Catalytic transformations of 1-octanol and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol over oxide catalysts, 1. Transition metal oxides as catalysts

A comparative study of 1-octanol and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol transformations over silica supported NiO, MnO₂, Cr₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, and ZnO has been performed. Zinca containing catalyst was found to be the most active in dehydrogenation and dehydration of the alcohols studied. ZnO dehydrogenating activity increased with supported oxide load.     

电子和空间位阻效应促进铱配合物催化1-丁醇经Guerbet反应选择制备2-乙基己醇

2-乙基己醇是一种增塑剂醇,可用于合成增塑剂、表面活性剂和溶剂等诸多化工领域.目前工业上2-乙基己醇的合成是以化石资源丙烯为原料,与氢气和一氧化碳通过氢甲酰化反应制备1-丁醛,后者经羟醛缩合和催化加氢反应生成2-乙基己醇.由生物质发酵产生的1-丁醇为原料,只需要经Guerbet反应可一步直接生成2-乙基己醇.比较而言,...     

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of 2-butanone over oxide catalysts

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of 2-butanone with 2-propanol was studied in gas phase over a series of oxides of different acid-base properties. Although the basic oxides (MgO, La₂O₃) gave high initial conversions, these oxides underwent deactivation during the reaction. This deactivation could be partially prevented by a previous treatment with chloroform of the oxide. The amphoteric oxides (TiO₂, ZrO₂, Al₂O₃) were also active in this reaction. Increasing the acidic character of the catalyst (Nb₂O₅, WO₃) led to a pronounced dehydration of 2-propanol. The results obtained over a series of rare earth oxides (La₂O₃, Sm₂O₃, Gd₂O₃, Dy₂O₃, Er₂O₃) revealed that beside the role of basic and acid sites a correlation seems to exist between the number of unpaired electrons of the metal ion and the catalytic activity, indicating the role of one electron donor sites.     

Skeletal transformations of perfluoro-1-ethyl-1-phenylbenzocyclobutene in the reaction with antimony pentafluoride

Interaction of perfluoro-1-ethyl-1-phenylbenzocyclobutene with SbF₅ at room temperature gives, after treatment of the reaction mixture with H₂O, perfluoro-4-[1-(2-methylphenyl)propylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dienone as a main product. The reaction at 90-95 °C leads, after treatment with H₂O, to a mixture of perfluorinated 9-ethyl-9-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9H-fluorene, 9-ethyl-4a-methyl-4,4a-dihydrofluoren-1-one, 3-ethyl-3-phenylphthalide, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylindan, 3-methyl-2-phenylindenone and small amounts of other products.     

Catalytic hydrogen transfer over MgO, VI dehydrogenation of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol

The dehydrogenation of 2-ethyl-l-hexanol to 2-ethylhexanal by hydrogen exchange with aliphatic aldehydes has been studied over MgO. As hydrogen acceptors acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde and isobutyraldehyde were used. Reaction with propionaldehyde was found to be an effective synthetic route for 2-ethylhexanal preparation, whereas during reactions with acetaldehyde and isobutyraldehyde a gradual catalyst deactivation vs. time-on-stream was observed.Part V in Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 78, 631 (1993) Fine Chemicals III), and references therein.     

Skeletal transformations of perfluorinated 2,2-diethyl- and 2-ethyl-2-phenyl-benzocyclobutenones under the action of antimony pentafluoride

Perfluoro-2-ethyl-2-phenylbenzocyclobutenone heated with SbF₅ at 70 °C and then treated with water, forms perfluoro-3-ethyl-3-phenylphthalide. In contrast to this, heating of perfluoro-2,2-diethylbenzo-cyclobutenone with SbF₅ at 70 °C gives, after treatment of the reaction mixture with water, perfluoro-2-(pent-2-en-3-yl)benzoic acid. When the reaction temperature is raised to 125 °C, a solution of a salt of perfluoro-4-ethyl-3-methylisochromenyl cation is obtained. Hydrolysis of the solution of the salt gives perfluoro-4-ethyl-3-methylisochromen-1-one.     

Phase equilibria in ternary aqueous mixtures of 1,3-butanediol with 2-ethyl-1-hexanol at T = (298.2, 303.2 and 308.2) K

Experimental tie-line data for ternary system of (water + 1,3-butanediol (1,3-BD) + 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (2EH)) were determined at T = (298.2, 303.2 and 308.2) K under atmospheric conditions. This ternary system exhibits type-1 behavior of LLE. The experimental ternary LLE data were correlated using the NRTL model, and the binary interaction parameters were obtained. The average root-mean-square deviation between the observed and calculated mole fractions was 1.38%. Distribution coefficient and separation factor were measured to evaluate the extracting capability of the solvent. The separation factor values for the solvent used in this work were then compared with literature values obtained in our previous works for other butanediols.     

Catalytic combustion of methane over nano ZrO2-supported copper-based catalysts

The nano ZrO2-supported copper-based catalysts for methane combustion were investigated by means of N2 adsorption, TEM, XRD, H2-TPR techniques and the test of methane oxidation. Two kinds of ZrO2 were used as support, one （ZrO2-1） was obtained from the commercial ZrO2 and the other （ZrO2-2） was issued from the thermal decomposition of zirconium nitrate. It was found that the CuO/ZrO2-2 catalyst was more active than CuO/ZrO2-1. N2 adsorption, H2-TPR and XRD measurements showed that larger surface area, better reduction property, presence of tetragonal ZrO2 and higher dispersion of active component for CuO/ZrO2-2 than that of CuO/ZrO2-1. These factors could be the dominating reasons for its higher activity for methane combustion.     

R?ntgenstruktur-Analyse von Trans-1-ethyl-2-(1-ethyl-2-adamantyliden)adamantan, Vergleich mit Kraftfeld-Rechnungen

Ohne Zusammenfassung

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X-ray structural analysis of trans-1-Ethyl-2-(1-ethyl-2-adamantylidene)-adamantane. Comparison with force field calculations

     

Didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB): a universal, robust, and highly potent phase-transfer catalyst for diverse organic transformations

Didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) has been scrutinized in comparison with traditional phase-transfer catalysts in variety of liquid-liquid reactions. It was found to be an exceptionally comprehensive, durable, and highly efficient phase-transfer catalyst (PTC) in a number of representative organic transformations such as C- and N-alkylations, isomerization, esterification, elimination, cyanation, bromination, and oxidation under very mild conditions of temperature and mixing. It was confirmed that DDAB is an exceedingly accessible and concurrently a highly liphophilic phase-transfer catalyst. This unprecedented characteristic renders DDAB to be a multipurpose catalyst that functions effectively both in mass transfer controlled and chemically controlled phase-transfer reactions.     

Investigation of the emissions from an acrylate and a carpet adhesive in humid and alkaline environments by the micro-scale headspace vial (MHV) method

In this study, emissions from a carpet adhesive and an acrylate dispersion in simulated humid and alkaline environments were investigated by the micro-scale head space vial (MHV) method. Relative humidity (RH) levels of 75%, 86% and 93% were tested in combination with pH values in the range 10-13. The polymeric materials were exposed at these conditions in sealed 20 mL headspace vials. Chemical analysis of the volatile emission products was performed by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction with subsequent gas chromatography mass spectrometry after three and 36 days. The effect of the RH and pH on the emissions was investigated. It was found that 2-ethyl-1-hexanol was one of the major volatile constituents, and that the emissions of this compound increased dramatically for pH > 12. This can be explained by alkali catalyzed hydrolysis of ester-linked 2-ethylhexyl groups. The other compounds that were detected after exposure of the adhesive were not as strongly dependant on pH and RH as 2-ethyl-1-hexanol.     

Catalytic oxidation of CS_2 over atmospheric particles and oxide catalysts

The catalytic oxidization of CS2 over atmospheric particles and some oxide catalysts was explored through FT-IR, MS and a fixed-bed stainless steel reactor. The results show that atmospheric particles and some oxide catalysts exhibited considerable oxidizing activities for CS2 at ambient temperature. The reaction products are mainly COS and elemental sulfur, even CO2 on some catalysts. Among the catalysts, CaO has the strongest catalytic activity for oxidizing CS2. Fe2O3 is weaker than CaO. The catalytic activity for AI2O3 reduces considerably compared with the former two catalysts, and SiO2 the weakest. Atmospheric particle samples' catalytic activity is between Fe2O3's and AI2O3's. The atmospheric particle sample collected mainly consists of Ca(AI2Si2O8) · 4H2O, which is also the main component of cement. COS, the main product, is formed by the catalytic oxidization of CS2 with adsorbed "molecular" oxygen over the catalysts' surfaces. The concentration of adsorbed oxygen over catalysts' surfaces may be th     

纳米Ce 1-x ZrxO2催化剂上乙醇催化氧化发光研究

研究了纳米Ce 1-x ZrxO2上乙醇催化氧化发光特性, 重点考察了反应温度和催化剂组成［n(Ce)/n(Zr)］对发光强度的影响. 在相近的反应条件下研究了纳米Ce 1-x ZrxO2上乙醇催化氧化反应的活性、 选择性和可能的催化发光机理. 结果表明， 催化发光强度与催化反应中生成CH3CHO的产率有很好的顺变关系.     

Cyclohexane transformations over metal oxide catalysts. 2. Selective cyclohexane ring opening to form n-hexane over mono- and bimetallic rhodium catalysts

The activity of monometallic Rh and Pt catalysts and bimetallic Pt—Rh catalysts on oxide supports in cyclohexane ring opening to form n-hexane was studied. The Rh-containing catalysts are highly active and selective in this reaction. Cyclohexane dehydrogenation predominates in the case of the Pt catalysts. The use of the bimetallic alumina-supported Pt—Rh catalysts allows one to minimize the contribution of cyclohexane cracking and to enhance the selectivity for n-hexane with the yield of the latter slightly depending on the metal ratio in the bimetallic system under the experimental conditions.     

Catalytic ketonization over oxide catalysts, Part VI.a Cross-ketonization of aliphatic and aromatic esters

Activity of 20 wt.% MO₂/Al₂O₃ catalysts, where M = Mn, Ce and Zr has been studied in cross-ketonization of ethyl esters of aliphatic and aromatic acids in a flow system. Pentan-3-one and tridecan-7-one were formed in ketonization of pure aliphatic esters, ethyl propanoate and ethyl heptanoate. Benzene was obtained instead of diphenylmethanone as the product of ethyl benzoate transformations. Only two ketones, dialkyl and aralkyl, were obtained from the cross-ketonization of a mixture of aliphatic and aromatic esters. The highest yield of 1-phenyl-1-heptanone (70%) from ethyl heptanoate and ethyl benzoate was reached at 698 K in the presence of MnO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Under similar conditions cross-ketonization of a mixture of ethyl propanoate and ethyl benzoate led to 1-phenyl-1-propanone (60% at 673 K).     

Catalytic Oxidative Conversion from Naphthol to 2-Hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone over Iron Porphyrin Catalysts by Molecular Oxygen in an Alkaline 2-Propanol Solution

In an alkaline 2-propanol solution with 5, 10,15,20-tetra (4-methoxyl phenyl) porphyrin iron chloride (TOMPPFeCl) as a catalyst and oxygen as a cheap green oxidant, 2-naphthol was conversed to 2-hydroxy-1 ,4-naphthoquinone(HNQ) with a yield of 62. 17% and a selectivity of 100%, and the conversion number of TMOPPFeCl catalyst was 8.32/min. The catalytic oxidation products were characterized by means of UVVis, IR, GC-MS, ^1H NMR and melting point determination. In this catalytic oxidation, the catalytic activity of TMOPPFeCl was researched in detail and the reacting conditions were optimized. A possible reaction mechanism is summarized based on in situ EPR determination.     

Effect of lipase immobilization on resolution of (R, S)-2-octanol in nonaqueous media using modified ultrastable-Y molecular sieve as support

The lipase from Penicillium expansum PED-03 (PEL) was immobilized onto modified ultrastable-Y (USY) molecular sieve and the resolution of (R, S)-2-octanol was carried out in a bioreactor in nonaqueous media by the immobilized lipase. It was found that the conversion rate, enantiomeric excess (ee) value, and enantioselectivity (E) value of the resolution catalyzed by PEL immobilized on modified USY molecular sieve were much higher than those of the reaction catalyzed by free PEL and PEL immobilized on other supports. Immobilized on modified USY molecular sieve, the PEL exhibited obvious activity within a wider pH range and at a much higher temperature and showed a markedly enhanced stability against thermal inactivation, by which the suitable pH of the buffer used for immobilization could be “memorized.” The conversion rate of the reaction catalyzed by PEL immobilized on modified USY molecular sieve reached 48.84%, with excellent enantio-selectivity (avarege E value of eight batches >460) in nonaqueous media at “memorial” pH 9.5, 50°C for 24 h, demonstrating a good application potential in the production of optically pure (R, S)-2-octanol.     

Magnesium oxide as an effective catalyst in catalytic wet oxidation of H2S to sulfur

Four different magnesium oxides were studied in the wet oxidation of H₂S to sulfur. The H₂S removal capacity of MgO in the catalytic wet oxidation strongly depends on the pore size distribution. The MgO with relatively large pores (>100 ?) showed a high removal capacity of H₂S. It is suggested that the large pore size favors H₂S removal in the catalytic wet oxidation due to the limitation of diffusion. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Catalytic oxidation of CS2 over atmospheric particles and oxide catalysts

The catalytic oxidization of CS₂ over atmospheric particles and some oxide catalysts was explored through FT-IR, MS and a fixed-bed stainless steel reactor. The results show that atmospheric particles and some oxide catalysts exhibited considerable oxidizing activities for CS₂ at ambient temperature. The reaction products are mainly COS and elemental sulfur, even CO₂ on some catalysts. Among the catalysts, CaO has the strongest catalytic activity for oxidizing CS₂. Fe₂O₃ is weaker than CaO. The catalytic activity for Al₂O₃ reduces considerably compared with the former two catalysts, and SiO₂ the weakest. Atmospheric particle samples’ catalytic activity is between Fe₂O₃’s and Al₂O₃’s. The atmospheric particle sample collected mainly consists of Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈) · 4H₂O, which is also the main component of cement. COS, the main product, is formed by the catalytic oxidization of CS₂ with adsorbed “molecular” oxygen over the catalysts’ surfaces. The concentration of adsorbed oxygen over catalysts’ surfaces may be the key factor contributed to the oxidizing activity. It is indicated that CS₂ could be catalytically oxidized over atmospheric particles, which induced that this reaction may be another important source of atmospheric COS from CS₂.     

Density,speed of sound,heat capacity,and related properties of 1-hexanol and 2-ethyl-1-butanol as function of temperature and pressure

The speeds of sound in 1-hexanol and 2-ethyl-1-butanol have been measured over the temperature range from (293.15 to 318.15) K and at pressures up to 101 MPa. The densities have been measured within the temperature range from (283.15 to 343.15 or 353.15) K under atmospheric pressure. For the measurements, a pulse-echo-overlap method and a vibrating tube densimeter have been used. Additionally, in the case of 2-ethyl-1-butanol, the isobaric heat capacities from T = (293.15 to 323.15) K at atmospheric pressure have been measured by means of a DSC calorimeter. The experimental results are then used to calculate the densities and isobaric heat capacities as a function of temperature and pressure by means of a numerical integration technique. The effects of pressure and temperature on these and the related properties are discussed. Densities are correlated by means of the Tait equation.