (dual SBSE).     

Analysis of Polar Thermally Labile Pesticides using Different Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) Materials with GC and HPLC Techniques

Abstract

In the present study, an efficient method for extraction, separation and determination of a limited number (30) of polar pesticides in aqueous matrices has been developed. Pesticides were extracted with high recoveries (usually >85%) from 1 L water samples, using the solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique. Affinities to different SPE materials (C-18 and XAD resins) have been studied for all pesticides. Special attention has been paid to the following 5 pesticides (which have classified by the EC as compounds which are particularly difficult to analyse): benazolia, bromofenoxim, ethofumesate, fenamiphos and phenmediphain. Thermally labile compounds have been determined with high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV detection in comparison to TSP-LC-MS. Absolute limits of detection (LODs) for the HPLC technique are usually below 1 ng at 220 nm. Thermospray LC-MS determination shows usually limits of detection of 1-10 ng (SCAN) and 60-800 pg (SIM). All pesticides, which are amenable to GC have been detected in a comparative study with the following detectors: flame ionization detector (FID), nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD), electron capture detector (ECD) and atomic emission detector (AED). Element-specific detection of various functional groups of these pesticides has been achieved using GC-AED. Thus, while the FID has the lowest specificity, the AED is the most specific detector. LODs are usually < 300 pg (FID < 20 pg, NPD < 1 pg, ECD < 1 pg, AED < 300 pg). Spiked river water samples (from the River Leine and River Weser in Lower Saxony, Germany) have been used to test the employed method. With the spiked surface water samples recoveries were usually >80%.     

Simple and rapid screening procedure for pesticides in water using SPE and HPLC/DAD detection

An HPLC method, using a photodiode array detector (DAD) has been developed for the simultaneous screening of pesticides. A solid phase extraction system (SPE) has been combined, off-line, with the HPLC/DAD to isolate, recover and quantify pesticides from water samples at ppb levels. The pesticides are eluted from a Hypersil C₁₈ column 5 μm applying a solvent elution programme with two steps, isocratic and gradient mode, in reverse phase. Full UV spectra from 200 to 400 nm are recorded on-line during the analysis and may be compared to stored spectra. The method has been applied to the determination of pesticides in real water samples.     

Confirmation of chlorotriazine pesticides,their degradation products and organophosphorus pesticides in soil samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron impact and positive- and negative-ion chemical ionization

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with electron impact (EI), positive-ion chemical ionization (PCI) and negative-ion chemical ionization (NCI) were applied as confirmatory techniques for residue analysis of chlorotriazine pesticides, their degradation products and organophosphorus pesticides in soil samples. Clean-up was effected using a Florisil column with subsequent analysis by GC with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. GC-MS with the EI mode of operation is the common mode of confirmation for all the pesticides. Further confirmation by either GC-MS with PCI and NCI for chlorotriazines and organophosphorus pesticides, respectively, is recommended. The method was applied to the determination of residue levels of atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, simazine, fenitrothion and tetrachlorvinphos in several soil samples at levels from 5 ng g^?1 to 9 μg g^?1.     

Determination of pesticides in red wines with on-line coupled microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction-gas chromatography

Microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction (MMLLE) was coupled on-line with gas chromatography for the determination of pesticides in wine. The MMLLE-GC provided to be efficient and selective and the method was linear, repeatable and sensitive. The limits of detection ranged from 0.05 to 2.3 microg/l and the limits of quantification were 0.2-7.5 microg/l for all the analytes using FID as detector. With MS detection LODs in the range 0.03-0.4 and LOQs of 0.3-3.5 microg/l were achieved. The method was applied to the determination of pesticides in several red wines of different origin.     

Development of a multiresidue method for the determination of multiclass pesticides in soil using GC

The principal objective of the present study was to develop a multiresidue analytical method for 62 pesticides in a soil matrix. Soil samples were fortified with known quantities of pesticides at two different concentration levels (0.1 and 0.01 μg/g) and the analytes were extracted via a liquid–solid extraction method. The pesticides were separated on an HP5 capillary column and were detected by gas chromatography coupled to an electron capture detector (GC‐ECD). The method was validated, considering its good linearities (r² = 0.978–0.999), specificity and recovery characteristics. Recoveries were found between 70.3 and 113.4% for all pesticides except edifenphos (67.5%) and dichlobenil (69.5%) spiked at a 0.1 μg/mL concentration level and 74.5–117% except ethalfluralin (63.3%) and dichlobenil (51.9%) spiked at a concentration of 0.01 μg/mL. The developed method could be utilized as a simple and cost‐effective method for the routine analysis of 62 pesticides in soil samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.