Rayleigh waves in an isotropic elastic half-space coated by a thin isotropic elastic layer with smooth contact

In the present paper, we are interested in the propagation of Rayleigh waves in an isotropic elastic half-space coated with a thin isotropic elastic layer. The contact between the layer and the half space is assumed to be smooth. The main purpose of the paper is to establish an approximate secular equation of the wave. By using the effective boundary condition method, an approximate, yet highly accurate secular equation of fourth-order in terms of the dimensionless thickness of the layer is derived. From the secular equation obtained, an approximate formula of third-order for the velocity of Rayleigh waves is established. The approximate secular equation and the formula for the velocity obtained in this paper are potentially useful in many practical applications.     

Plane strain dynamics of elastic solids with intrinsic boundary elasticity, with application to surface wave propagation

In this paper, in a development of the static theory derived by Steigmann and Ogden (Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 453 (1997) 853), we establish the equations of motion for a non-linearly elastic body in plane strain with an elastic surface coating on part or all of its boundary. The equations of (linearized) incremental motions superposed on a finite static deformation are then obtained and applied to the problem of (time-harmonic) surface wave propagation on a pre-stressed incompressible isotropic elastic half-space with a thin coating on its plane boundary. The secular equation for (dispersive) wave speeds is then obtained in respect of a general form of incompressible isotropic elastic strain-energy function for the bulk material and a general energy function for the coating material. Specialization of the form of strain-energy function enables the secular equation to be cast as a quartic equation and we therefore focus on this for illustrative purposes. An explicit form for the secular equation is thereby obtained. This involves a number of material parameters, including residual stress and moment in the properties of the coating. It is shown how this equation relates to previous work on waves in a half-space with an overlying thin layer set in the classical theory of isotropic elasticity and, in particular, the significant effect of omission of the rotatory inertia term, even at small wave numbers, is emphasized. Corresponding results for a membrane-type coating, for which the bending moment, inertia and residual moment terms are absent, are also obtained. Asymptotic formulas for the wave speed at large wave number (high frequency) are derived and it is shown how these results influence the character of the wave speed throughout the range of wave number values. A bifurcation criterion is obtained from the secular equation by setting the wave speed to zero, thereby generalizing the bifurcation results of Steigmann and Ogden (Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 453 (1997) 853) to the situation in which residual stress and moment are present in the coating. Numerical results which show the dependence of the wave speed on the various material parameters and the finite deformation are then described graphically. In particular, features which differ from those arising in the classical theory are highlighted.     

An approach for obtaining approximate formulas for the Rayleigh wave velocity

In this paper, we introduce an approach for finding analytical approximate formulas for the Rayleigh wave velocity for isotropic elastic solids and anisotropic elastic media as well. The approach is based on the least-square principle. To demonstrate its application, we applied it in order to obtain an explanation for Bergmann’s approximation, the earliest known approximation of the Rayleigh wave velocity for isotropic elastic solids, and used it to establish a new approximation. By employing this approach, the best approximate polynomials of the second order of the cubic power and the quartic power in the interval [0, 1] were found. By using the best approximate polynomial of the second order of the cubic power, we derived an approximate formula for the Rayleigh wave speed in isotropic elastic solids which is slightly better than the one given recently by Rahman and Michelitsch by employing Lanczos’s approximation. Also by using this second order polynomial, analytical approximate expressions for orthotropic, incompressible and compressible elastic solids were found. For incompressible case, it is shown that the approximation is comparable with Rahman and Michelitsch’s approximation, while for the compressible case, it is shown that our approximate formulas are more accurate than Mozhaev’s ones. Remarkably, by using the best approximate polynomials of the second order of the cubic power and the quartic power in the interval [0, 1], we derived an approximate formula of the Rayleigh wave velocity in incompressible monoclinic materials, where the explicit exact formulas of the Rayleigh wave velocity so far are not available.     

Rayleigh waves in orthotropic fluid-saturated porous media

In this paper, we are interested in the propagation of Rayleigh waves in orthotropic fluid-saturated porous media. This problem was investigated by Liu and Liu (2004). The authors have derived the secular equation of the wave but that secular equation is still in implicit form. The main aim of this paper is to derive explicit secular equation of the wave. By employing the method of polarization vector, the secular equations of Rayleigh waves in explicit form is obtained. This equation recovers the dispersion equation of Rayleigh waves propagating in pure orthotropic elastic half-spaces. Remarkably, the secular equation obtained is not a complex equation as the one derived by Liu and Liu, it is a really real equation.     

On formulas for the Rayleigh wave velocity in pre-stressed compressible solids

In this paper, formulas for the velocity of Rayleigh waves in compressible isotropic solids subject to uniform initial deformations are derived using the theory of cubic equation. They are explicit, have simple algebraic forms, and hold for a general strain energy function. Unlike the previous investigations where the derived formulas for Rayleigh wave velocity are approximate and valid for only small enough values of pre-strains, this paper establishes exact formulas for Rayleigh wave velocity being valid for any range of pre-strains. When the prestresses are absent, the obtained formulas recover the Rayleigh wave velocity formula for compressible elastic solids. Since obtained formulas are explicit, exact and hold for any range of pre-strains, they are good tools for evaluating nondestructively prestresses of structures.     

Rayleigh waves in anisotropic porous media and the polarization vector method

In this paper, the propagation of Rayleigh waves in orthotropic non-viscous fluid-saturated porous half-spaces with sealed surface-pores and with impervious surface is investigated. The main aim of the investigation is to derive explicit secular equations and based on them to examine the effect of the material parameters and the boundary conditions on the propagation of Rayleigh waves. By employing the method of polarization vector the explicit secular equations have been derived. These equations recover the ones corresponding to Rayleigh waves propagating in purely elastic half-spaces. It is shown from numerical examples that the Rayleigh wave velocity depends strongly on the porosity, the elastic constants, the anisotropy, the boundary conditions and it differs considerably from the one corresponding to purely elastic half-spaces. Remarkably, in the fluid saturated porous half-spaces, Rayleigh waves may travel with a larger velocity than that of the shear wave, a fact that is impossible for the purely elastic half-spaces.     

Implicit and explicit secular equations for Rayleigh waves in two-dimensional anisotropic media

This paper is concerned with the derivation of implicit and explicit secular equations for Rayleigh waves polarized in a plane of symmetry of an anisotropic linear elastic medium. It has been confirmed, in accord with Ting’s paper [2], that the Rayleigh waves propagate with no geometric dispersion. Numerical evaluations of both the implicit and explicit equations give the same values of Rayleigh wave velocities. In the case of orthotropic material (thin composites) it has been found that Rayleigh wave velocity depends significantly (as with bulk waves) on the directions of principal material axes. For the same material model the analytical solutions, based on implicit and explicit secular equations, were compared against the finite element and experimental data that had been published by Cerv et al. [4] in 2010. It emerged that the theory was in accordance with the experiment.     

Secular Equations for Rayleigh and Stoneley Waves in?Exponentially Graded Elastic Materials of General Anisotropy under the Influence of Gravity

The Stroh formalism is employed to study Rayleigh and Stoneley waves in exponentially graded elastic materials of general anisotropy under the influence of gravity. The 6×6 fundamental matrix N is no longer real. Nevertheless the coefficients of the sextic equation for the Stroh eigenvalue p are real. The orthogonality and closure relations are derived. Also derived are three Barnett-Lothe tensors. They are not necessarily real. Secular equations for Rayleigh and Stoneley wave speeds are presented. Explicit secular equations are obtained when the materials are orthotropic. In the literature, the secular equations for Stoneley waves in orthotropic materials are obtained without using the Stroh formalism. As a result, it requires computation of a 4×4 determinant. The secular equation presented here requires computation of a 2×2 determinant, and hence is fully explicit. A Rayleigh or Stoneley wave exists in the exponentially graded material under the influence of gravity if the wave can propagate in the homogeneous material without the influence of gravity. As the wave number k????, the Rayleigh or Stoneley wave speed approaches the speed for the homogeneous material.     

Rayleigh lamb waves in micropolar isotropic elastic plate

The propagation of waves in a homogeneous isotropic micropolar elastic cylindrical plate subjected to stress free conditions is investigated. The secular equations for symmetric and skew symmetric wave mode propagation are derived. At short wave limit, the secular equations for symmetric and skew symmetric waves in a stress free circular plate reduces to Rayleigh surface wave frequency equation. Thin plate results are also obtained. The amplitudes of displacements and microrotation components are obtained and depicted graphically. Some special cases are also deduced from the present investigations. The secular equations for symmetric and skew symmetric modes are also presented graphically.     

Rayleigh and Love surface waves in isotropic media with negative Poisson’s ratio

The behavior of Rayleigh surface waves and the first mode of the Love waves in isotropic media with positive and negative Poisson’s ratio is compared. It is shown that the Rayleigh wave velocity increases with decreasing Poisson’s ratio, and it increases especially rapidly for negative Poisson’s ratios less than ?0.75. It is demonstrated that, for positive Poisson’s ratios, the vertical component of the Rayleigh wave displacements decays with depth after some initial increase, while for negative Poisson’s ratios, there is a monotone decrease. The Rayleigh waves are characterized by elliptic trajectories of the particle motion with the change of the rotation direction at critical depths and by the linear vertical polarization at these depths. It is found that the elliptic orbits are less elongated and the critical depths are greater for negative Poisson’s ratios. It is shown that the stress distribution in the Rayleighwaves varies nonmonotonically with the dimensionless depth as (positive or negative) Poisson’s ratio varies. The stresses increase strongly only as Poisson’s ratio tends to?1. It is shown that, in the case of an incompressible thin covering layer, the velocity of the first mode of the Love waves strongly increases for negative Poisson’s ratios of the half-space material. If the thickness of the incompressible layer is large, then the wave very weakly penetrates into the halfspace for any value of its Poisson’s ratio. For negative Poisson’s ratios, the Love wave in a layer and a half-space is mainly localized in the covering layer for any values of its thickness and weakly penetrates into the half-space. For the first mode of the Love waves, it was discovered that there is a strong increase in the maximum of one of the shear stresses on the interface between the covering layer and the half-space as Poisson’s ratios of both materials decrease. For the other shear stress, there is a stress jump on the interface and a more complicated dependence of the stress on Poisson’s ratio on both sides of the interface.     

无黏流体与固体界面的漏瑞利波

漏瑞利波存在于半无限无黏性流体和半无限固体媒质的界面处. 首先推导流固无限各向同性介质界面处漏瑞利波的特征方程和位移及应力的解析计算公式. 然后结合典型结构通过数值计算研究了漏瑞利波特性以及位移和应力在流体和固体中的分布规律. 数值计算结果表明漏瑞利波的相速度和衰减随流固密度比的增大而增大, 在流固界面上法向位移连续而切向位移不连续. 流固密度比对固体媒质中沿垂直于漏瑞利波的传播方向的位移、正应力和剪应力有比较大的影响,而对沿漏瑞利波的传播方向的正应力几乎没影响. 为利用漏瑞利波的无损检测与评价提供了理论基础.      

Propagation of Rayleigh waves on curved surfaces

The propagation and properties of Rayleigh waves on curved surfaces are investigated theoretically. The Rayleigh wave dispersion equation for propagation on a curved surface is derived as a parabolic equation, and its penetration depth is analyzed using the curved surface boundary. Reciprocity is introduced to model the diffracted Rayleigh wave beams. Simulations of Rayleigh waves on some canonical curved surfaces are carried out, and the results are used to quantify the influence of curvature. It is found that the velocity of the surface wave increases with greater concave surface curvature, and a Rayleigh wave no longer exists once the surface wave velocity exceeds the bulk shear wave velocity. Moreover, the predicted wave penetration depth indicates that the energy in the Rayleigh wave is transferred to other modes and cannot propagate on convex surfaces with large curvature. A strong directional dependence is observed for the propagation of Rayleigh waves in different directions on surfaces with complex curvatures. Thus, it is important to include dispersion effects when considering Rayleigh wave propagation on curved surfaces.     

A simple and explicit algebraic expression for the Rayleigh wave velocity

In this note a factorization technique based on the theory of the Riemann problem is used to derive a compact algebraic formula for the velocity of Rayleigh waves. Unlike previous results based on rationalization and Cardan’s solution of a cubic, the present formulation leads to a formula for the velocity which is a continuous function of the Poission’s ratio and yet is simple enough to be of practical interest. The new formula also enables us to express the complex roots associated with the Rayleigh wave equation as simple functions of the Rayleigh wave velocity.     

Slip pulse along an interface between two anisotropic elastic half-spaces in sliding contact with separation

The Stroh sextic formalism, together with Fourier analysis and the singular integral equation technique, is used to study the propagation of a possible slip pulse in the presence of local separation at the interface between two contact anisotropic solids. The existence of such a pulse is discussed in detail. It is found that the pulse may exist if at least one medium admits Rayleigh wave below the minimum limiting speed of the two media. The pulse-propagating speed is not fixed; it can be of any value in some regions between the lower Rayleigh wave speed and minimum limiting speed. These speed regions depend on the existence of the first and second slip-wave solutions without interfacial separation studied by Barnett, Gavazza and Lothe (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 1988, A415, 389–419). The pulse has no free amplitude directly but involves the arbitrary size of the separation zone that depends on the intensity of the motion. The interface normal traction and the particle velocities involve a square-root singularity at both ends of the separation zones that act as energy source and sink.     

A second-order radiation boundary condition for the shallow water wave equations on two-dimensional unstructured finite element grids

A second-order radiation boundary condition (RBC) is derived for 2D shallow water problems posed in ‘wave equation’ form and is implemented within the Galerkin finite element framework. The RBC is derived by matching the dispersion relation for the interior wave equation with an approximate solution to the exterior problem for outgoing waves. The matching is correct to second order, accounting for curvature of the wave front and the geometry. Implementation is achieved by using the RBC as an evolution equation for the normal gradient on the boundary, coupled through the natural boundary integral of the Galerkin interior problem. The formulation is easily implemented on non-straight, unstructured meshes of simple elements. Test cases show fidelity to solutions obtained on extended meshes and improvement relative to simpler first-order RBCs.     

The effect of rotation and initial stress on the propagation of waves in a transversely isotropic elastic solid

In this paper the equations governing small amplitude motions in a rotating transversely isotropic initially stressed elastic solid are derived, both for compressible and incompressible linearly elastic materials. The equations are first applied to study the effects of initial stress and rotation on the speed of homogeneous plane waves propagating in a configuration with uniform initial stress. The general forms of the constitutive law, stresses and the elasticity tensor are derived within the finite deformation context and then summarized for the considered transversely isotropic material with initial stress in terms of invariants, following which they are specialized for linear elastic response and, for an incompressible material, to the case of plane strain, which involves considerable simplification. The equations for two-dimensional motions in the considered plane are then applied to the study of Rayleigh waves in a rotating half-space with the initial stress parallel to its boundary and the preferred direction of transverse isotropy either parallel to or normal to the boundary within the sagittal plane. The secular equation governing the wave speed is then derived for a general strain–energy function in the plane strain specialization, which involves only two material parameters. The results are illustrated graphically, first by showing how the wave speed depends on the material parameters and the rotation without specifying the constitutive law and, second, for a simple material model to highlight the effects of the rotation and initial stress on the surface wave speed.     

On SH waves in a pre-stressed layered half-space for an incompressible elastic material

The propagation of Love waves along the boundary between a half-space and a layer of different pre-stressed material is examined for incompressible isotropic elastic materials. The secular equation is obtained for a general strain-energy function and analysed for particular deformations and materials. For the neo-Hookean strain-energy function, numerical results are obtained to illustrate the dependence of the wavespeed on the wave number and on the deformation.     

Rayleigh waves with impedance boundary conditions in anisotropic solids

The paper is concerned with the propagation of Rayleigh waves in an elastic half-space with impedance boundary conditions. The half-space is assumed to be orthotropic and monoclinic with the symmetry plane _x3=0$x_3=0$. The main aim of the paper is to derive explicit secular equations of the wave. For the orthotropic case, the secular equation is obtained by employing the traditional approach. It is an irrational equation. From this equation, a new version of the secular equation for isotropic materials is derived. For the monoclinic case, the method of polarization vector is used for deriving the secular equation and it is an algebraic equation of eighth-order. When the impedance parameters vanish, this equation coincides with the secular equation of Rayleigh waves with traction-free boundary conditions.     

Drag of a Plate Planing on the Shallow Water with Formation of Waves

The plane problem of the plate planing at a constant velocity on the surface of a heavy, ideal, incompressible, finite-depth fluid is considered. The approximate, depth-independent expression for the force acting on the plate is derived from the linear distribution of the fluid velocity along the plate and the height of the flow stagnation point, without regard for jet formation near the leading edge. In this approximate formulation the plate drag depends on its velocity and the trailing edge immersion and does not depend on the planing angle. Experiments and numerical calculations in the exact formulation are performed in the near-critical flow regimes. It is shown that the wave patterns in the experiments and numerical calculations coincide, the formula for the drag being in agreement with the numerical experiments. An approximate criterion of the formation of waves going away from the plate in the forward direction is proposed.     

初应力对压电层状结构声表面波传播性能的影响

研究了压电层状结构中初应力对广义Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ波传播相速度和机电耦合性能的影响,通过求解含初应力的运动微分方程,对自由界面电学开路和短路两种情况得到了相应的相速度方程。给出了具体的数值算例,所得结果对于提高和改善声表面波器件性能有参考意义。