负载氧化钨催化剂的拉曼光谱和程序升温还原研究

应用LRS、XRD、UV-DRS和TPR技术对负载氧化钨催化剂进行了表征.实验结果表明,WO_3在γ-Al_2O_3、TiO_2、SnO_2和ZrO_2载体表面高度分散直至形成完全覆盖单层;但在SiO_2表面WO_3难以分散.拉曼光谱是鉴别表面分散态和晶相WO_3的有力手段.对WO_3在表面单层覆盖的样品,表征表面 钨氧物种的拉曼振动频率的高低因载体而异.载体使表面钨氧物种稳定,抑制其还原并改变其还原进程.钨氧物种在载体表面的配位状态取决于负载量和载体的结晶结构.表面钨氧物种的拉曼频率和TPR还原峰温的高低与WO_3和载体之间相互作用的强弱有关.     

加氢脱硫催化剂研究:TiO_2调变Al_2O_3载体对MoO_3物化行为的影响

用异丙氧基钛溶液浸渍法将一定量TiO_2覆盖在Al_2O_3表面上,制成TiO_2-Al_2O_3二元氧化物载体,然后担载上不同含量的MoO_3;运用LRS,XRD,XPS和TPR等方法考察了MoO_3的分散状态和还原行为。结果表明,TiO_2O_3表面的覆盖可削弱MoO_3与载体Al_2O_3的相互作用,抑制Al_2(MoO_4)_3的生成和增加表面上Mo原子浓度。TiO_2对Al_2O_3的调变还有利于MoO_3还原成低价Mo(Ⅳ),从而提高催化剂的加氢脱硫初活性。     

Rh/Al_2O_3-Cr_2O_3整体式催化剂的制备和二氯甲烷催化氧化性能

以粉末Al_2O_3为载体,通过浸渍Rh(NO_3)_3制备Rh/Al_2O_3催化剂;再以Rh/Al_2O_3、粉末Cr_2O_3和铝胶经过研磨混合制得催化剂活性浆料;将催化剂活性浆料涂覆到堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体表面,经烘干,焙烧制得不同Rh含量的Rh/Al_2O_3-Cr_2O_3系列整体式催化剂.研究了该类催化剂的二氯甲烷催化氧化性能,发现Rh负载量为0.4 g/L的Rh/Al_2O_3-Cr_2O_3催化剂活性最佳,且未生成含氯中间产物.结合催化剂的表征结果发现,Rh的添加可增加催化剂的表面酸性和氧化还原性能,二者的协同作用提高了催化剂活性;而Cr_2O_3的存在有利于CH_3Cl中间体的进一步氧化,从而提高了催化剂的选择性.     

硝酸-硝酸试剂沉淀分离、铬天青S-乳化剂OP分光光度法测定钨产品中微量铝

用硝酸分离钨产品中的主体钨,1克WO_3粉末经分离后溶液中残存的WO_3量都大于2毫克,若在此溶液中再加入少量硝酸试剂,试验表明残存的WO_3量可小于0.6毫克,分离效果显著提高。稍过量的硝酸试剂,经H_2O_2破坏后对测定无影响。本文采用该分离办法测定钨产品中的微量铝,分离效果好,灵敏度高,重现性好,操作简便。方法可应用于钨产品中0.0001—0.0x％铝的测定。试剂与仪器铝标准溶液:按常法配制成每毫升含1微克铝的标准溶液(pH≈2);乙酸-乙酸铵缓冲     

用二维多量子核磁共振分辨焙烧丝光沸石中的铝配位态

以 2 7Al章动及二维多量子核磁共振方法研究了 5 5 0 ,6 0 0 ,6 5 0 ,70 0℃焙烧丝光沸石中的铝配位状态。实验表明一维核磁共振谱中的 30 ppm宽峰可归属为扭曲四配位铝。对 6 5 0和 70 0℃焙烧样品 ,生成少量五配位铝。一维2 7Al章动核磁共振实验表明 6 5 0℃焙烧样品中的 30 ppm信号为强四极作用的铝配位组分。在丝光沸石焙烧过程中 ,骨架四配位铝逐渐转变为扭曲四配位 ,因四极展宽而在 30 ppm出现宽峰。随焙烧温度升高至 6 5 0℃以上 ,逐渐产生五配位铝。     

NiO在TiO2载体表面的分散状态

采用X-光多晶衍射、透射电子显微镜、选区电子衍射、X-光光电子能谱、俄歇电子能谱等实验方法研究了NiO/TiO_2体系,表明NiO在低载量范围内以单层形式分散在载体TiO_2表面,当NiO的载量超过一定限度时,则除了单层分散之外,还出现多余的晶相NiO.XRD相定量外推法测定得到NiO在TiO_2表面的最大分散量(分散阈值)为0.097g NiO/100m~2TiO_2,XPS和AES峰强度比的测定得到与以上描述相吻合的结果.     

气相吸附法制备复合载体TiO_2/γ-Al_2O_3及TiO_2在γ-Al_2O_3表面的分散状态

采用气相流动吸附法,以N_2为载气携带TiCl_4通过γ-Al_2O_3床,使TiCl_4吸附在γ-Al_2O_3表面上,经水解、干燥和焙烧制得TiO_2/γ-Al_2O_3复合载体。用XRD,LRS和TEM等表征手段研究了TiO_2在γ-Al_2O_3表面上的分散状态。结果表明,TiO_2在γ-A1_2O_3表面有一分散阈值(0.168 g TiO_2/g γ-Al_2O_3,在阈值以下TiO_2以单层或亚单层分散形式存在,在阈值以上则出现晶相,未发现有体相化合物生成。测定了TiCl_4穿透曲线和吹扫曲线,为用气相流动吸附法制备TiO_2/γ-Al_2O_3复合载体工艺条件的选择提供了基础。     

双苯甲酰羟胺-钨酰螯合物的分子结构与晶体结构

苯甲酰羟胺(C_6H_5CONHOH)对钨钼配位效率高,速度快,生成的配合物稳定.在一定的酸性条件下,对钨钼萃取具有较好的分离性能.等及 Agrawal 曾报道该类钨钼配合物均易被高级醇定量萃取,可用于分光光度法测定微量钨和钼.但对配位过程的研究,特别是对配合物结构与性能的研究则未见报道.本文在钨配合物组成、红外光谱、多晶 X 光衍射等研究的基础上培养其单晶,并测定了晶体结构,试图对其性能研究提供一些信息.实验与结构分析配合物(C_7H_6O_2N)_2WO_2由钨酸钠与苯甲酰羟胺混合的水溶液,在 pH-1～6时,用己醇     

氧化铁在γ—Al2O3上的分散状态及对反应性能的影响

采用(NH_4)_3[Fe(C_2O_4)_3]·XH_2O的水溶液含浸,Fe(NO_3)_3·9H_2O水溶液饱和浸渍以及Fe(AcAc)_3的甲苯溶液热吸附三种方法制备了在γ-Al_2O_3上分散的氧化铁体系。用多种物理化学手段对用不同方法制备的分散体系进行了细致的表征和比较,结果表明用第一和第三种方法制备的样品中Fe~(3+)是充分分散或单层分散的,但用饱和浸渍法制备时即使在低的载量时(3wt％Fe_2O_3)仍有氧化铁微晶。对于Fe_2O_3/γ-Al_2O_3,分散的结构状态还强烈地依赖于制备条件(参数)的选择。单层分散的Fe~(3+)处于高自旋态,具有正交畸变的局部配位对称性。单层分散的Fe~(3+)在氢气氛中即使升温至973K也只能被还原为Fe~(2+)状态。与单层MoO_x,VO_x,WO_x物种不同,单层分散的FeO_x物种既不能用XRD也很难被FTIR-DRS以及LRS所检测,丁烯脉冲反应表明单层的Fe~(3+)已可满足反应要求,但与晶相α-Fe_2O_3具有不同的选择性。CO脉冲实验表明与充分分散Fe~(3+)相关的晶格氧数目是少的而且较不活泼,流动态的CO+H_2反应结果表明,对于甲烷及其它低碳烃的生成主要取决于铁的价态而与分散的结构变化关系较小。在合成气中的程序升温反应结果进一步证实了这一结论。     

双试剂双波长光度法同时测定硅石中的铁和钛

研究以邻二氮菲(Phen)和二安替比林甲烷(DAM)为显色剂同时测定硅石中的铁和钛,在pH值为0.99～1.26的酸性条件下,Phen和DAM可分别与铁和钛生成稳定的有色络合物.分别在波长510 nm和390 nm测其吸光度,用双波长计算法,同时测定试液中的铁和钛.铁量在0～100μg/(50 mL),钛量在0～150μg/(50 mL),符合比耳定律.铁和钛的加标回收率分别为99.8%～101.3%和98.8%～101.6%.     

Dispersion and reduction of copper oxide supported on WO3-modified Ce(0.5)Zr(0.5)O2 solid solution

XRD (X-ray diffraction), BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller), LRS (laser Raman spectra), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), and TPR (temperature-programmed reduction) are used to investigate the surface properties of CuO/WO3/Ce(0.5)Zr(0.5)O2 samples. The results indicate that (1) tungsten oxide can be highly dispersed on Ce(0.5)Zr(0.5)O2 (denoted as CZ hereafter) solid solution, with a dispersion capacity of about 0.8 mmol WO(3)/(100 m2 CZ), and comparatively, the supported tungsten oxide species are preferentially interacted with ceria component on the surface of CZ; (2) for CuO/WO3/CZ samples with a half-monolayer WO3 loading, i.e., xCu-0.4W-CZ series, the surface of CZ is only partially covered by the preloaded WO3) and the supported copper oxide species are dispersed on the remaining surface vacant sites on CZ as well as on top of the preloaded tungsten oxide, while for the samples preloaded with a full-monolayer WO3, i.e., xCu-0.8W-CZ series, only dispersed on the top of the preloaded tungsten oxide monolayer; (3) the effect of the loading amount of WO3 on the reduction property of Cu2+ ions in a series of CuO/WO3/CZ samples has been observed and tentatively attributed to the formation of WO3 monolayer on CZ and the different coordination environments of the dispersed Cu2+ ions are discussed on the basis of the consideration of the incorporation model proposed previously (Chen, Y.; Zhang, L. Catal. Lett. 1992, 12, 51).     

制备高比表面负载型催化剂的一种新方法

In this paper, a new way to increase the specific surface areas of supported catalysts has been suggested. The results for MoO_3/ZrO_2, WO_3/ZrO_2, CuO/ZrO_2, SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2, NiO/ZrO_2, Fe_2O_3/ZrO_2, Fe_2(SO_4)_3/ZrO_2, MoO_3/TiO_2, WO_3/TiO_2, SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2, NiSO_4/TiO_2, NiO/TiO_2, V_2O_5/TiO_2 etc. systems show that the specific surface areas of the samples, prepared by impregnating some hydroxides then calcinating at high temperature, are much larger than those of the samples prepared with a traditional method——impregnating their oxides calcinated at the same temperature. Using this way, the specific surface areas of some supported catalysts can increase by several times. The surface areas of some supports such as zirconia and titania are not large enough, and they are easy to sinter at high temperature. In these cases, the advantage of of this preparation method is fully displayed, and the specific surface areas of the resulting zirconia-or titania-supported catalysts can compare favourably with those of the catalysts prepared from some classical supports (such ar γ-Al_2O_3, SiO_2).In addition, it has been proved by means of XPS, XRD, LRS, and DTA that as an active component disperse on a support as a monolayer and its content comes up to its monolayer dispersion capacity, the specific surface area of the obtained catalyst would be the largest. We suggest a mechanism that an active component covered on a support can not only segregate its particles, but also hinder the surface diffusion of support, and as a result, its crystalline growth, an accompanying phase transformation and inter-crystalline sintering are all retarded.     

Influence of magnesia modification on the properties of copper oxide supported on gamma-alumina

XRD, BET, TPR, UV-vis DRS and in situ FT-IR were employed to investigate the dispersion, reduction and CO(2)-adsorption behaviors of copper oxide supported on magnesia modified gamma-Al(2)O(3) (Mg-Al) samples. The results indicate that magnesia could be highly dispersed on the surface of gamma-Al(2)O(3) to form a monolayer and the dispersion capacity is about 1.55 mmol/(100 m(2)gamma-Al(2)O(3)). For copper oxide supported on Mg-Al samples, both the dispersion capacity and the reduction temperature of surface CuO decrease with the MgO loading. CO(2)-adsorption IR results show that the surface strong basic amount for the catalysts increases with the dispersed MgO loading. In addition, the activity of CO oxidation suggests that the main active species in this system should be small CuO cluster and the existence of dispersed MgO enhances the activity of CO oxidation. The catalysts might be applied in pollution control devices for vehicle exhaust, CO gas sensors, catalytic combustion and gas purification of CO(2) lasers. All the results have been discussed by the consideration of the variation of gamma-Al(2)O(3) surface structure before and after magnesia modification.     

MoO3/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂表面结构的LRS研究

负载型Mo和Co-Mo催化剂由于工业上的广泛应用,多年来一直是催化工作者的重要研究课题.工业上应用的Mo和Co-Mo催化剂多以活性Al_2O_3和SiO_2-Al_2O_3为载体,近年来也有用TiO_2,ZrO_2和活性碳作为催化剂载体的研究报导.有关催化剂活性组分与载体之间相互作用对催化剂表面相结构和催化性能的影响方面研究已引起人们的重视。我们多年来在金属-载体相互作用研究基础上,以石油加氢精制催化剂为应用背景,开     

NiO在γ-Al_2O_3及 TiO_2/γ-Al_2O_3载体上的表面存在状态

本文采用 LRS, XRD, UV-DRS, TPR考查了γ-Al2O3上 TiO2的分散容量,分散态 Ti4＋离子的配位环境; NiO在经 TiO2改性后的γ-Al2O3载体上的分散容量。结果表明：（ 1） TiO2在γ-Al2O3表面的分散容量约为 0.62 mmol/100m2γ-Al2O3,当 TiO2含量低于该分散容量时 Ti4＋在γ-Al2O3载体表面以嵌入形式呈离子态分布;而含量高于分散容量时还有结晶态的 TiO2出现。（ 2） NiO在 TiO2/γ-Al2O3载体表面的分散容量约为 1.1 mmol/100m2γ-Al2O3,比之在γ-Al2O3载体表面的分散容量 (1.5mmol/100m2γ-Al2O3)要低,这是由于γ-Al2O3表面上部分空位被 Ti4＋离子占据。用表面相互作用的“嵌入模型” (Incorporation Model）讨论了这些结果。     

TiO2在Al2O3表面上分散状态的AEM研究

本文运用AEM方法考察了制备技术对TiO_2在Al_2O_3表面分散状态的影响. 发现嫁接法可使TiO_2非常均匀地分散在Al_2O_3表面上, 浸渍法也能得到较为均匀的TiO_2分布, 而沉淀法所得到的TiO_2分散度较差. TiO_3只聚集在Al_20_3表面上的局部区域。     

Nb_2O_5/γ-A1_2O_3表面铌氧物种的分散状态与酸性特征

负载型Nb_2O_5是多种催化反应的有效催化剂.以草酸铌为前驱物,γ-Al_2O_3为载体,通过浸渍法制备不同负载量的Nb_O_5/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂.采用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、激光拉曼光谱(LRS)和吡啶吸附傅立叶变换红外(Py-IR)光谱方法对催化剂表面铌氧(NbO_x)物种的分散特征、酸性特征进行表征,通过异丁烯(IB)与异丁醛(IBA)缩合生成2,5-二甲基-2,4-己二烯(DMHD)反应评价催化剂表面酸催化活性.结果表明,Nb在γ-Al_2O_3表面的单层分散容量(г_(Nb)为7.6 μmol·m~(-2),与"嵌入模型"理论分析:Nb~(5+)分散在γ-Al_2O_3优先暴露晶面(110)上八面体空位中的单层分散容量值7.5 μmol·m~(-2)接近,即分散的Nb~(5+)离子键合在γ-Al_2O_3表面八面体空位中.在低负载量下,分散在γ-Al_2O_3表面的Nb_2O_5主要以孤立的NbO_x物种形式通过Nb--O--Al键与载体表面键合,与LRS结果一致.处于孤立状态下的NbO_x物种使表面Lewis酸位量下降.随负载量的增加,孤立的NbO_x物种通过Nb--O--Nb键连接而聚集,并形成表面Br(o)nsted酸位,随着NbO_x聚集度增加,表面Br(o)nsted酸密度增加,酸性增强,对IBA与IB缩合反应催化活性增加.当负载量超过单层分散容量时,NbO_x物种呈现三维聚集状态,DMHD的转化频率(TOF)降低,同时表面Br(o)nsted酸性增强,导致目标产物DMHD的选择性降低.Nb2_O_5/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂表面Br(o)nsted酸特征与NbO_x物种聚集状态密切相关.     

WO3/(TiO2-SiO2)催化剂的表面分散状态及催化性能的研究

用气相流动吸附法制备复合载体,用浸渍法制备WO3/(TiO2-S iO2)催化剂.应用LRS和TPR技术研究WO3在复合载体TIO2-S iO2表面的分散状态,发现TiO2在S iO2表面的分散可增强WO3与载体之间的相互作用,提高WO3在载体表面的分散阈值.另外TPR实验证明,TiO2的存在不仅大大改善WO3的分散状态,而且使WO3在TiO2-S iO2的还原温度升高,WO3与载体之间的作用增强.负载于经TiO2调变的S iO2上的催化剂其HDS、HYD、BHD活性高于负载于单纯S iO2上的催化剂的活性.     

Fe2O3在ZrO2上的分散状态及其对催化性能的影响

用多种物理化学手段, 对用不同方法制备的在ZrO_2上分散的氧化铁体系进行了细致的表征和比较. 对氧化铁在ZrO_2上分散的结构状态及其对催化性能的影响有了较为全面的了解.     

制备方法对WO3/ZrO2结构的影响

WO3/ZrO2 catalysts prepared from Zr(OH)4 and crystallized ZrO2 have been characterized by means of XRD, LRS (qualitative and quantitative), and the specific sufrace area has been measured. The influence of the preparation method, the contents of WO3 in the samples and the calcination tempearture on the specific surface areas of the samples, the phase of support and the structural states of active component has been studied. The results show: (1) WO3 can disperse on ZrO2 as a monolayer; (2) WO3 dispersed on Zr(OH)4 as a monolayer retards the crystalline growth of the support on calcination, makes it crystallizing into a metastable tetragonal modification, and prevents the inter- crystalline sintering between the crystallites of ZrO2. These factors would result in an increase in the specific surface area of WO3／ZrO2 prepared from Zr(OH)4. As the content of WO3 in the sample comes up to its monolayer capacity, this effect is displayed most fully. A chemical reaction can occur between WO3 and Zr(OH)4 (or the tetragonal ZrO2) at a high temperature(800℃),producing some superacid sites on the surface. By these views, the main experimental facts published in the literatures can been interpreted satisfactotily.