From simple to complex: topological evolution and luminescence variation in a copper(I) pyridylpyrazolate system tuned via second ligating spacers

By systematically varying the geometric length and electronic properties of the second ligating ligands of halogen (Cl(-), Br(-), and I(-)) and pseudohalogen (CN(-), SCN(-), and N(3)(-)) anions, we synthesized 11 isomeric/isostructural copper(I) complexes: [Cu(2)(L3-3)I](n) (1), [Cu(2)(L4-4)Br](n) (2-Br), [Cu(2)(L4-4)Cl](n) (2-Cl), [Cu(2)(L3-4)(CN)](n) (3), [Cu(2)(L3-3)(CN)](n) (4), [Cu(3)(L4-4)(CN)(2)](n) (5), {[Cu(2)(L4-4)Br](2)·CuBr}(n) (6-Br), {[Cu(2)(L4-4)Cl](2)·CuCl}(n) (6-Cl), [Cu(2)(L4-4)(SCN)](n) (7α-SCN), [Cu(2)(L4-4)(SCN)](n) (7β-SCN), and [Cu(2)(L4-4)(N(3))](n) (7α-N(3)). These structures are based on a series of isomeric pyridylpyrazole ligands, namely, 3,5-bis(3-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazole (HL3-3), 3-(3-pyridyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazole (HL3-4), and 3,5-bis(4-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazole (HL4-4), and their structural features range from 1-D (1), 2-D (2), and 3-D noninterpenetration (3), to 3-D 2-fold interpenetration (4 and 5), to 3-D self-catenation (6 and 7), exhibiting a trend from simple to complex with dimension expansion and an interpenetrating degree increase. The five most complex structures (6 and 7) with self-catenated networks are based on 2-fold interpenetrated networks linked via appropriate second ligating spacers (Cl(-), Br(-), SCN(-), and N(3)(-)), representing a strategy to construct self-catenated coordination polymers through cross-linking interpenetrated frameworks. Moreover, these complexes exhibit strong photoluminescence, which is mainly ascribed to Cu(I)-related charge transfers (MLCT, MC, and MMLCT) regulated by the electronic properties of halogen or pseudohalogen. The topological evolution and luminescence variation presented in this work open an avenue to understanding the luminescence origin and the structure-property relationship of luminescent coordination polymers.     

Syntheses, crystal structures, and magneto-structural correlations of novel Cu(II) complexes containing a planar [Cu(mu-L1)]2 (HL1 = 3-(2-pyridyl)pyrazole) unit: from dinuclear to tetranuclear and then to one-dimensional compounds

Seven new Cu(II) complexes based on a binuclear planar unit [Cu(mu-L(1))](2), [[Cu(mu-L(1))(NO(3))(H(2)O)](2) (1), [Cu(mu-L(1))(HL(1))(ClO(4))](2) (2), [Cu(4)(mu-L(1))(6)(NO(3))(2)] (3), [Cu(4)(mu-L(1))(6)(L(1))(2)] (4), [Cu(4)(mu-L(1))(6)(mu-L(2))](n) (5), [Cu(4)(mu-L(1))(6)(mu-L(3))](n) (6), [[Cu(4)(mu-L(1))(4)(mu-L(4))(2)](H(2)O)(3)](n) (7) (HL(1) = 3-(2-pyridyl)pyrazole, L(2) = 1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylate, L(3) = terephthalate, L(4) = 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate)}, have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, and X-ray diffraction. In 1 and 2, the Cu(II) centers are linked by deprotonated pyrazolyl groups to form dinuclear structures. 3 and 4 have similar gridlike tetranuclear structures in which two additional deprotonated L(1) ligands bridge two [Cu(mu-L(1))](2) units perpendicularly. 5 and 6 consist of similar one-dimensional (1-D) chains in which gridlike tetranuclear copper(II) units similar to that of 3 are further linked by L(2) or L(3) ligands, respectively. And, in 7, L(4) ligands link [Cu(mu-L(1))](2) binuclear units to form a tetranuclear gridlike structure in chelating/bridging mode and simultaneously bridge the tetranuclear units to form a 1-D chain. The magnetic properties of all complexes were studied by variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements. The obtained parameters of J range from -33.1 to -211 cm(-1), indicating very strong antiferromagnetic coupling between Cu(II) ions. The main factor that affects the |J| parameter is the geometry of the Cu(N(2))(2)Cu entity. From the magnetic point of view, 1 and 2 feature "pure" dinuclear, 3 and 5 tetranuclear, and 4, 6, and 7 pseudodinuclear moieties.     

Influence of anions on the dimensionality of extended networks based on Cu I cations and 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) ligands

Reactions of Cu I salts with 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) afford three types of cationic coordination polymers depending on the anion present in the reaction solution. In the crystal structure of {[Cu(HAT)][BF4]x1/3(C6H6)}infinity, (1), Cu ions and HAT molecules form extended layers that are best described as strongly distorted honeycomb nets. The space between the layers is occupied by [BF4]- anions and solvent molecules. {[Cu(HAT)][PF6]}infinity, (2), crystallizes as a chiral (10,3)-a net with [PF6]- anions residing in the cavities of the three-dimensional metal-organic framework. The crystal structure of {[Cu4(HAT)3][SbF6]4x3C6H6}infinity, (3), is based on unique extended [Cu4(HAT)3]infinity "nanotubules" filled with solvent molecules and [SbF6]- anions.     

New 1- and 2-dimensional polymeric structures of cyanopyridine complexes of Ag(I) and Cu(I)

Polymeric transition metal chalcogenides have attracted much attention because of their possible unusual properties directly derived from their extended structures. The molecules n-cyanopyridine (n = 2, 3, and 4) and pyridine-3,4-dicarbonitrile are found to function as bidentate or monodentate (only pyridine nitrogen donor atom) ligands in the coordination of silver(I) and copper(I) ions, respectively. The mode of coordination depends on the anion and the crystallization conditions and has been elucidated in all cases by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. We report here the syntheses, structural characterization, and electrical properties of six new polymers, [Ag(2)(2-cyanopyridine)(2)(NO(3))(2)](n)(1), [Ag(4)(3-cyanopyridine)(8)(SiF(6))(2)(H(2)O)(2)](n) (2), [Ag(3-cyanopyridine)(2)(NO(3))](n)(3), [Ag(pyridine-3,4-dicarbonitrile)(2)(NO(3))](n)(4), [Cu(I)(4-cyanopyridine)(2)(SCN)](n)(5), and [Cu(I)(pyridine-3,4-dicarbonitrile)(2)(SCN)](n)(6). Compounds 1 and 2 exhibit novel two-dimensional networks, while 3-6 have one-dimensional chain structures, in which 3 is a single-stranded helix. Room-temperature conductivities of 1, 2, 4, and 6 have been measured and are 3.1 x 10(-)(7), 2.7 x 10(-)(7), 7.4 x 10(-)(6), and 4.3 x 10(-)(5) S.cm(-)(1), respectively. The effect of temperature on the conductivities has been investigated.     

Multi-dimensional transition-metal coordination polymers of 4,4'-bipyridine-N,N'-dioxide: 1D chains and 2D sheets

Reaction of 4,4'-bipyridine -N, N' -dioxide (L) with a variety of transition-metal salts in MeOH affords a range of coordination polymer products. For the complexes [FeCl 3(mu-L)] infinity, 1, and ([Cu(L) 2(OHMe) 2(mu-L)].2PF 6. n(solv)) infinity, 2, 1D chain structures are observed, whereas ([Mn(mu-L) 3].2ClO 4) infinity, 3, and ([Cu(mu-L) 3].2BF 4) infinity, 4, both show 2D sheet architectures incorporating an unusual 3 (6)- hxl topology. The more common 4 (4)- sql topology is observed in [Cd(ONO 2) 2(mu-L) 2] infinity, 5, ([Cu(OHMe) 2(mu-L) 2].2ZrF 5) infinity, 6, ([Cu(L) 2(mu-L) 2].2EF 6) infinity ( 7 E = P; 8 E = Sb), and ([Et 4N][Cu(OHMe) 0.5(mu-L) 2(mu-FSiF 4F) 0.5].2SbF 6. n(solv)) infinity, 9. In 6, the [ZrF 5] (-) anion, formed in situ from [ZrF 6] (2-), forms 1D anionic chains ([ZrF 5] (-)) infinity of vertex-linked octahedra, and these chains thread through a pair of inclined polycatenated ([Cu(OHMe) 2(mu-L) 2] (2+)) infinity 4 (4)- sql grids to give a rare example of a triply intertwined coordination polymer. 9 also shows a 3D matrix structure with 4 (4)- sql sheets of stoichiometry ([Cu(L) 2] (2+)) infinity coordinatively linked by bridging [SiF 6] (2-) anions to give a structure of 5-c 4 (4).6 (6)- sqp topology. The mononuclear [Cu(L) 6].2BF 4 ( 10) and [Cd(L) 6].2NO 3 ( 11) and binuclear complexes [(Cu(L)(OH 2)) 2(mu-L) 2)].2SiF 6. n(solv), 12, are also reported. The majority of the coordination polymers are free of solvent and are nonporous. Thermal treatment of materials that do contain solvent results in structural disintegration of the complex structures giving no permanent porosity.     

Copper(II), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) complexes with a bulky anthracene-based carboxylic ligand: syntheses, crystal structures, and magnetic properties

To systematically explore the influence of the bulky aromatic ring skeleton with a large conjugated pi-system on the structures and properties of their complexes, six CuII, CoII, and NiII complexes with the anthracene-based carboxylic ligand anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (HL1), were synthesized and characterized, sometimes incorporating different auxiliary ligands: [Cu2(L1)4(CH3OH)2](CH3OH) (1), [Cu4(L1)6(L2)4](NO3)2(H2O)2 (2), {[Cu2(L1)4(L3)](CH3OH)0.25}infinity (3), [Co2(L1)4(L4)2(micro-H2O)](CH3OH) (4), {[Co(L1)2(L5)(CH3OH)2]}infinity (5), and {[Ni(L1)2(L5)(CH3OH)2]}infinity (6) (L2 = 2,2'-bipyridine, L3 = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, L4 = 1,10-phenanthroline, and L5 = 4,4'-bipyridine). 1 has a dinuclear structure that is further assembled to form a one-dimensional (1D) chain and then a two-dimensional (2D) network by the C-H...O H-bonding and pi...pi stacking interactions jointly. 2 takes a tetranuclear structure due to the existence of the chelating L2 ligand. 3 possesses a 1D chain structure by incorporating the related auxiliary ligand L3, which is further interlinked via interchain pi...pi stacking, resulting in a three-dimensional (3D) network. 4 also has a dinuclear structure and then forms a higher-dimensional supramolecular network through intermolecular pi...pi stacking and/or C-H...pi interactions. 5 and 6 are isostructural complexes, except they involve different metal ions, showing 1D chain structures, which are also assembled into 2D networks from the different crystallographic directions by interchain pi...pi stacking and C-H...pi interactions, respectively. The results reveal that the steric bulk of the anthracene ring in HL1 plays an important role in the formation of 1-6. The magnetic properties of the complexes were investigated, and the very long intermetallic distances result in weak magnetic coupling, with the exception of 1 and 3, which adopt the typical paddle-wheel structure of copper acetate and are thus strongly coupled.     

The stepwise formation of mixed-metal coordination networks using complexes of 3-cyanoacetylacetonate

The complexes [Cu(L(1))2] 1, [Fe(L(1))3] 3 and [Al(L(1))3] 4 [L(1) = CH(3)C(O)C(CN)C(O)CH(3)] have been prepared for use as metallo-ligands in mixed-metal coordination networks. Surprisingly, the nature of the copper precursor is important in the synthesis of 1, with the reaction between Cu(NO3)2.3H2O, HL(1) and NEt3 giving [Cu6(micro(3)-OMe)4(micro-OMe)2(L(1))6] 2 instead of the anticipated 1, which was obtained with CuCl2.2H2O under the same conditions. Compound 1 reacts with AgNO3 to form [Cu(L(1))2.AgNO3](infinity) 5, the structure of which contains one-dimensional chains in which Ag+ ions bridge between molecules of 1. These chains are cross-linked into ladders by bridging nitrates. The product obtained from the reaction of 3 and AgNO3 is crucially dependent on the solvent used. The reaction in methanol-acetone gives [Fe(L(1))3.AgNO3](infinity) 6, {[Fe2(micro-OMe)2(L(1))4.2AgNO3].CH(3)C(O)CH(3)}(infinity) 7 and [Fe2(micro-OMe)2(L(1))4.AgNO3](infinity) 8. Compounds 6 and 8 both have one-dimensional chain structures, whereas 7 has a two-dimensional layer structure. The reaction in methanol gives 6 and 8 as the major products and, in addition, small quantities of {[AgFe2(micro-OMe)2(L(1))4]OH.0.4H2O](infinity) 9. Compound 9 has a three-dimensional structure based on doubly interpenetrated PtS nets. Compounds 7-9 contain Fe2(micro-OMe)2(L(1))4 dimers, but the coordination properties of the dimers differ, with all the cyanides coordinated in 7 and 9 but one uncoordinated in 8. The orientation of the cyanide groups depends on the relative chirality of the iron centres. A transmetallation reaction occurs between 4 and AgNO3 to give [Ag(L(1))](infinity) 10, which has a two-dimensional layer structure. Compounds 2, 3 and 5-10 have been characterised by X-ray crystallography.     

Rare example of mu-nitrito-1kappa2O,O':2kappaO coordinating mode in copper(II) nitrite complexes with monoanionic tridentate Schiff base ligands: structure, magnetic, and electrochemical properties

Three new copper(II) complexes, [CuL(1)(NO(2))](n) (1), [CuL(2)(NO(2))] (2), and [CuL(3)(NO(2))] (3), with three similar tridentate Schiff base ligands [HL(1) = 6-amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-4-azahept-2-en-1-one, HL(2) = 6-amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-4-azahex-2-en-1-one, and HL(3) = 6-diethylamino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-4-azahex-2-en-1-one] have been synthesized and characterized structurally and magnetically. In all three complexes, the tridentate Schiff base ligand and one oxygen atom of the nitrite ion constitute the equatorial plane around Cu(II), whereas the second oxygen atom of the nitrite ligand coordinates to one of the axial positions. In 1, this axially coordinated oxygen atom of the nitrite ligand also coordinates weakly to the other axial position of a Cu(II) ion of another unit to form a one-dimensional chain with the mu-nitrito-1kappa(2)O,O':2kappaO bridging mode. Complexes 2 and 3 are discrete monomers that are joined together by intermolecular H bonds and C-H....pi interactions in 2 and by only C-H....pi interactions in 3. A weak antiferromagnetism (J = -1.96(2) cm(-1)) is observed in complex 1 due to its asymmetric nitrite bridging. Complexes 2 and 3 show very weak antiferromagnetic interactions (J = -0.089 and -0.096 cm(-1), respectively) attributed to the presence of intermolecular H-bonding and C-H....pi interactions. The corresponding Cu(I) species produced by the electrochemical reduction of complexes 1 and 2 disproportionate to Cu(0) and Cu(2+,) whereas the reduced Cu(I) species of complex 3 seems to be stable presumably due to a higher tetrahedral distortion of the equatorial plane in 3 compared to that in 1 and 2.     

Synthesis, structure, and electrochemical properties of copper(I) complexes with S/N homoscorpionate and heteroscorpionate ligands

Dinuclear Cu(I) complexes with bifunctionalized homoscorpionate ligands, hydrotris(thioxotriazolyl)borato [Li(Tr(Me,o)(-)(Py)) (1) and Li(Tr(Mes,Me)) (2)], and the heteroscorpionate ligand hydro[bis(thioxotriazolyl)-3-(2-pyridyl)pyrazolyl]borato [K(Br(Mes)pz(o)(-)(Py))] (3) were synthesized and crystallographically characterized. The complexes [Cu(Tr(Mes,Me))](2) (4) and [Cu(Tr(Me,o)(-)(Py))](2) (5) exhibit a similar coordination geometry where every metal is surrounded by three thioxo groups in a trigonal arrangement. The presence of a [B-H...Cu] three-center-two-electron interaction in both compounds causes the overall coordination to become tetrahedrally distorted (S(3)H coordination for each metal). The complex [Cu(Br(Mes)pz(o)(-)(Py))](2) (6) presents a trigonal geometry in which the metals interact with two thioxo groups and a bridging pyrazolyl nitrogen atom. A weak contact with a pyridine nitrogen atom completes the coordination of the metals (S(2)N,N' coordination for each metal). [Cu(Tr(Mes,Me))](2), [Cu(Tr(Me,o)(-)(Py))](2), and [Cu(Br(Mes)pz(o)(-)(Py))](2) exhibit fluxional behavior in solution as evidenced by variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy, and for 5 and 6 two species in equilibrium [in the ratio 2/1 for 5 (CDCl(3)) and 3/2 for 6 (CD(2)Cl(2))] are distinguishable in the (1)H NMR spectra at 270 K. 2D-NOESY spectra recorded at 270 K assisted in the attribution of solution molecular geometries for each isomer of 5 and 6. The free energy of activation (DeltaG()(Tc)) was determined for both equilibria from the evaluation of the coalescence temperature. DFT calculations were performed to describe plausible molecular geometry for the minor isomer of 5 and 6 and to propose a possible mechanism of interconversion between major and minor isomers. Cyclic voltammograms were recorded in CH(2)Cl(2) (3 and 6) or CH(2)Cl(2)/CH(3)CN (1/1, v/v) (2, 4, and 5) solutions using 0.1 M TBAHFP or TBAOTf as supporting electrolytes. [Cu(Tr(Mes,Me))](2), [Cu(Tr(Me,o)(-)(Py))](2), and [Cu(Br(Mes)pz(o)(-)(Py))](2) exhibit a quasi-reversible Cu(I)/Cu(II) redox behavior with E(pa) = +719 mV and E(pc) = +538 mV for 4, E(pa) = +636 mV and E(pc) = -316 mV for 5, and E(pa) = +418 mV and E(pc) = -319 mV for 6.     

Direct solvothermal growth, crystal structures, and optical properties of one-dimensional lanthanide selenidoarsenate(v) polymers [Ln(dien)2(micro3-AsSe4)] (Ln = Nd, Sm): the first example of an AsSe4(3-) anion acting as a ligand to a lanthanide complex

Two novel lanthanide selenidoarsenates(v) [Ln(dien)2(micro(3)-AsSe(4))] (Ln = Nd 1, Sm 2, dien = diethylenetriamine) were synthesized by the reactions of As(2)O(3) and Se with Nd(2)O(3) or Sm(2)O(3) in dien under solvothermal conditions. 1 and 2 are in the orthorhombic crystal system with Iba2 and Pbca space groups, respectively. The [AsSe(4)](3-) anion acts as a tridentate micro(3)-AsSe(4) ligand to bridge the lanthanide [Ln(dien)2](3+) complexes leading to one-dimensional neutral [Ln(dien)(2)(micro(3)-AsSe(4))](infinity) chains. The chains contact through hydrogen bonding to form network structures. The lanthanide center lies within a nine-coordinated environment involving six N atoms of two dien ligands and three Se atoms of two different tetrahedral [AsSe(4)](3-) anions forming a distorted monocapped square antiprism. The novel coordination polymers [Nd(dien)2(micro(3)-AsSe(4))](infinity) and [Sm(dien)2(micro(3)-AsSe(4))](infinity) are the first examples of solvothermally synthesized selenidoarsenates with [AsSe(4)](3-) anion acting as a ligand in lanthanide complexes. The band gaps of 2.11 eV for 1, and 2.18 eV for 2 have been derived from optical absorption spectra. TG-DSC curves show that two compounds remove coordinated dien ligands in a single step.     

Solution-grown aligned crystals of diketopyrrolopyrroles(DPP)-based small molecules:Rough surfaces and relatively low charge mobility

Field-effect transistors(FETs) of three diketopyrrolopyrroles(DPP)-based small molecules, 3,6-bis(5-phenylthiophene-2-yl)-2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)pyrrolopyrrole-1,4-dione(PDPPP), 3,6-bis(5-(4-fluorophenyl)thiophene-2-yl)-2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)pyrrolo pyrrole-1,4-dione(FPDPPPF) and 3,6-bis(5-(4-n-butylphenyl)thiophene-2-yl)-2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)pyrrolo pyrrole-1,4-dione(Bu PDPPPBu), have been studied in this work. Well aligned crystals of the three molecules were grown from para-xylene by droplet-pinned crystallization method. FETs based on these aligned crystals exhibit a hole mobility up to0.19 cm~2 V 1s 1and electron mobility up to 0.008 cm~2 V 1s 1. The achieved hole mobility is of the same order of magnitude as reported highest hole mobility for DPP-based small molecules, but it is much lower than that of the high-performance DPP-based polymers. The relative low mobility is mainly attributed to the rough crystal surfaces with steps and, thus, non-smooth charge transport channels at the interfaces between the crystals and the dielectrics. This work has implications for understanding the low charge mobility of DPP-based small molecules.     

Synthesis and charge/discharge properties of polyacetylenes carrying 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinoxy radicals

The 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinoxy (TEMPO)-containing acetylenic monomers HC[triple bond]CC(6)H(3)-p,m-(CONH-4-TEMPO)(2) (1), HC[triple bond]CC(6)H(3)-p,m-(COO-4-TEMPO)(2) (2), (S,S,S,S)-HC[triple bond]CC(6)H(3)-p,m-[CO-NHCH{COO-(4-TEMPO)}CH(2)COO-(4-TEMPO)](2) (3), (S,S)-HC[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)CO-NHCH{COO-(4-TEMPO)}CH(2)COO-(4-TEMPO) (4), HC[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)-p-OCO-4-TEMPO (5), HC[triple bond]CCH(2)C(CH(3))(CH(2)OCO-4-TEMPO)(2) (6), HC[triple bond]CCH(2)NHCO-4-TEMPO (7), and HC[triple bond]CCH(2)OCO-4-TEMPO (8) were polymerized to afford novel polymers containing the TEMPO radical at high densities. Monomers 1, 3-6, and 8 provided polymers with average molecular weights of 10 000-136 500 in 62-99 % yield in the presence of a rhodium catalyst, whereas monomers 2 and 7 gave insoluble polymers in 100 % yield. The formed polymers were thermally stable up to approximately 274 degrees C according to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). All the TEMPO-containing polymers demonstrated reversible charge/discharge processes, whose discharge capacities were 21.3-108 A h kg(-1). In particular, the capacity of poly(1)-, poly(4)-, and poly(5)-based cells reached 108, 96.3, and 89.3 A h kg(-1), respectively, which practically coincided with their theoretical values.     

High thermodynamic stability and extraordinary kinetic inertness of copper(II) complexes with 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,8-bis(methylphosphonic acid): example of a rare isomerism between kinetically inert penta- and hexacoordinated copper(II) complexes

In an aqueous solution at room temperature, 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,8-bis(methylphosphonic acid) (H(4)L(1)) and Cu(I) (I) form a pentacoordinated (pc) complex, pc-[Cu(L(1))](2-), exhibiting conformation I of the cyclam ring. At high temperature, the complex isomerises to a hexacoordinated isomer, trans-O,O-[Cu(L(1))](2-), with a trans-III conformation of the cyclam ring. In pc-[Cu(L(1))](2-), four ring nitrogen atoms and one phosphonate oxygen atom are arranged around Cu(I) (I) in a structure that is half-way between a trigonal bipyramid and a tetragonal pyramid, with one phosphonic acid group uncoordinated. In the trans-O,O-[Cu(L(1))](2-) isomer, the nitrogen atoms form a plane and the phosphonic acid groups are in a mutually trans configuration. A structurally very similar ligand, 4-methyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,8-bis(methylphosphonic acid) (H(4)L(2)), forms an analogous pentacoordinated complex, pc-[Cu(L(2))](2-), at room temperature. However, the complex does not isomerise to the octahedral complex analogous to trans-O,O-[Cu(L(1))](2-). Because of the high thermodynamic stability of pc-[Cu(L(1))](2-), (logbeta=25.40(4), 25 degrees C, I=0.1 mol dm(-3) KNO(3)) and the formation of protonated species, Cu(I) (I) is fully complexed in acidic solution (-log [H(+)] approximately 3). Acid-assisted decomplexation of both of the isomers of [Cu(H(2)L(1))] takes place only after protonation of both uncoordinated oxygen atoms of each phosphonate moiety and at least one nitrogen atom of the cycle. The exceptional kinetic inertness of both isomers is illustrated by their half-lives tau(1/2)=19.7 min for pc-[Cu(H(2)L(1))] and tau(1/2) about seven months for trans-O,O-[Cu(H(2)L(1))] for decomplexation in 5 M HClO(4) at 25 degrees C. The mechanism of formation of pc-[Cu(L(1))](2-) is similar to those observed for other macrocyclic complexes.     

Syntheses, crystal structures, and physical properties of La5Cu6O4S7 and La5Cu6.33O4S7

Single crystal and bulk powder samples of the quaternary lanthanum copper oxysulfides La5Cu6.33O4S7 and La5Cu6O4S7 have been prepared by means of high-temperature sealed-tube reactions and spark plasma sintering, respectively. In the structure of La 5Cu6.33O4S7, Cu atoms tie together the fluorite-like (2)infinity[La5O4S(5+)] and antifluorite-like (2) infinity[Cu6S6(5-)] layers of La5Cu6O4S7. The optical band gap, E g, of 2.0 eV was deduced from both diffuse reflectance spectra on a bulk sample of La5Cu6O4S7 and for the (010) crystal face of a La 5Cu6.33O4S7 single crystal. Transport measurements at 298 K on a bulk sample of La 5Cu 6O 4S 7 indicated p-type metallic electrical conduction with sigma electrical =2.18 S cm(-1), whereas measurements on a La 5Cu6.33O4S7 single crystal led to sigma electrical =4.5 10(-3) S cm(-1) along [100] and to semiconducting behavior. In going from La 5Cu6O4S7 to La5Cu6.33O4S7, the disruption of the (2)infinity[Cu6S6(5-)] layer and the decrease in the overall Cu(2+)(3d(9)) concentration lead to a significant decrease in the electrical conductivity.     

Interaction of mixed-donor macrocycles containing the 1,10-phenanthroline subunit with selected transition and post-transition metal ions: metal ion recognition in competitive liquid-liquid solvent extraction of Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Ag(I), and Hg(II)

Two new mixed aza-thia crowns 5-aza-2,8-dithia[9]-(2,9)-1,10-phenanthrolinophane (L(4)) and 2,8-diaza-5-thia[9]-(2,9)-1,10-phenanthrolinophane (L(7)) have been synthesized and characterized. The coordination behavior of L(4) and L(7) toward the metal ions Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), and Ag(I) was studied in aqueous solution by potentiometric methods, in CD3CN/D2O 4:1 (v/v) by (1)H NMR titrations and in the solid state. The data obtained were compared with those available for the coordination behavior toward the same metal ions of structurally analogous mixed donor macrocyclic ligands L(1)-L(3), L(5), L(6): all these contain a phenanthroline subunit but have only S/O/N(aromatic) donor groups in the remaining portion of the ring and are, therefore, less water-soluble than L(4) and L(7). The complexes [Cd(NO3)2(L(5))], [Pb(L(7))](ClO4)2 x 1/2MeCN, [Pb(L(4))](ClO4)2 x MeCN, and [Cu(L(7))](ClO4)2 x 3/2MeNO2 were characterized by X-ray crystallography. The efficacy of L(1)-L(7) in competitive liquid-liquid metal ion extraction of Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Ag(I), and Hg(II) was assessed. In the absence of Hg(II), a clear extraction selectivity for Ag(I) was observed in all systems investigated.     

Molecular and electronic structures of bis-(o-diiminobenzosemiquinonato)metal(II) complexes (Ni, Pd, Pt), their monocations and -anions, and of dimeric dications containing weak metal-metal bonds

Two series of square planar, diamagnetic, neutral complexes of nickel(II), palladium(II), and platinum(II) containing two N,N-coordinated o-diiminobenzosemiquinonate(1-) pi radical ligands have been synthesized and characterized by UV-vis and (1)H NMR spectroscopy: [M(II)((2)L(ISQ))(2)], M = Ni (1), Pd (2), Pt (3), and [M(II)((3)L(ISQ))(2)] M = Ni (4), Pd (5), Pt (6). H(2)[(2)L(PDI)] represents 3,5-di-tert-butyl-o-phenylenediamine and H(2)[(3)L(PDI)] is N-phenyl-o-phenylenediamine; (L(ISQ))(1-) is the o-diiminobenzosemiquinonate pi radical anion, and (L(IBQ))(0) is the o-diiminobenzoquinone form of these ligands. The structures of complexes 1, 4, 5, and 6 have been (re)determined by X-ray crystallography at 100 K. Cyclic voltammetry established that the complete electron-transfer series consisting of a dianion, monoanion, neutral complex, a mono- and a dication exists: [M(L)(2)](z)z = -2, -1, 0, 1+, 2+. Each species has been electrochemically generated in solution and their X-band EPR and UV-vis spectra have been recorded. The oxidations and reductions are invariably ligand centered. Two o-diiminobenzoquinones(0) and two fully reduced o-diiminocatecholate(2-) ligands are present in the dication and dianion, respectively, whereas the monocations and monoanions are delocalized mixed valent class III species [M(II)(L(ISQ))(L(IBQ))](+) and [M(II)(L(ISQ))(L(PDI))](-), respectively. One-electron oxidations of 1 and trans-6 yield the diamagnetic dications [cis-[Ni(II)((2)L(ISQ))((2)L(IBQ))](2)]Cl(2) (7) and [trans-[Pt(II)((3)L(ISQ))((3)L(IBQ))](2)](CF(3)SO(3))(2) (8), respectively, which have been characterized by X-ray crystallography; both complexes possess a weak M.M bond and the ligands adopt an eclipsed configuration due to weak bonding interactions via pi stacking.     

Steric and hydrogen-bonding effects on the stability of copper complexes with small molecules

A series of the copper(II) complexes with tripodal tetradentate tris(pyridyl 2-methyl)amine-based ligands possessing the hydrogen-bonding 6-aminopyridine units (tapa, three amino groups; bapa, two amino groups; mapa, one amino group) have been synthesized, and their copper(II) complexes with a small molecule such as dioxygen and azide have been studied spectroscopically and structurally. The reaction of their Cu(II) complexes with NaN(3) have given the mononuclear copper complexes with azide in an end-on mode, [Cu(tapa)(N(3))]ClO(4) (1a), [Cu(bapa)(N(3))]ClO(4) (2a), [Cu(mapa)(N(3))]ClO(4) (3a), and [Cu(tpa)(N(3))]ClO(4) (4a) (tpa, no amino group). The crystal structures have revealed that the coordination geometries around the metal centers are almost a trigonal-bipyramidal rather than a square-planar except for 1a with an intermediate between them. The UV-vis and ESR spectral data indicate that the increase of NH(2) groups of ligands causes the structural change from trigonal-bipyramidal to square-pyramidal geometry, which is regulated by a combination of steric repulsion and hydrogen bond. The steric repulsion of amino groups with the azide nitrogen gives rise to elongation of the Cu-N(py) bonds, which leads to the positive shift of the redox potentials of the complexes. The hydrogen bonds between the coordinated azide and amino nitrogens (2.84-3.05 A) contribute clearly to the fixation of azide. The Cu(I) complexes with bapa and mapa ligands have been obtained as a precipitate, although that with tapa was not isolated. The reactions of the Cu(I) complexes with dioxygen in MeOH at -75 degrees C have given the trans-micro-1,2 peroxo dinuclear Cu(II) complexes formulated as [((tapa)Cu)(2)(O(2))](2+) (1c), [((bapa)Cu)(2)(O(2))](2+) (2c), and [((mapa)Cu)(2)(O(2))](2+) (3c), whose characterizations were confirmed by UV-vis, ESR, and resonance Raman spectroscopies. UV-vis spectra of 1c, 2c, and 3c exhibited intense bands assignable to pi(O(2)(2)(-))-to-d(Cu) charge transfer (CT) transitions at lambda(max)/nm (epsilon/M(-1)cm(-1)) = 449 (4620), 474 (6860), and 500 (9680), respectively. The series of the peroxo adducts generated was ESR silent. The resonance Raman spectra exhibited the enhanced features assignable to two stretching vibrations nu((16)O-(16)O/(18)O-(18)O)/cm(-1) and nu(Cu-(16)O/Cu-(18)O)/cm(-1) at 853/807 (1c), 858/812 (2c), 847/800 (3c), and at 547/522 (2c), 544/518 (3c), respectively. The thermal stability of the peroxo-copper species has increased with increase in the number of the hydrogen-bonding interactions between the peroxide and amino groups.     

Resonance raman investigation of equatorial ligand donor effects on the Cu(2)O(2)(2+) core in end-on and side-on mu-peroxo-dicopper(II) and bis-mu-oxo-dicopper(III) complexes

The effect of endogenous donor strength on Cu(2)O(2) bonds was studied by electronically perturbing [[(R-TMPA)Cu(II)]](2)(O(2))](2+) and [[(R-MePY2)Cu](2)(O(2))](2+) (R = H, MeO, Me(2)N), which form the end-on mu-1,2 bound peroxide and an equilibrium mixture of side-on peroxo-dicopper(II) and bis-mu-oxo-dicopper(III) isomers, respectively. For [[(R-TMPA)Cu(II)](2)(O(2))](2+), nu(O-O) shifts from 827 to 822 to 812 cm(-1) and nu(Cu)(-)(O(sym)) shifts from 561 to 557 to 551 cm(-1), respectively, as R- varies from H to MeO to Me(2)N. Thus, increasing the N-donor strength to the copper decreases peroxide pi(sigma) donation to the copper, weakening the Cu-O and O-O bonds. A decrease in nu(Cu-O) of the bis-mu-oxo-dicopper(III) complex was also observed with increasing N-donor strength for the R-MePY2 ligand system. However, no change was observed for nu(O-O) of the side-on peroxo. This is attributed to a reduced charge donation from the peroxide pi(sigma) orbital with increased N-donor strength, which increases the negative charge on the peroxide and adversely affects the back-bonding from the Cu to the peroxide sigma orbital. However, an increase in the bis-mu-oxo-dicopper(III) isomer relative to side-on peroxo-dicopper(II) species is observed for R-MePY2 with R = H < MeO < Me(2)N. This effect is attributed to the thermodynamic stabilization of the bis-mu-oxo-dicopper(III) isomer relative to the side-on peroxo-dicopper(II) isomer by strong donor ligands. Thus, the side-on peroxo-dicopper(II)/bis-mu-oxo-dicopper(III) equilibrium can be controlled by electronic as well as steric effects.     

Adjusting the frameworks of silver(I) complexes with new pyridyl thioethers by varying the chain lengths of ligand spacers, solvents, and counteranions

In our efforts to systematically investigate the effects of the linker units of flexible ligands and other factors on the structures of Ag(I) complexes with thioethers, five new flexible pyridyl thioether ligands, bis(2-pyridylthio)methane (L(1)()), 1,3-bis(2-pyridylthio)propane (L(3)()), 1,4-bis(2-pyridylthio)butane (L(4)), 1,5-bis(2-pyridylthio)pentane (L(5)), and 1,6-bis(2-pyridylthio)hexane (L(6)), have been designed and synthesized, and the reactions of these ligands with Ag(I) salts under varied conditions (varying the solvents and counteranions) lead to the formation of eight novel metal-organic coordination architectures from di- and trinuclear species to two-dimensional networks: [Ag(3)(L(1)())(2)(ClO(4))(2)](ClO(4)) (1), [[AgL(3)](ClO(4))]( infinity ) (2), [[Ag(2)(L(4))(2)](ClO(4))(2)(CHCl(3))]( infinity ) (3), [[AgL(4)](ClO(4))(C(3)H(6)O)]( infinity ) (4), [[Ag(2)L(4)](NO(3))(2)]( infinity ) (5), [Ag(2)L(4)()(CF(3)SO(3))(2)]( infinity ) (6), [[AgL(5)](ClO(4))(CHCl(3))](2) (7), and [[AgL(6)()](ClO(4))]( infinity ) (8). All the structures were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The coordination modes of these ligands were found to vary from N,N-bidentate to N,N,S-tridentate to N,N,S,S-tetradentate modes, while the Ag(I) centers adopt two-, three-, or four-coordination geometries with different coordination environments. The structural differences of 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8 indicate that the subtle variations on the spacer units can greatly affect the coordination modes of the terminal pyridylsulfanyl groups and the coordination geometries of Ag(I) ions. The structural differences of 3 and 4 indicate that solvents also have great influence on the structures of Ag(I) complexes, and the differences between 3, 5, and 6 show counteranion effects in polymerization of Ag(I) complexes. The influences of counterions and solvents on the frameworks of these complexes are probably based upon the flexibility of ligands and the wide coordination geometries of Ag(I) ions. The results of this study indicate that the frameworks of the Ag(I) complexes with pyridyl dithioethers could be adjusted by ligand modifications and variations of the complex formation conditions.     

Control of copper(I) iodide architectures by ligand design: angular versus linear bridging ligands

A family of coordination polymers formed by the reaction of copper(I) iodide with a range of angular bidentate or tridentate N-donor ligands is reported. The framework polymers [CuI(dpt)](infinity) 1 [dpt = 2,4-bis(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine], [CuI(dpb)](infinity) 2 [dpb = 1,4-bis-(4-pyridyl)-benzene], [(CuI)3(dpypy)2](infinity) 3, [CuI(dpypy)](infinity) 4 [dpypy = 3,5-bis(4-pyridyl)-pyridine], and [Cu3I3(pypm)](infinity) 5 [pypm = 5-(4-pyridyl)pyrimidine] have been prepared and structurally characterized. It was found that the angular nature of the dpypy and dpt ligands favors the formation of discrete (CuI)2 dimeric subunits as observed in [CuI(dpt).MeCN](infinity) 1 and [(CuI)3(dpypy)2](infinity) 3. In contrast, reaction with the linear ligand dpb affords [CuI(dpb)](infinity) 2 which incorporates a one-dimensional (CuI)(infinity) chain structure. Moreover, the additional donor available on the central ring of the dpypy ligand generates a novel two-dimensional bilayer structure in 3, in contrast to the one-dimensional ribbon structure observed in the case of 1. Interestingly, the bilayer structure of 3 additionally exhibits 2-fold interpenetration. The reaction of CuI with dpypy produces not only 3 but a further product [CuI(dpypy)](infinity) 4 that has been characterized as a one-dimensional chain constructed from trigonal-planar Cu(I) centers bridged by bidentate dpypy ligands. Compound 5, [Cu3I3(pypm)](infinity), exhibits a highly unusual three-dimensional structure in which the pypm ligand bridges two-dimensional brick-wall (CuI)(infinity) sheets.