The Interaction between High-Molecular-Weight Flocculents and Ionic Surfactants

The interaction between the anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes of various molecular masses and charges and the ionic surfactants in aqueous and salt solutions is studied by viscometry, conductometry, light scattering, and electrophoresis. Oppositely charged molecules of surfactant and polymer form strong complexes due to the forces of electrostatic attraction that is manifested in a significant decrease in the viscosity and light transmission, as well as in the relative reduction in solution conductivity. As the surfactant/polyelectrolyte ratio increases, the forming complexes precipitated and then dissolved again. In the case of strongly charged polyelectrolytes, the partial dissolution of precipitates was observed preceding the wide region of destabilization. In this region, the value of surfactant/polyelectrolyte charge ratio reaches 3–4. The interaction between the cationic surfactants and anionic polyelectrolyte increases with the lengthening of alkyl radical, thus indicating the presence of cooperative interactions between the surfactant molecules bonded to polymer and the important role of relevant hydrophobic interactions. As a result, the interaction between the high-molecular-weight anionic polyelectrolytes and anionic surfactants containing aromatic core takes place in some cases.     

Micellar Interactions in Nonionic/Ionic Mixed Surfactant Systems

To study the influence of the chemical nature of headgroups and the type of counterion on the process of micellization in mixed surfactant systems, the cmc's of several binary mixtures of surfactants with the same length of hydrocarbon tail but with different headgroups have been determined as a function of the monomer composition using surface tension measurements. Based on these results, the interaction parameter between the surfactant species in mixed micelles has been determined using the pseudophase separation model. Experiments were carried out with (a) the nonionic/anionic C(12)E(6)/SDS ((hexa(ethyleneglycol) mono-n-dodecyl ether)/(sodium dodecyl sulfate)), (b) amphoteric/anionic DDAO/SDS ((dodecyldimethylamine oxide)/(sodium dodecyl sulfate)), and (c) amphoteric/nonionic C(12)E(6)/DDAO mixed surfactant systems. In the case of the mixed surfactant systems containing DDAO, experiments were carried out at pH 2 and pH 8 where the surfactant was in the cationic and nonionic form, respectively. It was shown that the mixtures of the nonionic surfactants with different kinds of headgroups exhibit almost ideal behavior, whereas for the nonionic/ionic surfactant mixtures, significant deviations from ideal behavior (attractive interactions) have been found, suggesting binding between the head groups. Molecular orbital calculations confirmed the existence of the strong specific interaction between (1) SDS and nonionic and cationic forms of DDAO and between (2) C(12)E(6) and the cationic form of DDAO. In the case for the C(12)E(6)/SDS system, an alternative mechanism for the stabilization of mixed micelles was suggested, which involved the lowering in the free energy of the hydration layer. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Microstructure of un-neutralized hydrophobically modified alkali-soluble emulsion latex in different surfactant solutions

At low pH conditions and in the presence of anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants, hydrophobically modified alkali-soluble emulsions (HASE) exhibit pronounced interaction that results in the solubilization of the latex. The interaction between HASE latex and surfactant was studied using various techniques, such as light transmittance, isothermal titration calorimetry, laser light scattering, and electrophoresis. For anionic surfactant, noncooperative hydrophobic binding dominates the interaction at concentrations lower than the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) (C < CAC). However, cooperative hydrophobic binding controls the formation of mixed micelles at high surfactant concentrations (C > or = CAC), where the cloudy solution becomes clear. For cross-linked HASE latex, anionic surfactant binds only noncooperatively to the latex and causes it to swell. For cationic surfactant, electrostatic interaction occurs at very low surfactant concentrations, resulting in phase separation. With further increase in surfactant concentration, noncooperative hydrophobic and cooperative hydrophobic interactions dominate the binding at low and high surfactant concentrations, respectively. For anionic and cationic surfactant systems, the CAC is lower than the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactants in water. In addition, counterion condensation plays an important role during the binding interaction between HASE latex and ionic surfactants. In the case of nonionic surfactants, free surfactant micelles are formed in solution due to their relatively low CMC values, and HASE latexes are directly solubilized into the micellar core of nonionic surfactants.     

Foaming and foam stability for mixed polymer-surfactant solutions: effects of surfactant type and polymer charge

Solutions of surfactant-polymer mixtures often exhibit different foaming properties, compared to the solutions of the individual components, due to the strong tendency for formation of polymer-surfactant complexes in the bulk and on the surface of the mixed solutions. A generally shared view in the literature is that electrostatic interactions govern the formation of these complexes, for example between anionic surfactants and cationic polymers. In this study we combine foam tests with model experiments to evaluate and explain the effect of several polymer-surfactant mixtures on the foaminess and foam stability of the respective solutions. Anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants (SDS, C(12)TAB, and C(12)EO(23)) were studied to clarify the role of surfactant charge. Highly hydrophilic cationic and nonionic polymers (polyvinylamine and polyvinylformamide, respectivey) were chosen to eliminate the (more trivial) effect of direct hydrophobic interactions between the surfactant tails and the hydrophobic regions on the polymer chains. Our experiments showed clearly that the presence of opposite charges is not a necessary condition for boosting the foaminess and foam stability in the surfactant-polymer mixtures studied. Clear foam boosting (synergistic) effects were observed in the mixtures of cationic surfactant and cationic polymer, cationic surfactant and nonionic polymer, and anionic surfactant and nonionic polymer. The mixtures of anionic surfactant and cationic polymer showed improved foam stability, however, the foaminess was strongly reduced, as compared to the surfactant solutions without polymer. No significant synergistic or antagonistic effects were observed for the mixture of nonionic surfactant (with low critical micelle concentration) and nonionic polymer. The results from the model experiments allowed us to explain the observed trends by the different adsorption dynamics and complex formation pattern in the systems studied.     

Comparative study on the interaction of DNA with three different kinds of surfactants and the formation of multilayer films

The interactions between double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and three different kinds of surfactants, i.e., cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants, were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy. Multilayer films composed of DNA and surfactants were prepared at gold electrode by electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions. It was found that the cationic surfactant, CTAB, can bind to DNA by electrostatic interaction, and the electron transfer resistance of CTAB-DNA complex film increases first and then decreases with CTAB concentration. The anionic surfactant, LAS, can bind to DNA but by hydrophobic interaction, and the electron transfer resistance of the complex film keeps decreasing with LAS concentration. Nonionic surfactants can also directly bind to DNA by hydrophobic interaction. All the three different kinds of surfactants can form multilayer films with DNA on the electrode surface. The chemical structure of DNA keeps unchanged during interacting with these surfactants. The binding modes of DNA with these three different kinds of surfactants were also deduced.     

Interaction of cationic surfactants with carboxymethylcellulose in aqueous media

We have examined the polymer-surfactant interaction in mixed solutions of the cationic surfactants, i.e., dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetradecyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, and tetradecylpyridinium bromide and a semiflexible anionic polyelectrolyte carboxymethylcellulose in water and aqueous salt solutions by various techniques: tensiometry, viscosimetry or ion-selective electrode method, and dynamic light scattering. We have investigated the effect of varying surfactant chain length, head group size, counterion, and ionic strength on the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of mixed polymer surfactant systems and the collapse of the polymer molecule under different solution conditions. The CAC decreases with increasing alkyl chain length. Above a certain surfactant concentration, mixed aggregates start growing until their macroscopic phase separation. The growth is more rapid with greater surfactant tail length and with increasing head group size. This is attributed in both cases to the increasing hydrophobic interaction between polymer and surfactant. Among surfactants with monovalent halide counterions, iodide induces the strongest binding, reflected by the onset of growth of the mixed aggregates at low surfactant concentration. This is perhaps related to the decreasing hydration of the counterion from chloride to iodide. The surfactant concentration at which the viscosity of the solution starts to decrease sharply is smaller than the CAC, and probably reflects polymer chain shrinkage due to noncooperative binding.     

Study of mixtures of n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside with anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactant in aqueous solutions using surface tension and fluorescence techniques

Surfactants of practical interest are invariably mixtures of different types. In this study, mixtures of sugar-based n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside with cationic dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, anionic sodium dodecylsulfate, and nonionic pentaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether in solution, with and without supporting electrolyte, have been studied using surface tension and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. Interaction parameters and mole fraction of components in mixed micelles were calculated using regular solution theory. The magnitude of interactions between n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside and other surfactants followed the order anionic/nonionic > cationic/nonionic > nonionic/nonionic mixtures. Since all surfactants have the same hydrophobic groups, strengths of interactions are attributed to the structures of hydrophilic headgroups. Electrolyte reduced synergism between n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside and ionic surfactant due to charge neutralization. Industrial sugar-based surfactant, dodecyl polyglucoside, yielded results similar to that with dodecyl maltoside, implying that tested commercial alkyl polyglucosides are similar to the pure laboratory samples in synergistic interactions with other surfactants. Fluorescence study not only supported the cmc results using tensiometry, but showed that interfaces of all the above mixed micelle/solution interfaces are mildly hydrophobic. Based on these results, an attempt is made to discover the nature of interactions to be a combination of intermolecular potential energies and free energy due to packing of surfactant molecules in micelles.     

Interaction of acridine orange monohydrochloride dye with sodiumdodecylsulfate, (SDS) cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) and p-tert-octylphenoxypolyoxy ethanol (Triton X 100) surfactants

Summary Results of spectrophotometric, conductometric and dialysis studies on the interaction of acridine orange monohydrochloride dye with sodiumdodecylsulfate (anionic), cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (cationic) and Triton X 100 (nonionic) surfactants have been reported. The anionic surfactant, SDS has been observed to undergo both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with the dye cation. Aggregation of the dye molecules can be destroyed when the surfactant is in large excess, whereas, excess dye can check micellization of SD S. At a ratio of AO:SDS=1:7 and above, dye embedded mixed micelles are formed. These remain in a separate phase, probably as coacervates. At lower ratios than 1:7, aggregation of dye molecules is induced, which being complexed with SDS become stabilized as colloids. The colloid and the coacervate have been observed to be thermally stable, negatively charged materials that can be broken by salts, and cations of higher valency are more effective in this regard. An 1:3 = AO:SDS colloid has beeen found to be sufficiently large like the coacervates to pass through a membrane having cut off permeability for molecular weights 12,000 and above. All the above features of AO-SDS interaction have been observed to be absent for AO-CTAB and AO-TX 100 systems, Even hydrophobic interaction has played an insignificant role in these cases. Thus, the dye cation, the cationic and the nonionic surfactants have almost retained their self physicochemical identities in solution in the presence of each other. Electrostatic interaction is thus the primary requirement for acridine orange-surfactant (anionic) system; the hydrophobic effect is secondary and may become co-operative.With 9 figures and 2 tables     

Analysis of the Interactions of Polyvinylpyrrolidone with Conventional Anionic and Dimeric Anionic Surfactant

Classical physical method has been applied in the present study of interaction between water soluble polymer with anionic dimeric and conventional anionic surfactants. Micellization activity of carboxylate-based anionic dimeric (CAD) as well as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants in the presence of nonionic polymer, that is, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), has been studied through conductometric and surface tensiometric measurements. From these methods the critical aggregation concentrations (CACs), critical micelle concentrations (CMCs), and the effective degree of counterion binding (β) were determined. For the evaluation of behavior of CAD toward the PVP various thermodynamic properties viz. standard Gibbs energy of micellization, standard enthalpy, and entropy of micellization of CAD/PVP mixed system have also been estimated and discussed. The results exhibit that anionic dimeric surfactant interacts strongly with PVP as compared to conventional surfactant.     

Dilational viscoelasticity of anionic polyelectrolyte/surfactant adsorption films at the water–octane interface

In this article, the interfacial tension and interfacial dilational viscoelasticity of polystyrene sulfonate/surfactant adsorption films at the water–octane interface have been studied by spinning drop method and oscillating barriers method respectively. The experimental results show that different interfacial behaviors can be observed in different type of polyelectrolyte/surfactant systems. Polystyrene sulfonate sodium (PSS)/cationic surfactant hexadecanetrimethyl–ammonium bromide systems show the classical behavior of oppositely charged polyelectrolyte/surfactant systems and can be explained well by electrostatic interaction. In the case of PSS/anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) systems, the coadsorption of PSS at interface through hydrophobic interaction with alkyl chain of SDS leads to the increase of interfacial tension and the decrease of dilational elasticity. For PSS/nonionic surfactant TX100 systems, PSS may form a sub-layer contiguous to the aqueous phase with partly hydrophobic polyoxyethylene chain of TX100, which has little effect on the TX100 adsorption film and interfacial tension.     

In situ AFM studies on self-assembled monolayers of adsorbed surfactant molecules on well-defined H-terminated Si(111) surfaces in aqueous solutions

The formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of adsorbed cationic or anionic surfactant molecules on atomically flat H-terminated Si(111) surfaces in aqueous solutions was investigated by in situ AFM measurements, using octyl trimethylammonium chloride (C8TAC), dodecyl trimethylammonium chloride (C12TAC), octadecyl trimethylammonium chloride (C18TAC)) sodium dodecyl sulfate (STS), and sodium tetradecyl sulfate (SDS). The adsorbed surfactant layer with well-ordered molecular arrangement was formed when the Si(111) surface was in contact with 1.0x10(-4) M C18TAC, whereas a slightly roughened layer was formed for 1.0x10(-4) M C8TAC and C12TAC. On the other hand, the addition of alcohols to solutions of 1.0x10(-4) M C8TAC, C12TAC, or SDS improved the molecular arrangement in the adsorbed surfactant layer. Similarly, the addition of a salt, KCl, also improved the molecular arrangement for both the cationic and anionic surfactant layers. Moreover, the adsorbed surfactant layer with a well-ordered structure was formed in a solution of mixed cationic (C12TAC) and anionic (SDS) surfactants, though each surfactant alone did not form the well-ordered layer. These results were all explained by taking into account electrostatic repulsion between ionic head groups of adsorbed surfactant molecules as well as hydrophobic interaction between their alkyl chains, which increases with the increasing chain length, together with the increase in the hydrophobic interaction or the decrease in the electrostatic repulsion by incorporating alcohol molecules into the adsorbed surfactant layer, the decrease in the electrostatic repulsion by increasing the concentration of counterions, and the decrease in the electrostatic repulsion by alternate arrangement of cationic and anionic surfactant molecules. The present results have revealed various factors to form the well-ordered adsorbed surfactant layers on the H-Si(111) surface, which have a possibility of realizing the third generation surfaces with flexible structures and functions easily adaptable to circumstances.     

Effect of Molecular Weight on the Interfacial Dilational Viscoelasticity of Anionic Polyelectrolyte/Surfactant Systems

In this article, the effect of molecular weight on the interfacial tension and interfacial dilational viscoelasticity of polystyrene sulfonate/surfactant adsorption films at the water-octane interface have been studied by spinning drop method and oscillating barriers method respectively. The experimental results show that different interfacial behaviors can be observed in different type of polyelectrolyte/surfactant systems. PSS/cationic surfactant CTAB systems show the classical behavior of oppositely charged polyelectrolyte/surfactant systems and can be well explained by electrostatic interaction. Molecular weight of PSS plays a crucial role in the nature of adsorption film. The complex formed by CTAB and higher molecular weight PSS, which has larger dimension and stronger interaction, results in higher dilational modulus at lower surfactant bulk concentration. In the case of PSS/anionic surfactant SDS systems, the co-adsorption of PSS at interface through hydrophobic interaction with alkyl chain of SDS leads to the increase of interfacial tension and the decrease of dilational modulus at lower surfactant bulk concentration. For PSS/nonionic surfactant T × 100 systems, PSS may form a sublayer contiguous to the aqueous phase, which has little effect on interfacial tension but slightly decreases dilational modulus.     

A Study of the Solubilization of Polar Oily Materials by Alkyl Polyglucoside and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in Mixed Surfactant System

The effects of different alkyl chains of nonionic surfactants and solubilized polar oily material on the solubilizing capacity of binary anionic‐nonionic mixed surfactant systems were studied. This system includes surface tension measurements to determine the critical micelle concentration. Results were analyzed using regular solution theory to obtain the mixed micelle and the interaction parameter β, in order to evaluate the type of interactions of surfactants in the mixed micelle. Solubilizing capacity has been investigated by measuring the optical density of solubilized polar oily materials like octanol, decanol, and dodecanol. The solubilizing phenomenon exhibited by mixed surfactants systems showed better results than that of the individual surfactant system. The amount of solubilization in mixed surfactant increases with increase in carbon chain length of alkyl polyglucoside.     

Surfactant effect on the lower critical solution temperature of poly(organophosphazenes) with methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) and amino acid esters as side groups

 The surfactant effect on the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of thermosensitive poly(organophosphazenes) with methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) and amino acid esters as side groups was examined in terms of molecular interactions between the polyphosphazenes and surfactants including various anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants in aqueous solution. Most of the anionic and cationic surfactants increased the LCST of the polymers: the LCST increased more sharply with increasing length and hydrophobicity of the hydrophobic part of the surfactant molecule. The ΔLCSTs (T _0.03M− T _0M), the change in the LCST by addition of 0 and 0.03 M sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), were found to be 7.0 and 14.5 °C for the polymers bearing ethyl esters of glycine and aspartic acid, respectively. The LCST increase of poly(organophosphazene) having a more hydrophobic aspartic acid ethyl ester was 2 times larger compared with that of the polymer having glycine ethyl ester as a side group. The binding behavior of SDS to the polymer bearing glycine ethyl ester as a hydrophobic group was explained from the results of titration of the polymer solutions containing SDS with tetrapropylammonium bromide. Graphic models for the molecular interactions of polymer/surfactant and polymer/surfactant/salt in aqueous solutions were proposed. Received: 17 February 2000/Accepted: 25 April 2000     

Spectrophotometric study of interaction and solubilization of procaine hydrochloride in micellar systems

The interaction of Procaine hydrochloride (PC) with cationic, anionic and non-ionic surfactants; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and triton X-100, were investigated. The effect of ionic and non-ionic micelles on solubilization of Procaine in aqueous micellar solution of SDS, CTAB and triton X-100 were studied at pH 6.8 and 29°C using absorption spectrophotometry. By using pseudo-phase model, the partition coefficient between the bulk water and micelles, K_x, was calculated. The results showed that the micelles of CTAB enhanced the solubility of Procaine higher than SDS micelles (K_x = 96 and 166 for SDS and CTAB micelles, respectively) but triton X-100 did not enhanced the solubility of drug because of weak interaction with Procaine. From the resulting binding constant for Procaine-ionic surfactants interactions (K_b = 175 and 128 for SDS and CTAB surfactants, respectively), it was concluded that both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions affect the interaction of surfactants with cationic procaine. Electrostatic interactions have a great role in the binding and consequently distribution of Procaine in micelle/water phases. These interactions for anionic surfactant (SDS) are higher than for cationic surfactant (CTAB). Gibbs free energy of binding and distribution of procaine between the bulk water and studied surfactant micelles were calculated.      

Surfactant head group and concentration influence on structure and dynamics of gellan gum hydrogels: Crossover from stretched to compressed exponential

In the present study, we have investigated the effects of surfactant addition on the structure and dynamics of gellan gum hydrogels. A strong interaction is seen between gellan gum and oppositely charged cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) whereas rather weak or minimal interactions are observed when either anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), or nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100 is added to the system. The dynamics of the hydrogels was studied, using dynamic light scattering measurements and the heterodyne method was used for data evaluation. The correlation function of parent hydrogel was fitted with a stretched exponential function, while a single plus stretched exponential function was employed to study the dynamics of hydrogel with surfactants and the corresponding relaxation times were appropriately analyzed. An interesting crossover from stretched to compressed exponential was seen when CTAB was added beyond critical micellar concentration to the system, which was not evidenced for the other two surfactants. Ensemble averaged intensity was also analyzed and the general picture that emerges is that the oppositely charged surfactant has the strongest ability to form large associations as oppose to nonionic and like-charged surfactants. The rheological measurements were carried out to determine the elastic response of the gels over a wide range of frequencies. It was seen that the elastic modulus was dependent on both the surfactant concentration and type. Cationic surfactant increased the elastic modulus markedly as opposed to the nonionic and anionic surfactants. These results may have implications for the use of polymer surfactant systems as potential products.     

Use of surfactants to remove water-based inks from plastic film: effect of calcium ion concentration and length of surfactant hydrophobe

Effective plastic film deinking could permit the reuse of recycled polymer to produce clear film, reduce solid waste for landfills, reduce raw material demand for polymer production, and aid process economics. In this study, the deinking of a commercial polyethylene film printed with water-based ink was studied using surfactants in the presence of hardness ions (calcium ions) at various pH levels. The electrostatic properties of ink particles in a washing bath were also investigated. Synthetic anionic surfactant or fatty acid soap in the presence of calcium ions at alkaline pH levels was found to be nearly as effective at deinking as cationic, nonionic, or amphoteric surfactants alone. However, adding calcium ions decreases the deinking effectiveness of cationic, nonionic, and amphoteric surfactants. Increasing the length of the ionic surfactant hydrophobe enhances deinking. Zeta potential measurements showed that water-based ink particles in water reach the point of zero charge (PZC) at a pH of about 3.6, above which ink particles are negatively charged, so cationic surfactant tends to adsorb better on the ink than anionic surfactant above the PZC in the absence of calcium. As the cationic surfactant concentration is varied between 0.005 and 25 mM, the zeta potential of the ink particles reverses from negative to positive owing to adsorption of cationic surfactant. For anionic surfactants, added calcium probably forms a bridge between the negatively charged ink and the negatively charged surfactant head groups, which synergizes adsorption of the surfactant and aids deinking. In contrast, calcium competes for adsorption sites with cationic and nonionic surfactants, which inhibits deinking. All the surfactants studied here disperse ink particles effectively in the washing bath above pH 3 except for the ethoxylated amine surfactant.     

卵清蛋白与离子型表面活性剂的相互作用

本文通过荧光光谱法、紫外-可见吸收光谱法和透射电镜并结合电导率测定分别研究了水中卵清蛋白与阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）和阳离子表面活性剂十二烷基三甲基溴化铵（DTAB）和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）之间的相互作用。研究结果表明卵清蛋白可以增加SDS和CTAB的临界胶束浓度,但对DTAB的临界胶束浓度没有影响。阴离子表面活性剂可以使卵清蛋白构象完全伸展,而阳离子表面活性剂却不具备此种作用。表面活性剂单体与卵清蛋白的相互作用强于表面活性剂胶束与卵清蛋白的相互作用。     

The Viscous Properties of Anionic/Cationic and Cationic/Nonionic Mixed Surfactant Systems

The behavior of mixed cationic/anionic and cationic/nonionic surfactants solutions have been studied by viscosimetry. The systems studied were sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and CTAB/Brij (polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, n = 10 and 23) in aqueous and sodium chloride solutions. The relative viscosity of single nonionic surfactant solutions is larger than that of SDS or CTAB solutions. It increases with the number of ethylene oxide groups. In the mixed systems, viscosity deviates from ideal behavior. The deviation results from electrostatic interactions. The surfactant mixture composition affects the self-assembled microstructure and rheology. A new mixed system that forms clear micellar solution above CMC was detected. In CTAB/Brij systems, the experimental data also deviate from ideal behavior due to mixed micelle formation and electroviscous effect. This effect is less pronounced than that of SDS/CTAB system and could be suppressed by adding an electrolyte (NaCl).     

流变学法研究表面活性剂与HPAM的相互作用

流变学法研究表面活性剂与HPAM的相互作用;聚合物;表面活性剂;相互作用;流变学方法