冲压加速器弹丸发射系统非反应流数值模

介绍一种新型发射技术──冲压加速器技术。根据冲压加速过程中复杂激波系的流场特点，构造了有限体积的ＴＶＤ格式，用于求解Ｎ－Ｓ方程。计算结果与试验结果相一致，给出详细的流场谱图。为冲压加速器的冷态试验提供有益的指导。     

两相介质中火焰诱导激波现象的研究

基于双流体模型，采用跟踪法处理火焰内边界，ＴＶＤ格式计算气相激波，ＭａｃＣｏ－ｍａｃｋ格式计算颗粒相流场，对两相可燃介质中火焰诱导激波现象进行了理论分析与实验模拟，研究了颗粒相参数对火焰诱导激波现象的影响。     

三维大钝头体简谐振动绕流的数值模拟

用数值模拟方法研究了大钝头体外形（双子星座飞船）在超声速下俯仰振动的绕流特性，数值模拟的出发方程为三维全Ｎ－Ｓ方程，格式为二阶迎风ＴＶＤ格式，研究结果给出了物体在俯仰振动过程中激波、分离结构和物面压力分布等非定常特征。     

跨音速压气机级的三维周期性非定常流动计算

对跨音速压气机级动静叶排相干形成的三维非定常流场进行了数值研究，利用时间推进ＬＵ－ＳＧＳ稳式迭代法求解三维非定常欧拉方程，对流项采用高分辨率ＮＮＤ格式离散。对某压气机第一级动静叶排相干非定常流场的计算结果表明，本文方法不仅在收敛速度上明显地优于一般显式方法，而且保持了流场中激波的高分辨率，适于推广到计算量巨大的的多级轴流压气机三维非定常流场的数值分析问题     

高超声速三维化学非平衡流动N－S方程数值解

详细地叙述了模拟三维高超声速电离空气化学非平衡粘性流全流场（前体和底部近尾迹）的数值方法，化学反应粘性流求解是基于带有化学源项的Ｎ－Ｓ方程的守恒形式，总的连续方程由组元守恒方程组所代替．对于高温电离空气流动，存在如下７个主要组元，它们依次为Ｎ＿２，Ｏ＿２，ＮＯ，ＮＯ￣＋，Ｎ，Ｏ和ｅ￣－．研究发展了求解完全耦合的，与时间相关的偏微分方程组的数值方法．利用一类新的迎风ＴＶＤ激波捕捉有限差分格式求解守恒形式的控制方程组，对高超声速层流有攻角钝锥体绕流流场，在非催化壁条件下、对包括底部近尾迹在内的全流场各参数，如组元浓度，电子密度和温度，以及物面压力分布和热流率分布得出了计算结果．对化学反应气体和完全气体模型的计算结果进行了比较，计算的流场电子密度与飞行实验结果符合很好．     

高超声速三维化学非平衡流动N－S方程数值解

详细地叙述了模拟三维高超声速电离空气化学非平衡粘性流全流场（前体和底部近尾迹）的数值方法，化学反应粘性流求解是基于带有化学源项的Ｎ－Ｓ方程的守恒形式，总的连续方程由组元守恒方程组所代替．对于高温电离空气流动，存在如下７个主要组元，它们依次为Ｎ＿２，Ｏ＿２，ＮＯ，ＮＯ￣＋，Ｎ，Ｏ和ｅ￣－．研究发展了求解完全耦合的，与时间相关的偏微分方程组的数值方法．利用一类新的迎风ＴＶＤ激波捕捉有限差分格式求解守恒形式的控制方程组，对高超声速层流有攻角钝锥体绕流流场，在非催化壁条件下、对包括底部近尾迹在内的全流场各参数，如组元浓度，电子密度和温度，以及物面压力分布和热流率分布得出了计算结果．对化学反应气体和完全气体模型的计算结果进行了比较，计算的流场电子密度与飞行实验结果符合很好．     

高分辨率格式值计算爆轰问题的优越性

高分辨率总变差不增格式（ＴＶＤ）应用于一维，二维反应流体力学Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程线取得了成功，特别是通过ＴＶＤ格式与经典Ｇｏｄｕｎｏｖ格式，对化学反应流气本爆轰问题数值实验突出了高分辨率格式计算化学反应的流的优越性。     

含尘气体中的非定常激波

对含尘气体中非定常激波进行了实验研究和数值模拟。实验在垂直两相激波管中实现。气体与含尘气体之间分界平面的形成以及分界面处粉尘浓度的瞬时测定为实验研究提供了有效的手段。在双流体模型基础上，应用时间分裂法，将ＴＶＤ格式和ＭａｃＣｏｒｍａｃｋ格式分别应用于气相和颗粒相方程，模拟了激波与含尘气体相互作用现象，讨论了含尘气体物理参数对激波传播行为的影响。计算结果与实验现象符合较好。     

一类具有自适应性质的组合TVD格式的构造

本文分析比较了些典型的ＴＶＤ格式，发现各种ＴＶＤ格式对解的分辨能力有差别，格式中存在耗散性和压缩性的矛盾。在分析了格式的构造以及产生耗散、压缩作用的原因后，本文提出了一种具有自适应能力的ＴＶＤ格式的组合形式，该格式在解的剧烈变化区域，有较高的分辨能力；在解的光滑区域避免了由于压缩性过强造成的失真，数值试验表明该格式具有良好的性质．     

一种改进混合迎风格式在翼型流场激波捕捉中的应用

波阻是飞行器超音速飞行的关键设计因素,精确捕捉激波在流场中的位置,是数值模拟含激波流场和精确计算波阻的一个重要研究内容.本文基于网格节点有限体积空间离散方法,采用AUSM格式与FVS格式的混合格式(MAUSM方法)计算对流通量,从而抑制在数值模拟流场出现的激波处振荡和过冲现象,确保AUSM准确捕获接触间断的特性和FVS格式捕捉激波的能力.本文使用MAUSM方法分别计算了在跨声速和超声速条件下的NACA0012翼型流场,并与中心差分格式的计算结果进行比较.结果表明,对于存在激波的翼型流场,MAUSM方法是有效的.     

基于非结构网格的TTGC有限元格式的实现及在超声速流动中的应用

基于非结构网格系统,实现了时空三阶精度的TTGC有限元格式,并在三阶TTGC格式上发展了基于人工粘性的激波捕捉技术。在非结构网格下,采用这种方法对若干典型的超声速流动问题(SOD激波管、马赫数为3的前台阶流动以及马赫数为8的高超声速圆柱流动)进行了验证计算。结果表明,TTGC格式分辨率高,在粗糙网格下能够准确的模拟超声速流场中的激波、接触间断等复杂流动现象,并且能有效的控制间断附近的数值色散现象。与传统的有限体积方法相比,本文实现的TTGC有限元格式在模拟超声速流动问题方面具有格式精度高、数值耗散小等优点。     

The improved surface gradient method for flows simulation in variable bed topography channel using TVD‐MacCormack scheme

This paper reports four different approaches to discretize the source terms for the simulation of one‐dimensional open‐channel flows with rapidly varied bottom topography using TVD‐MacCormack scheme. Compared with other high‐resolution shock‐capturing schemes, MacCormack‐type predictor–corrector method is easy to implement and does not present any additional difficulty in dealing with the source terms. To avoid the generation of artificial numerical waves, if the bottom topography shows strong variation, special treatment of the source terms is still required to eliminate or reduce the artificial numerical error caused by adding TVD corrections to the method. The computed results demonstrated that the improved surface gradient method is more suitable for simulating open‐channel flow with highly irregular bed topography by using the surface gradient instead of the depth gradient for TVD corrections and considering the balancing of the source terms and the flux gradients. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

采用NND方法计算三维喷管气流场

本文运用NND显式差分格式,计算了三维喷管气流场。气流场计算的基本方程为一般贴体坐标系下三维守恒型的欧拉方程。采用了时间分裂法和Steger-Warming矢通量分裂技术。在喷管内沿周向的每个由轴线和壁面构成的子午面上根据泊松方程生成贴体网格。本文运用三维程序计算了轴对称JPL喷管,同时与实验结果和前人采用轴对称二维程序所计算的结果做了对比。最后,本文还计算了三维矢量喷管,计算结果与现有的实验结果一致。通过轴对称JPL喷管和三维矢量喷管的计算考核,表明建立的算法和编写的计算程序是正确的。文中提出了采用子午面形式的贴体网格时奇性轴的处理方法。计算结果表明在喷管壁面处,马赫数与压强的计算结果与实验值吻合较好,而在喷管轴线处,只有当网格较密时,才能得出与实验结果接近的计算结果。     

纳米示踪平面激光散射技术在激波复杂流场测量中的应用

在激波以及激波边界层相互作用这类含激波的复杂流场中,流场结构具有明显的三维特征.研究这类流场,采用纹影、阴影和干涉等传统流动显示技术空间分辨率较低,难以分辨流场的三维特性.基于纳米示踪的平面激光散射技术(nano-tracer planar laser scattering,NPLS),是作者近年来开发的一种新的研究超声速流场的测试与显示技术,可对超声速复杂三维流场进行高时空分辨率流动显示与测量.NPLS技术的特点使其成为测量激波复杂流场的有力手段.近年来,作者以NPLS技术为主要手段,对航空航天领域典型的激波复杂流场进行了试验研究,包括超声速弹头绕流、超声速混合层、超声速边界层,以及激波边界层相互作用流场,显示出NPLS技术在激波复杂流场精细测试与流动显示中优势.本文简要介绍NPLS技术在激波复杂流场测量中应用的研究进展.      

三维有限体积TVD方法与冲击波的多级扩散研究

将TVD方法应用到三维,给出三维有限体积TVD方法,并对三维冲击波的多级坑道扩散问题进行了数值模拟,取得了令人满意的结果。     

Supersonic Gas Flows in Radial Nozzles

Results of experimental investigations and numerical simulations of supersonic gas flows in radial nozzles with different nozzle widths are presented. It is demonstrated that different types of the flow are formed in the nozzle with a fixed nozzle radius and different nozzle widths: supersonic flows with oblique shock waves inducing boundary layer separation are formed in wide nozzles, and flows with a normal pseudoshock separating the supersonic and subsonic flow domains are formed in narrow nozzles (micronozzles). The pseudoshock structure is studied, and the total pressure loss in the case of the gas flow in a micronozzle is determined.     

Computation of the stability derivatives via CFD and the sensitivity equations

The method to calculate the aerodynamic stability derivates of aircrafts by using the sensitivity equations is ex- tended to flows with shock waves in this paper. Using the newly developed second-order cell-centered finite volume scheme on the unstructured-grid, the unsteady Euler equations and sensitivity equations are solved simultaneously in a non-inertial frame of reference, so that the aerodynamic stability derivatives can be calculated for aircrafts with complex geometries. Based on the numerical results, behavior of the aerodynamic sensitivity parameters near the shock wave is discussed. Furthermore, the stability derivatives are analyzed for supersonic and hypersonic flows. The numerical results of the stability derivatives are found in good agree- ment with theoretical results for supersonic flows, and variations of the aerodynamic force and moment predicted by the stability derivatives are very close to those obtained by CFD simulation for both supersonic and hypersonic flows.     

Calculation of supersonic steady-state flow in axisymmetric nozzles with an upwind difference scheme

This paper is on the application of the upwind difference scheme proposed by the author^[1] to the calculation of supersonic steady-state flow in axisymmetric nozzles. The upwind scheme is conservative (or weakly conservative), it yields results approximating those from the characteristic relations, and it has corresponding boundary difference schemes. The entropy phenomenon in the calculation of shock reflection on boundaries with the shock-capturing method will be discussed and a correction of this phenomenon will be proposed. From numerical experiments on an arbitrary nozzle, it is seen that the upwind difference scheme, its corresponding boundary scheme, and the improved treatment of shock reflection work well for the calculation of supersonic steady-state flow in axisymmetric nozzles.     

Analysis of aerodynamic problems with geometrically unspecified boundaries using an enhanced Lagrangian method

This paper presents solutions for several 2-D aerodynamic problems with geometrically unspecified boundaries. These solutions are obtained with an enhanced Lagrangian method based on stream function and Lagrangian-distance coordinates, which includes special procedures to substantially improve the numerical resolution of the shock waves and for the numerical implementation of the aerodynamic conditions defining the geometrically unspecified solid or fluid boundaries. The method is first validated for flows with specified solid boundaries by comparison with exact analytical solutions and with previous computational results obtained by numerical methods using Eulerian formulations. In all cases, this enhanced Lagrangian method displayed a very good accuracy and computational efficiency and a sharp numerical resolution of shock waves. Then this method is used to obtain solutions for problems with geometrically unspecified boundaries, such as: (i) indirect problems of determining the geometrical shape of airfoils and nozzle walls for a specified pressure distribution; (ii) supersonic nozzle design problem for a specified uniform flow at the nozzle outlet based on reflection-suppression condition; (iii) analysis of flexible-membrane airfoils; and (iv) analysis of jet-flapped airfoils.     

Numerical study of wave propagation in compressible two‐phase flow

We propose a new model and a solution method for two‐phase two‐fluid compressible flows. The model involves six equations obtained from conservation principles applied to a one‐dimensional flow of gas and liquid mixture completed by additional closure governing equations. The model is valid for pure fluids as well as for fluid mixtures. The system of partial differential equations with source terms is hyperbolic and has conservative form. Hyperbolicity is obtained using the principles of extended thermodynamics. Features of the model include the existence of real eigenvalues and a complete set of independent eigenvectors. Its numerical solution poses several difficulties. The model possesses a large number of acoustic and convective waves and it is not easy to upwind all of these accurately and simply. In this paper we use relatively modern shock‐capturing methods of a centred‐type such as the total variation diminishing (TVD) slope limiter centre (SLIC) scheme which solve these problems in a simple way and with good accuracy. Several numerical test problems are displayed in order to highlight the efficiency of the study we propose. The scheme provides reliable results, is able to compute strong shock waves and deals with complex equations of state. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.