1,6-asymmetric induction in boron-mediated aldol reactions: application to a practical total synthesis of (+)-discodermolide

By relying solely on substrate-based stereocontrol, a practical total synthesis of the microtubule-stabilizing anticancer agent (+)-discodermolide has been realized. This exploits a novel aldol bond construction with 1,6-stereoinduction from the boron enolate of (Z)-enone 3 in addition to aldehyde 2. The 1,3-diol 7 is employed as a common building block for the C(1)-C(5), C(9)-C(16), and C(17)-C(24) subunits. [reaction--see text]     

A practical improvement, enhancing the large-scale synthesis of (+)-discodermolide: a third-generation approach

[reaction: see text] A significant improvement to the Penn one-gram synthesis of (+)-discodermolide (1) has been achieved. Specifically, reduction of the steric bulk of the C(11) hydroxyl protecting group permits formation of the requisite AB Wittig salt at the expense of the undesired intramolecular cyclization upon treatment with PPh(3) at ambient pressure.     

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of carbamate-substituted analogues of (+)-discodermolide

[Structure: see text] The design, syntheses, and biological evaluation of 22 totally synthetic analogues of the potent microtubule-stabilizing agent (+)-discodermolide (1) have been achieved. Structure-activity relationships of the C(19) carbamate were defined, exploiting two synthetically simplified scaffolds, as well as the parent (+)-discodermolide framework.     

Gram-scale synthesis of (+)-discodermolide

[formula: see text] A triply convergent, highly efficient second-generation synthesis of the potent antimitotic agent (+)-discodermolide (1) has been achieved on a 1-g scale.     

Formal synthesis of (+)-discodermolide

[structure: see text] Herein we report the formal total synthesis of (+)-discodermolide in 21 steps (longest linear sequence) from commercially available Roche ester. This synthesis features the assembly of C(9-18) and C(19-24) fragments via a metal-chelated aldol coupling reaction.     

Crotylsilane reagents in the synthesis of complex polyketide natural products: total synthesis of (+)-discodermolide

An efficient, highly convergent stereocontrolled synthesis of (+)-discodermolide has been achieved with 2.1% overall yield (27 steps longest linear sequence). The absolute stereochemistry of the C1-C6 (12), C7-C14 (13), and C15-C24 (11) subunits was introduced using asymmetric crotylation methodology. Key elements of the synthesis include the use of hydrozirconation-cross-coupling methodology for the construction of C13-C14 (Z)-olefin, acetate aldol reaction to construct the C6-C7 bond and install the C7 stereocenter with high levels of 1,5-anti stereoinduction, and the use of palladium-mediated sp(2)-sp(3) cross-coupling reaction to join the advanced fragments, which assembled the carbon framework of discodermolide.     

A second-generation total synthesis of (+)-discodermolide: the development of a practical route using solely substrate-based stereocontrol

A novel total synthesis of the complex polyketide (+)-discodermolide, a promising anticancer agent of sponge origin, has been completed in 7.8% overall yield over 24 linear steps, with 35 steps altogether. This second-generation approach was designed to rely solely on substrate control for introduction of the required stereochemistry, eliminating the use of all chiral reagents or auxiliaries. The common 1,2-anti-2,3-syn stereotriad found in each of three subunits, aldehyde 9 (C(1)-C(5)), ester 40 (C(9)-C(16)), and aldehyde 13 (C(17)-C(24)), was established via a boron-mediated aldol reaction of ethyl ketone 15 and formaldehyde, followed by hydroxyl-directed reduction to give 1,3-diol 14. Alternatively, a surrogate aldehyde 22 was employed for formaldehyde in this aldol reaction, leading to the beta-hydroxy aldehyde 20 as a common building block, corresponding to the discodermolide stereotriad. Key fragment unions were achieved by a lithium-mediated anti aldol reaction of ester 40 and aldehyde 13 under Felkin-Anh control to provide (16S,17S)-adduct 51 and a boron-mediated aldol reaction between enone 10 and aldehyde 9, exploiting unprecedented remote 1,6-stereoinduction, to give the (5S)-adduct 57.     

Stereoselective synthesis of the C1-C13 fragment of (+)-discodermolide using asymmetric allyltitanations

[reaction: see text] The synthesis of the C1-C13 fragment of (+)-discodermolide has been achieved. The configurations of the stereogenic centers have been controlled by enantioselective allyl- and crotyltitanations of aldehydes, and the Z configuration of the olefin at C8-C9 was controlled by a ring-closing metathesis.     

Total synthesis of the potent microtubule-stabilizing agent (+)-discodermolide

The total synthesis of the potent microtubule-stabilizing, antimitotic agent (+)-discodermolide is described. The convergent synthetic strategy takes advantage of the diastereoselective alkylation of a ketone enolate to establish the key C15-C16 bond. The synthesis is amenable to preparation of gram-scale quantities of (+)-discodermolide and analogues.     

Total synthesis of (+)-discodermolide: a highly convergent fourth-generation approach

[structure: see text] A highly convergent, fourth-generation total synthesis of (+)-discodermolide (1), with a longest linear sequence of 17 steps and an overall yield of 9.0%, has been achieved. Highlighting the strategy is the efficient construction and sequential, bidirectional union of a linchpin comprising the C(9)-C(14) Wittig salt-vinyl iodide (-)-18. Importantly, Wittig salt generation proceeded in excellent yield under ambient pressure.     

Design, total synthesis, and evaluation of C13-C14 cyclopropane analogues of (+)-discodermolide

[structure: see text] The design, total synthesis, and biological evaluation of two C13-C14-cyclopropyl analogues [(+)-1 and (+)-2] of (+)-discodermolide have been achieved. Key features of the syntheses include highly stereoselective, hydroxyl-directed cyclopropanations of vinyl iodides and higher order cuprate-mediated cross-coupling reactions between cyclopropyl iodides and alkyl iodides. Biological evaluation revealed that neither orientation of the cyclopropyl methylene completely substitutes for the C14 methyl found in (+)-discodermolide (3).     

Development of a third-generation total synthesis of (+)-discodermolide: an expedient Still-Gennari-type fragment coupling utilizing an advanced beta-ketophosphonate

[structure: see text] A novel total synthesis of the complex polyketide discodermolide, a promising anticancer agent of marine sponge origin, has been completed in 11.1% overall yield over 21 linear steps. This third-generation approach features an unprecedented Still-Gennari-type HWE olefination reaction between advanced C1-C8 beta-ketophosphonate 61 and C9-C24 aldehyde 7, introducing the (8Z)-alkene with 10:1 selectivity. The stereotetrad found in the C1-C8 subunit 61 was established via a highly diastereoselective boron-mediated aldol reaction/in situ reduction between ketone (S)-8 and 3-benzyloxypropanal. The (7S)-configuration was installed by the reduction of enone 73 with K-Selectride.     

A practical synthesis of (+)-cocaine

(+)-Cocaine has been prepared from commercially available 3-tropinone in four steps. Synthetic procedures and experimental details are provided.     

Regulated-stereoselective construction of thirteen stereogenic centers necessary for the frame of (+)-discodermolide, based on iterative Lewis acid-promoted aldol reactions

The segments C(1)-C(13) and C(15)-C(21) containing the 13 stereogenic centers required for the frame of (+)-discodermolide were synthesized in good to excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivities from a common racemic aldehyde, derived from 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol. The enantioselective aldol reactions of the racemic aldehyde with a silylketene acetal, derived from ethyl 2-bromopropionate, in the presence of chiral oxazaborolidinones, prepared in situ with N-p-toluenesulfonyl-(R)- and -(S)-valine and BH(3).THF, proceeded under kinetic control to give the stereotriads with a high degree of enantioselectivity. Enantioselective (chiral borane) and diastereoselective (BF(3).OEt(2) and TiCl(4)) aldol reactions with the silylketene acetal, coupled with diastereoselective radical debrominations (Bu(3)SnH, Et(3)B, with or without MgBr(2)), were used iteratively. This aldol reaction strategy for the construction of the polypropionate frame dramatically shortened the steps needed for the construction of the final segments.     

A practical total synthesis of (+)-isogalbulin and (+)-galbulin

A practical total synthesis of the natural products (+)-isogalbulin and (+)-galbulin has been achieved in 10 steps from readily available 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid. The total yields were 12.3% and 12.9%, respectively. The key steps involved Evans asymmetric alkylation, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, and a highly regioselective opening of 1-benzyloxy-2,3-epoxides with an organoaluminum ate-complex formed by Me₃Al and n-BuLi.     

Towards the combinatorial synthesis of spongistatin fragment libraries by using asymmetric aldol reactions on solid support

By relying on asymmetric boron-mediated aldol reactions, solid phase methodology for the stereoselective synthesis of highly substituted spiroacetals was developed and applied to the preparation of a complex AB-spiroacetal subunit of the antimitotic agent spongistatin 1 (altohyrtin A).     

Total synthesis of (+)-discodermolide: an improved endgame exploiting a Still-Gennari-type olefination with a C1-C8 beta-ketophosphonate fragment

[structure: see text] An improved, third-generation, total synthesis of (+)-discodermolide, a potent microtubule-stabilizing anticancer agent of marine sponge origin, is achieved in 11.1% yield over 21 steps. Key steps include a Still-Gennari HWE olefination, performed using NaH as the base, between C1-C8 beta-ketophosphonate 7 and C9-C24 aldehyde 8, introducing the (8Z)-alkene with 10:1 selectivity, and K-Selectride reduction of the derived enone 16, installing the (7S)-configuration.     

Total synthesis of (+)-geldanamycin and (-)-o-quinogeldanamycin: asymmetric glycolate aldol reactions and biological evaluation

The total synthesis of (+)-geldanamycin (GA), following a linear route, has been completed using a demethylative quinone-forming reaction as the last step. Key steps include the use of two new asymmetric boron glycolate aldol reactions. To set the anti-C11,12 hydroxymethoxy functionality, (S,S)-5,6-bis-4-methoxyphenyldioxanone 8 was used. Methylglycolate derived from norephedrine 5 set the C6,7 methoxyurethane stereochemistry. The quinone formation step using nitric acid gave the non-natural o-quino-GA product 55 10:1 over geldanamycin. Other known oxidants gave an unusual azaquinone product 49. o-Quino-GA 55 binds Hsp90 with good affinity but is less cytotoxic compared to GA.     

An aldol approach to the total synthesis of (+)-brefeldin A

A convergent selective route to (+)-brefeldin A (BFA) and 7-epi-BFA was developed, with the crucial C-4/C-5 stereogenic centers were established using Crimmins asymmetric aldolization.     

A practical synthesis of (+)-biotin from L-cysteine

Alpha-amino aldehyde 4, which is readily derived from L-cysteine through cyclization and elaboration of the carboxy group, was subjected to the Strecker reaction, which, via sodium bisulfite adduct 16, afforded alpha-amino nitrile 5 with high diastereoselectivity (syn/anti=11:1) and in high yield. Amide 6, derived from 5, was converted to thiolactone 8, a key intermediate in the synthesis of (+)-biotin (1), by a novel S,N-carbonyl migration and cyclization reaction. The Fukuyama coupling reaction of 8 with the zinc reagent 21, which has an ester group, in the presence of a heterogeneous Pd/C catalyst allowed the efficient installation of the 4-carboxybutyl chain to provide 9. Compound 9 was hydrogenated and the protecting groups removed to furnish 1 in 10 steps and in 34 % overall yield from L-cysteine.