气液两相绕流柱体时的涡街特性研究

本文以水空气两相流体为工质，研究了两相流体横向冲刷准三角形柱体时的涡街生成特性．试验段管子内径５０ｍｍ，水流速度２．２０ｍ／ｓ－３．７４ｍ／ｓ截面含气率为０．０２－０．３．得出了两相流体中涡街发生频率，水流量和截面含气率三者之间的相互关系。     

气液两相绕流柱体时的锅街特性研究

本文以水空气两相流体为工质，研究了两相流体横向冲刷准三角形柱体时的涡街生成特性，试验段管子内径５０ｍｍ，水流速度２．２０ｍ／ｓ－７．７４ｍ／ｓ，截面含气率为０．０２－０．３。得出了两相流中涡街发生频率，水流量和截面含气率三者之间的相互关系。     

活塞发射机构的57mm一级气体炮

叙述了调试５７ｍｍ一级气体炮中所遇到的问题和解决方法，调试发射的结果为：发射管长７．９２ｍ，气室容积０．０１８ｍ＾３在９ＭＰａ空气介质时，可使２８０ｇ弹这到４６０ｍ／ｓ出口速度，注入１８ＭＰａ氢气时，可使２８０ｇ弹丸达到９００ｍ／ｓ出口速度。     

复合材料正交叠层板最终拉伸强度的细观统计分析

本文对复合材料正交叠层板［０／９０／０］的最终拉伸破坏行为进行了研究．首先，提出一种修正的剪滞分析方法，求解叠层中由９０°层的基体开裂和０°层的部分纤维断裂相互作用所导致的应力重新分布；然后，采用随机临界核统计模型，对叠层板的最终破坏进行了细观统计分析．对［Ｏ＿２／９０＿ｍ］＿ｓ、［Ｏ＿４／９０＿ｍ］＿ｓ碳／环氧和［Ｏ＿４／９０＿ｍ］＿ｓ玻璃／环氧的计算结果表明，估计的最终拉伸强度与现有的实验结果有较好的符合．     

铝粉－空气混合物燃烧转爆轰（DDT）过程的实验研

在水平粉尘爆轰管上分别对２ｍ、５ｍ和１３ｍ三种粒径的铝粉－空气混合物进行了弱点火条件下燃烧转爆轰的实验研究。实验分别考察了粉尘浓度、颗粒尺度及扬尘方法等因素对爆轰特性（如爆轰速度、最大压力等）的影响。结果表明，２ｍ球形铝粉最大爆轰压力达７．８ＭＰａ、稳态爆速达１．９５ｋｍ／ｓ；５ｍ铝粉亦有爆轰特征，但状态较弱；１３ｍ的铝粉达不到爆轰。混合物的浓度对爆轰参数有影响，并存在最优浓度，在此浓度下，爆轰参数取得最大值，而且最优浓度的值随粉尘颗粒直径增加而增大。扬尘方法对爆轰特性有影响，预混粉尘与激波卷扬粉尘对比实验表明，其压力与速度的典型差别分别高达３００％与７４％。     

弹丸撞击圆板的尺度律实验研究

本文对周边固支软钢圆板，用柱形平头弹丸以２４ｍ／ｓ和２８ｍ／ｓ的速度进行撞击实验，研究板变形的尺度律。板和弹的尺寸严格按１、２和４的比例制作，撞击能量只使板产生塑性大变形而不穿孔。实验结果表明，变形偏离经典尺度律，其规律是较大的撞击能量，出现的偏差也较大。经分析，材料的应变律效应是产生偏差的主要原因。     

铝粉－空气混合物燃烧转爆轰（DDT）过程的实验研究

在水平粉尘爆轰管上分别对２μｍ、５μｍ和１３μｍ三种粒径的铝粉－空气混合物进行了弱点火条件下燃烧转爆轰的实验研究。实验分别考察了粉尘浓度、颗粒尺度及扬尘方法等因素对爆轰特性（如爆轰速度、最大压力等）的影响。结果表明，２μｍ球形铝粉最大爆轰压力达７．８ＭＰａ、稳态爆速达１．９５ｋｍ／ｓ；５μｍ铝粉亦有爆轰特征，但状态较弱；１３μｍ的铝粉达不到爆轰。混合物的浓度对爆轰参数有影响，并存在最优浓度，在此浓度下，爆轰参数取得最大值，而且最优浓度的值随粉尘颗粒直径增加而增大。扬尘方法对爆轰特性有影响，预混粉尘与激波卷扬粉尘对比实验表明，其压力与速度的典型差别分别高达３００％与７４％。     

水平管内油——水两相流动压降规律的实验研究

设计和建造了内径为26．1mm,长30m的水平不锈钢多相流实验环道,利用白油与水进行了油－水两相流流型和压降实验。本文针对各种流型,分析了油－水两相流动的压降规律和油－水混合液有效粘度,指出有效粘度法只适用于油－水分散流型的压降预测,对于分层流型式其它混合流型使用合适该种流型的压降预测模型来计算压降。研究结论对油田现场的油水混输管路的经济运行具有较大的指导意义。     

液体工质电热化学发射实验研究

介绍了小口径电热发射装置采用液体（含能或不含能）工质的电热发射实验结果及对结果的分析。对工质的种类、质量和装填方式，等离子体的破膜压力，电能与化学能匹配关系，弹重等参量进行了初步优化。结果表明，采用不含能工质可将０．５ｇ弹丸加速到１７８３ｍ／ｓ，采用含能工质可将０．５ｇ弹丸加速到２１６０ｍ／ｓ，０．３ｇ弹丸加速到２２００ｍ／ｓ以上。测得的压力曲线表明，在电能与化学能释放速率互补的条件下，可以得到明显的压力平台效应。     

离子注入聚酰亚胺的摩擦磨损性能研究

用Ｎ＋和Ｆｅ＋分别对芳香聚酰亚胺薄膜进行了离子注入处理，考察了注入前后聚酰亚胺与５２１００钢对摩时的摩擦磨损性能．结果表明，这２种离子注入都可以降低聚酰亚胺与钢对摩时的摩擦系数和磨损，而且高剂量（１０１６ｉｏｎｓ／ｃｍ２量级）离子注入的效果比低剂量（１０１４ｉｏｎｓ／ｃｍ２量级）离子注入的好，尤以３×１０１６ｉｏｎｓ／ｃｍ２的Ｆｅ＋注入改性作用更好     

可降解性表面活性剂体系下水平管内气液两相螺旋流实验研究

通过气液两相螺旋流实验仪器,研究具有可降解性的天然椰子油新型添加剂对于气液两相螺旋流流型影响以及流型的转变规律,并与表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)进行对比研究。实验工况设定为:实验介质为空气和水,含气率10%~90%,气相折算速度0.01~4.0m/s,液相折算速度0.01~4.0m/s,表面活性剂采用从植物提取的可降解性椰子油和SDBS,起旋装置为叶轮。实验观察到天然椰子油对于螺旋轴状流、螺旋团状流、螺旋弥散流转换特性的影响与SDBS的效果相类似,该三种流型发生条件相比于以往都有所提前,且存在范围被拓宽。浓度为500ppm时椰子油体系下的主要流型为螺旋弥散流,而SDBS体系下则以螺旋团状流为主。     

Characteristics of developing vertical bubbly flow under normal and microgravity conditions

The axial development of the void fraction profile, interfacial area concentration and Sauter mean bubble diameter of adiabatic nitrogen-water bubbly flows in a 9 mm-diameter pipe were measured using stereo image processing under normal and microgravity conditions. The flow measurements were performed at four axial locations (axial distance from the inlet, z normalized by the pipe diameter, D, z/D = 5, 20, 40 and 60) and with various flows: superficial gas velocity of 0.00840-0.0298 m/s, and superficial liquid velocity of 0.138-0.914 m/s. The effect of gravity on radial distribution of bubbles and the axial development of two-phase flow parameters is discussed in detail based on the obtained database and visual observation. Following Serizawa-Kataoka’s phase distribution pattern criteria under normal gravity conditions, the phase distribution pattern map was developed. Similar to normal gravity two-phase flows, wall, core and intermediate void peak patterns are observed under microgravity conditions but a transition void distribution pattern is not observed in the current experimental conditions. The data obtained in the current experiment are expected to contribute to the benchmarking of CFD simulation of phase distribution pattern and interfacial area concentration in forced convective pipe flow under microgravity conditions.     

Upward and downward inclination oil–water flows

The effect of upward (+5°, +10°) and downward (−5°) pipe inclinations on the flow patterns, hold up and pressure gradient during two-liquid phase flows was investigated experimentally for mixture velocities between 0.7 and 2.5 m/s and phase fractions between 10% and 90%. The investigations were performed in a 38 mm ID stainless steel test pipe with water and oil as test fluids. High-speed video recording and local impedance and conductivity probes were used to precisely identify the different flow patterns. In both positive and negative inclinations the dispersed oil-in-water regime extended to lower mixture velocities and higher oil fractions compared to horizontal flow. A new flow pattern, oil plug flow, appeared at both +5° and +10° inclination while the stratified wavy pattern disappeared at −5° inclination. The oil to water velocity ratio was higher for the upward than for the downward flows but in the majority of cases and all inclinations oil was flowing faster than water. At low mixture velocities the velocity ratio increased with oil fraction while it decreased at high velocities. The increase became more significant as the degree of inclination increased. The frictional pressure gradient in both upward and downward flows was in general lower than in horizontal flows while a minimum occurred at all inclinations at high mixture velocities during the transition from dispersed water-in-oil to dual continuous flow.     

Gas/shear-thinning liquid flows through pipes: Modeling and experiments

In chemical and oil industry gas/shear-thinning liquid two-phase flows are frequently encountered. In this work, we investigate experimentally the flow characteristics of air/shear-thinning liquid systems in horizontal and slightly inclined smooth pipes. The experiments are performed in a 9-m-long glass pipe using air and three different carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions as test fluids. Flow pattern maps are built by visual observation using a high-speed camera. The observed flow patterns are stratified, plug, and slug flow. The effects of the pipe inclination and the rheology of the shear-thinning fluid in terms of flow pattern maps are presented. The predicted existence region of the stratified flow regime is compared with the experimental observation showing a good agreement. A mechanistic model valid for air/power-law slug flow is proposed and model predictions are compared to the experimental data showing a good agreement. Slug flow characteristics are investigated by the analysis of the signals of a capacitance probe: slug velocity, slug frequency, and slug lengths are measured. A new correlation for the slug frequency is proposed and the results are promising.     

Multiphase drag reduction: Effect of eliminating slugs

Two-phase pressure drop measurements were taken for air/water mixtures in a 0.052-m diameter horizontal pipe with special focus on the superficial liquid velocity range of 0.03–1.2 m/s at superficial gas velocities of 3.8, 5.2, and 6.6 m/s. It was found that the addition of 400 ppm of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to the water reduced the pressure drop by 25–40% when compared to equal flow rates without SDS. The pressure drop reduction occurred where the SDS eliminated the occurrence of the intermittent flow present with water. It was also found that the same concentration of SDS had virtually no effect on single phase liquid pressure drop. The pressure drop reduction appears to be due solely to the suppression of intermittent flow patterns.     

Experimental investigation of three-phase flow in a vertical pipe: Local characteristics of the gas phase for gas-lift conditions

Laboratory experiments have been performed on the flow of oil, water and air through a vertical pipe in order to study the gas-lift technique for oil–water flows. Special attention was paid to the phase inversion phenomenon, by which the continuous phase switches to the dispersed phase and vice versa. By using different types of gas injectors the influence of the bubble size of the injected air on the efficiency of the gas-lift technique (in particular at the point of phase inversion) was studied. Also the gas and liquid mixture velocities were varied. The air bubbles were detected by means of optical fibre probes. Local measurements of the time-averaged gas volume fraction, bubble size and bubble velocity were carried out, as well as pressure measurements.     

Experimental investigation of air–oil slug flow using capacitance probes,hot-film anemometer,and image processing

Despite the importance of air–oil slug flows to many industrial applications, their available data reported in the literature are limited compared to air–water slug flows. The main objective of the present study is to explain how air–oil slug flow parameters can be experimentally investigated using hot-film anemometry, capacitance sensors and image processing. Experiments were performed using air–oil slug flow through a horizontal pipe for air superficial velocities ranged from 0.01 m/s to 0.65 m/s and oil superficial velocities ranged from 0.03 m/s to 2.3 m/s. The signal obtained from the hot-film anemometer was used to determine the time-averaged local void fraction and liquid velocity and turbulence intensity for air–oil slug flow. The capacitance signals along with the data obtained by image processing of the flow were used to determine the elongated bubble length and velocity. The measurements techniques used found to describe in detail the internal structure of the slug flow. Finally, the experimental results were compared to existing models and correlations.     

Equal quality distribution of gas–liquid two-phase flow by partial separation method

This paper proposes a new method for equal quality distribution of gas–liquid two-phase flow by partial separate-phase distribution with a dual-header distributor. The upper and liquid (lower) headers are interconnected with five vertical downward arms. A gas–liquid two-phase mixture enters the distributor from the upper header where most of the liquid of the mixture is removed through the downward arms into the liquid header. Hence, firstly, the remaining gas-rich fluid can be uniformly distributed into the outlet branches, and then secondly, the liquid collected in the liquid header can be uniformly re-distributed into the individual outlet branches. Because both distribution processes are conducted in the condition of single or near single-phase flow, mal-distribution of the two-phase flow is essentially eliminated, and a satisfactory equal quality distribution of gas–liquid two-phase flow is reached. Experiments were conducted in an air–water two-phase flow test loop. The inner diameter of the inlet pipe was 60 mm, the superficial velocity ranges of gas and liquid were 3–32 m/s and 0.02–0.17 m/s respectively, and the quality ranged from 0.02 to 0.44. The flow pattern in the inlet pipe included stratified flow, wavy stratified, slug flow, and annular flow. The experimental results showed that this new method could significantly improve the distribution performance of the two-phase flow. The maximum quality deviation between each outlet branch and the inlet pipe is less than ±1% under the conditions of stratified, wavy stratified and slug flows in the upper header, and less than ±5% in annular flow.     

Heat transfer to air–water annular flow in a horizontal pipe

Two-phase air–water flow and heat transfer in a 25 mm internal diameter horizontal pipe were investigated experimentally. The water superficial velocity varied from 24.2 m/s to 41.5 m/s and the air superficial velocity varied from 0.02 m/s to 0.09 m/s. The aim of the study was to determine the heat transfer coefficient and its connection to flow pattern and liquid film thickness. The flow patterns were visualized using a high speed video camera, and the film thickness was measured by the conductive tomography technique. The heat transfer coefficient was calculated from the temperature measurements using the infrared thermography method. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient at the bottom of the pipe is up to three times higher than that at the top, and becomes more uniform around the pipe for higher air flow-rates. Correlations on local and average Nusselt number were obtained and compared to results reported in the literature. The behavior of local heat transfer coefficient was analyzed and the role of film thickness and flow pattern was clarified.