氟化钙的分子动力学模拟——晶态、超离子态、熔融态和急冷非晶态

采用键序参数方法研究了Ca~(2+)亚晶格和F~-亚晶格,表明两者均可用键取向正态分布模型描述。超离子相Ca~(2+)亚晶格稳定地维持其原fcc结构,而F~-亚晶格表现为原sc结构的随机畸变。熔融相的模拟给出了实验上难以分离的三种径向分布函数。急冷非晶相的模拟表明体系是以Ca~(2+)离子为中心的等效球的无规密堆,由于Ca(2+)与其邻近的F~-离子没有形成某种确定的构形,体系不够稳定。     

熔融NaCaF3、Na2CaF4和Na3CaF5的分子动力学模拟

通过分子动力学模拟，研究了熔盐溶液NaCaF_3、Na_2CaF_4和Na_4CaF_5体系，模拟表明，三种二元混合系的径向分布函数十分接近．由模拟所得到的摩尔混合焓很好地与实验值一致．混合焓与Na~+离子势阱深度之间表现出很好的线性关系．模拟表明，在Na_2CaF_4体系中，即NaF-CaF_2二元系处于低共熔混合组分比NaF:CaF_2＝2:1时，Na~+，Ca~(2+)和F~-离子的自扩散系数出现很大的反常．     

CaCl~2-KCl熔体结构的X射线衍射分析

用高温液态X射线衍射方法, 测定了摩尔比为1:2的CaCl~2-KCl熔体的径向分布函数。结果表明, 熔体中Ca^2^+-Cl^-、K^+-Cl^-和Cl^--CL^-离子对间的最近邻距离分别为0.278,0.306和0.380nm。由于Ca^2^+与Cl^-间的强Coulomb作用, 在熔融的摩尔比为1:2的CaCl~2-KCl体系中, Cl^--Cl^-间的最近邻距离明显小于纯KCl熔体中Cl^--Cl^-间的最近邻距离。     

Fe68Si32合金液态结构与固态组织的相关性

利用液态X射线衍射仪研究了Fe68Si32合金的液态结构,获得了结构因子、径向分布函数、原子间的最近邻距离和配位数.结果表明,在1250～1450℃范围内液态合金的最近邻距离为0.259～0.260nm,配位数为10.3(±0.2);液态合金的结构因子在Q=15.5nm-1处有一明显的预峰存在.根据预峰的特性,建立了Fe68Si32熔体的结构模型,即体心立方结构的有序Fe3Si原子团以共面的方式形成Fe3Si面心立方超结构(DO3);合金在1250℃的径向分布函数的Gauss分解结果与合金的面心立方模型吻合较好.预峰的产生是面心立方超结构原子团中Si原子之间相互关联的外在表现.Fe68Si32合金的固态X射线衍射显示合金中含有Fe3Si相,而且其特征峰与合金的结构因子的峰位基本一致,表明Fe68Si32合金的液固态结构之间联系紧密.     

不同温度下熔融NaCl的分子动态学计算机模拟

用分子动态学方法对不同温度下的熔融NaCl进行了模拟计算,得到了被模拟系统的偏径向分布函数、结构因子、配位数、马德隆常数以及Na~+和Cl~-的自扩散系数等.计算值与实验值大体符合.据此,还讨论了熔体的结构.     

Fe68Si32合金液态结构与固态组织的相关性

利用液态X射线衍射仪研究了Fe68Si32合金的液态结构，获得了结构因子、径向分布函数、原子间的最近邻距离和配位数.结果表明，在1250～1450 ℃范围内液态合金的最近邻距离为0.259～0.260 nm，配位数为10.3(±0.2)；液态合金的结构因子在Q=15.5 nm－1处有一明显的预峰存在.根据预峰的特性，建立了Fe68Si32熔体的结构模型，即体心立方结构的有序Fe3Si原子团以共面的方式形成Fe3Si面心立方超结构(DO3)；合金在1250 ℃的径向分布函数的Gauss分解结果与合金的面心立方模型吻合较好.预峰的产生是面心立方超结构原子团中Si原子之间相互关联的外在表现. Fe68Si32合金的固态X射线衍射显示合金中含有Fe3Si相，而且其特征峰与合金的结构因子的峰位基本一致，表明Fe68Si32合金的液固态结构之间联系紧密.     

不同温度下熔融NaCl的分子动态学计算机模拟

用分子动态学方法对不同温度下的熔融NaCl进行了模拟计算, 得到了被模拟系统的偏径向分布函数、结构因子、配位数、马德隆常数以及Na^+和Cl^-的自扩散系数等。计算值与实验值大体符合。据此,还讨论了熔体的结构。     

液态纯铁微观结构的温度变化特性

利用液态金属高温X射线衍射仪对纯铁熔体的微观结构进行了研究, 获得了结构因子、双体分布函数、原子间最近邻距离以及配位数. 结果表明, 随着温度的升高, 结构因子和双体分布函数第一峰的高度逐渐降低; 原子间最近邻距离则先降低然后基本保持不变; 纯铁熔体的配位数和原子团相关半径在1600～1650 ℃的温度范围内有一个突变, 表明熔体中发生了结构转变; 对相关半径的物理意义进行了探讨.     

Al5Fe2合金熔体中程有序结构的研究

采用紧束缚原子间作用势，利用分子动力学模拟(MD)的方法研究了Al5Fe2合金熔体的微观结构，发现在结构因子的小角部分(Q=15.7nm^-^1)出现了一个明显的预峰(FSDP)，并得到X射线衍射实验的进一步印证，在实验测得的合金衍射图样中，液态衍射曲线与固态衍射曲线间存在着很好的对应关系，它们在小角部分都存在峰位，这表明Al5Fe2合金熔体与其固态在结构上存在着很大的相似性。通过对化学短程序参数α及Bhatis-Thornton(BT)结构因子的分析计算，发现熔体中存在较强的化学序，并认为正是这种化学序导致了中程有序结构(MRO)的产生。Faber-Ziman(FZ)偏结构因子的SFe-Fe(Q)和SAl-Fe(Q)在Q=15.7nm^-^1处分别存在最大值与最小值，也是熔体中存在着超结构的表征。同时，我们还给出了体系的配位数及代表中程有序的原子团簇的结构模型。     

超离子导体CaF2中的Ca2+亚晶格和F-亚晶格

CaF_2在熔化以前为超离子导体相。一些实验和理论的研究表明,在超离子导体相中,Ca~(2+)仍维持原有的面心立方骨架,而F~-则在Ca~(2+)骨架中运动。早期的分子动力学模拟结果表明Ca~(2+)的均方根位移仅约0.3A,而F~-的扩散系数可达2.6×10~(-5)cm·s~(-1),已是熔盐扩散系数量级。近年来的中子散射实验表明在扩散离子和近邻离子间存在着某种动力学相关。为解释这些事实,新近Gillan的分子动力学模拟表明扩散离子伴随着F~-亚晶格变形,而Kaneko和Ueda的分子动力学模拟则表明扩散离子伴随着近邻离子在同一运动方向的相关运动。进一步的研究尚待进行。八十年代初,Nelson等人提出了描述晶体、非晶和液态中键取向的键球谐函数方法。     

熔融LiCl系中微观空间的确定和分布

分子动力学计算机模拟计算表明在熔融碱金属卤化物中存在微观空洞.本文报道计算微观空洞和描述微观空洞分布的方法. 根据模拟所求相轨道,考虑到周期性边界条件,若在中心元胞的某处能加入一个至少跟组分粒子尺寸相当的“虚粒子”且又不跟任何其它粒子(包括组分粒子和已加入的虚粒子)相交,则称在该处存在一个微观空洞,可容纳最大虚粒子的孔洞的半径即微观空洞半径. 为嵌入虚粒子,须对已存在的粒子进行搜索.以四个粒子为一组,在中心元胞中依次选择一个粒子为母粒子,在其周围的一定范围内再另任选三个粒子,构成一个四粒子组.设法     

Structural and Transport Characteristics of UCl3 in Molten LiCl-KCl Mixture: a Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

To obtain suitable data for the pyrometallurgical post-processing in the fusion-fission hybrid reactor, the structure and transport characteristics of molten LiCl-KCl mixture containing UCl₃ were studied by molecular dynamics simulation. The radial distribution functions, densities, and self-diffusion coefficients were investigated at various molar fractions of UCl₃. In the molten LiCl-KCl-UCl₃ salt mixture, the first peak for g_U-Cl(r) was located at 0.266 nm, which was slightly left-shifted than the X-ray diffraction data, i.e., 0.285 nm for pure molten UCl₃. The preexponential factors for U³⁺ decreased from 46.2×10^-5 cm²/s to 32.2×10^-5 cm²/s as the molar fraction of U³⁺ increased from 0.005 to 0.05.     

水、甲醇和乙醇液体微结构性质的Car-Parrinello 分子动力学模拟

采用Car-Parrinello 分子动力学(CPMD)方法分别研究了水、甲醇和乙醇的液体微结构性质.研究结果显示:在水、甲醇和乙醇三个体系中O…O径向分布函数曲线的第一个峰位置分别为0.278、0.276 和0.275nm; O…H径向分布函数曲线的第一个峰位置分别为0.178、0.176和0.177 nm.表明基团(氢原子、甲基、乙基)的差异对O…O第一个峰的位置影响很小.但基团的差异对径向分布函数峰高的影响却很显著,由水到乙醇第一个峰的高度逐渐变高.空间分布函数表明氧原子和氢原子在溶剂分子周围有取向地分布,这与径向分布函数所表现出尖锐的第一个峰相一致.氢键分布分析显示,水、甲醇和乙醇的平均氢键数分别为3.62、1.99 和1.87,表明水形成了网状氢键结构,而甲醇、乙醇形成链状氢键结构.     

Liquid structures of water, methanol, and hydrogen fluoride at ambient conditions from first principles molecular dynamics simulations with a dispersion corrected density functional

Using first principles molecular dynamics simulations in the isobaric-isothermal ensemble (T = 300 K, p = 1 atm) with the Becke-Lee-Yang-Parr exchange/correlation functional and a dispersion correction due to Grimme, the hydrogen bonding networks of pure liquid water, methanol, and hydrogen fluoride are probed. Although an accurate density is found for water with this level of electronic structure theory, the average liquid densities for both hydrogen fluoride and methanol are overpredicted by 50 and 25%, respectively. The radial distribution functions indicate somewhat overstructured liquid phases for all three compounds. The number of hydrogen bonds per molecule in water is about twice as high as for methanol and hydrogen fluoride, though the ratio of cohesive energy over number of hydrogen bonds is lower for water. An analysis of the hydrogen-bonded aggregates revealed the presence of mostly linear chains in both hydrogen fluoride and methanol, with a few stable rings and chains spanning the simulation box in the case of hydrogen fluoride. Only an extremely small fraction of smaller clusters was found for water, indicating that its hydrogen bond network is significantly more extensive. A special form of water with on average about two hydrogen bonds per molecule yields a hydrogen-bonding environment significantly different from the other two compounds.     

The glass transition behaviors of low-density amorphous ice films with different thicknesses

The glass transition behaviors of amorphous ice with different thicknesses are studied by determining the heat capacity of low-density amorphous ice without crystallization using first principle molecular dynamics (FP-MD) and classical MD methods. The behaviors are also studied by analyzing hydrogen-bond network, the radial distribution functions, and relationship between hydrogen bond and electronic structures. It is found that the glass transition temperature (T(g)) in the range of 90 K < T < 100 K for 4 nm amorphous ice film by FP-MD method, and 120 K < T(g) < 130 K for 8 nm amorphous ice film by MD method. Meanwhile, T(g) decreases with the decreasing thickness of amorphous ice film, which is also validated by the theoretical model.     

Reverse Monte Carlo simulations, Raman scattering, and thermal studies of an amorphous Ge30Se70 alloy produced by mechanical alloying

The short- and intermediate-range orders of an amorphous Ge30Se70 alloy produced by mechanical alloying were studied by reverse Monte Carlo simulations of its x-ray total structure factor, Raman scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry. The simulations were used to compute the G(Ge-Ge) (RMC)(r), G(Ge-Se) (RMC)(r), and G(Se-Se) (RMC)(r) partial distribution functions and the S(Ge-Ge) (RMC)(K), S(Ge-Se) (RMC)(K), and S(Se-Se) (RMC)(K) partial structure factors. We calculated the coordination numbers and interatomic distances for the first and second neighbors and the bond-angle distribution functions Theta(ijl)(cos theta). The data obtained indicate that the structure of the alloy has important differences when compared to alloys prepared by other techniques. There are a high number of Se-Se pairs in the first shell, and some of the tetrahedral units formed seemed to be connected by Se-Se bridges.     

Perturbation of water structure due to monovalent ions in solution

The ion induced modification to the tetrahedral structure of water is a topic of much current interest. We address this question by interpreting neutron diffraction data from monovalent ionic solutions of NaCl and KCl using a computer assisted structural modeling technique. We investigate the effect that these ions have on the water-water O-O, O-H and H-H radial distribution functions as a function of ionic concentration. It is found that the O-H and H-H functions are only marginally affected by ionic composition, signaling that hydrogen bonding between water molecules remains largely intact, even at the highest concentrations. On the other hand the O-O functions are strongly modified by the ions. In particular the position of the second peak in g(OO)(r), is found to move inwards with increasing salt concentration, in a manner closely analogous to what happens in pure water under pressure. Furthermore by recalculating g(OO)(r) after excluding all the water molecules in the first hydration shell of each ion, we show that this structural perturbation exists outside the first hydration shell of the ions.     

熔融LiF、KCl和互易系LiF-KCl的分子动力学模拟计算

The structure of molten LiF, KCl and LiF-KCl solution have been simulated by molecular dynamics method. The thermodynamic, structural and dynamic properties, such as the internal energy, temperature and pressure, the radial distribution function and structure factor, the mean square displacements, have been calculated.The structure have been studied with the following main results: 1, the partial radial distribution curve of Li~+-F~- ion pairs in LiF-KCl mixture exhibits a high first peak, whereas the first peak of the partial radial distribution function of L~+-Cl~- pairs in LiF-KCl mixture is lower than that of pure KCl melt. 2, there exists hole in molten salt, the size and the environment of the hole, the disintegration scheme and the mean lifetime of the hole are related to the radii of the ions.     

熔融ZnCl2结构的分子动力学模拟研究

熔融ZnCl2作为一种离子性共价性参半的典型熔盐, 其近邻结构在实验测量和分子动力学模拟方面均作过一些研究。本文依据新近EXAFS实验结果, 比较了不同的有效势下模拟得到的径向分布函数,表明KDR势可作为一种实用势。并进一步在KDR势模拟产生的瞬态构型基础上, 使用键序参数方法研究了晶态和熔融态ZnCl2中的近邻结构。结果表明, 和晶态ZnCl2一样, 在熔融ZnCl2中存在稳定的Zn/Cl正四面体结构, 但熔态和晶态Zn/Cl近邻结构热波方差σ不同。计算表明300K晶态σ=5.0℃, 613K熔融态σ=12.2℃。也对熔融ZnCl2的网络状结构和宏观输运性质进行了讨论。     

Distribution of total carbohydrates in surface sediments of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast,in relation to some inorganic factors

The interrelation between calcium, magnesium, carbonate, fluoride and total carbohydrates (THCO) distribution was investigated for surface sediments collected from three sectors (A–C) along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast during the summer of 2008. The recent ultrasound-acetic acid technique was used for the simultaneous extraction and hydrolysis of total carbohydrates. Based on the average values, the sandy sediments of sector (C) exhibited the highest THCO levels (163.78 ± 53.28 μg/g). In contrast, the silty sand sediments of sector (A) had the lowest average THCO level (8.56 ± 2.60 μg/g). Linear regression model with one predictor showed that there are significant correlations between total carbohydrates, carbonate and fluoride suggesting the common origin of these components. Neither calcium nor magnesium has correlation with THCO. This study revealed that carbonate is the dominant factor affecting the distribution of carbohydrates in the sediments. The spatial distribution of THCO was not affected by the potential sources of runoff, but varied according to the sediments mineralogy.