Approximate results for rainbow labelings

A simple graph \(G=(V,\,E)\) is said to be antimagic if there exists a bijection \(f{\text {:}}\,E\rightarrow [1,\,|E|]\) such that the sum of the values of f on edges incident to a vertex takes different values on distinct vertices. The graph G is distance antimagic if there exists a bijection \(f{\text {:}}\,V\rightarrow [1,\, |V|],\) such that \(\forall x,\,y\in V,\)

$$\begin{aligned} \sum _{x_i\in N(x)}f\left( x_i\right) \ne \sum _{x_j\in N(y)}f\left( x_j\right) . \end{aligned}$$

Using the polynomial method of Alon we prove that there are antimagic injections of any graph G with n vertices and m edges in the interval \([1,\,2n+m-4]\) and, for trees with k inner vertices, in the interval \([1,\,m+k].\) In particular, a tree all of whose inner vertices are adjacent to a leaf is antimagic. This gives a partial positive answer to a conjecture by Hartsfield and Ringel. We also show that there are distance antimagic injections of a graph G with order n and maximum degree \(\Delta \) in the interval \([1,\,n+t(n-t)],\) where \( t=\min \{\Delta ,\,\lfloor n/2\rfloor \},\) and, for trees with k leaves, in the interval \([1,\, 3n-4k].\) In particular, all trees with \(n=2k\) vertices and no pairs of leaves sharing their neighbour are distance antimagic, a partial solution to a conjecture of Arumugam.

     

Approximate analytical solutions for Kolmogorov’s equations

This paper reports the explicit analytical solutions for Kolmogorov’s equations. Kolmogorov’s equations are commonly used to describe the structure of local isotropic turbulence, but their exact analytical solutions have not yet been found. In this paper, the closed-form solutions for two kinds of Kolmogorov’s equations are obtained. The derivations of the approximate solutions are based on the homotopy analysis method, which is a new tool for obtaining the approximate analytical solutions of both strong and weak nonlinear differential equations. To examine the validity of the approximate solutions, numerical comparisons between results from the homotopy analysis method and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method are carried out. It is shown that the results are in good agreement.     

Approximate analytical solutions for strong shocks with variable energy

Approximate analytical solutions are obtained for self-similar flows behind strong shocks with variable energy deposition or withdrawal at the wavefront in a perfect gas at rest with constant initial density. Numerical solutions are also obtained and the approximate solutions agree with these solutions. The effect of the adiabatic index on the solutions is investigated. The dependence of shock density ratio on the parameter characterizing the energy of the flow is studied. It is observed that the rate of deposition of energy at the wavefront decreases with increase of the parameter that specifies the total energy of the flow.     

Approximate analytical solution of Blasius'' equation

The Blasius' equation f″′ + ff″/2=0, with boundary conditions f(0) = f′(0)0, f′(+∞)=1 is studied in this paper. An approximate analytical solution is obtained via the variational iteration method. The comparison with Howarth's numerical solution reveals that the proposed method is of high accuracy.     

Approximate analytical solution for MHD stagnation-point flow in porous media

In this paper, the steady two-dimensional laminar forced MHD Hiemenz flow against a flat plate with variable wall temperature in a porous medium which was solved numerically using the implicit finite-difference of Keller-box method [Yih KA. The effect of uniform suction/blowing on heat transfer of magnetohydrodynamic Hiemenz flow through porous media. Acta Mech 1998;130:147–58] is revisited. A simple analytic approach of the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is employed to obtain an approximate analytical solution of the problem. The skin friction coefficient and the rate of heat transfer given by the ADM are in good agreement with the numerical solutions of the Keller-box method.     

Approximate analytical solutions of fractional gas dynamic equations

In this article, differential transform method (DTM) has been successfully applied to obtain the approximate analytical solutions of the nonlinear homogeneous and non-homogeneous gas dynamic equations, shock wave equation and shallow water equations with fractional order time derivatives. The true beauty of the article is manifested in its emphatic application of Caputo fractional order time derivative on the classical equations with the achievement of the highly accurate solutions by the known series solutions and even for more complicated nonlinear fractional partial differential equations (PDEs). The method is really capable of reducing the size of the computational work besides being effective and convenient for solving fractional nonlinear equations. Numerical results for different particular cases of the equations are depicted through graphs.     

Approximate analytical solution of fourth order boundary value problems

In this paper, the decomposition method is applied to boundary-value problems of fourth order for ordinary differential equations. AMS subject classification 65L10, 65L20, 34B15Waleed Al-Hayani: He was a professor in the Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq.     

Approximate analytical solutions of Schnakenberg systems by homotopy analysis method

In this paper, the homotopy analysis method (HAM) has been employed to obtain analytical solution of a two reaction–diffusion systems of fractional order (fractional Schnakenberg systems) which has been modeling morphogen systems in developmental biology. Different from all other analytic methods, HAM provides us with a simple way to adjust and control the convergence region of solution series by choosing proper values for auxiliary parameter h. The fractional derivative is described in the Caputo sense. The reason of using fractional order differential equations (FOD) is that FOD are naturally related to systems with memory which exists in most biological systems. Also they are closely related to fractals which are abundant in biological systems. The results derived of the fractional system are of a more general nature. Respectively, solutions of FOD spread at a faster rate than the classical differential equations, and may exhibit asymmetry. However, the fundamental solutions of these equations still exhibit useful scaling properties that make them attractive for applications.     

Some analytical results for congestion in subscriber line modules

In modern telephone exchanges, subscriber lines are usually connected to the so-called subscriber line modules. These modules serve both incoming and outgoing traffic. An important difference between these two types of calls lies in the fact that in the case of blocking due to all channels busy in the module, outgoing calls can be queued whereas incoming calls get busy signal and must be re-initiated in order to establish the required connection. The corresponding queueing model was discussed recently by Lederman, but only the model with losses has been studied analytically. In the present contribution, we study the model which takes into account subscriber retrials and investigate some of its properties such as existence of stationary regime, derive explicit formulas for the system characteristics, limit theorems for systems under high repetition intensity of blocked calls and limit theorems for systems under heavy traffic.     

Approximate controllability results for viscoelastic flows with infinitely many relaxation modes

We prove results on approximate controllability for linear viscoelastic flows, with a localized distributed control in the momentum balance equation. The constitutive law is a multimode Maxwell or Jeffreys model with an infinite number of relaxation modes.     

Integration algorithm for ordinary differential equations which produces analytical results

Translated from Vychislitel'nye Kompleksy i Modelirovanie Slozhnykh Sistem, pp. 153–166, Moscow State University, 1989.     

Preemptive repayment policy for multiple loans

We study the multi-loan-repayment problem by formulating it as a single-machine scheduling problem with preemptive and time-dependent processing times to minimize the makespan. We transform the scheduling problem into a continuous non-linear optimization problem and obtain an approximate solution by solving a series of the corresponding linear programming problems. We also identify agreeable conditions for the problem and discuss the computational complexity of the problem.     

Approximate analytical solutions for a mathematical model of a tubular packed-bed catalytic reactor using an Adomian decomposition method

In this paper, a mathematical model of a tubular packed-bed catalytic reactor, which is modeled by a system of strongly nonlinear second-order partial differential equations with incompatible boundary conditions, will be solved. By properly using the boundary conditions and correctly choosing the solution search direction, approximate analytic solutions for the model can be obtained by the Adomian decomposition method. When the values of the dimensionless parameters in the system are assigned within a suitable range, the solutions describe objectively the distributions of the temperature and key reactant concentration in the reactor.     

Redistribution of finite elastic strains after the formation of inclusions. Approximate analytical solution

A class of two-dimensional static problems of the stress-strain state of non-linearly elastic bodies, in which domains with different elastic properties (inclusions) arise after preloading, is considered. Problems are formulated and solved using the theory of the repeated superposition of finite strains. The mechanical properties of the initial material and the material of the inclusions are described by Murnaghan-type or Mooney-type constitutive relations. Two ways of specifying the constitutive relations for the material of an inclusion are considered: when there are inherent strains in this material and when there are not. Approximate analytical methods are used for the solution.     

Approximate analytical solutions of a class of boundary layer equations over nonlinear stretching surface

Third order nonlinear ordinary differential equations, subject to appropriate boundary conditions arising in fluid dynamics, are solved using three different methods viz., the Dirichlet series, method of stretching of variables, and asymptotic function method. Similarity transformations are used to convert the governing partial differential equations into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The numerical results obtained from the above methods for various problems are given in terms of skin friction. Our study revealed that the results obtained from these methods agree well with those of direct numerical simulation of ordinary differential equations. Also, these methods have advantages over pure numerical methods in obtaining derived quantities such as velocity profile accurately for various values of the parameters at a stretch.     

Approximate Optimality and Approximate Duality for Quasi Approximate Solutions in Robust Convex Semidefinite Programs

In this paper, we study quasi approximate solutions for a convex semidefinite programming problem in the face of data uncertainty. Using the robust optimization approach (worst-case approach), approximate optimality conditions and approximate duality theorems for quasi approximate solutions in robust convex semidefinite programming problems are explored under the robust characteristic cone constraint qualification. Moreover, some examples are given to illustrate the obtained results.     

Explicit analytical results for one-mode oblique penetration into a periodic array of screens

An analytical approach to scattering of a plane scalar wavethrough a periodic array of rigid screens is studied. The one-modeproblem with oblique incidence is considered and reduced toan integral equation (of the first kind) holding over each opening.An approximated form is given to the kernel so as to deriveexplicit results for the reflection and transmission coefficients.Numerical investigation and comparison with previous resultsare finally made and reflected on some figures.     

Modelling LGD for unsecured retail loans using Bayesian methods

Loss Given Default (LGD) is the loss borne by the bank when a customer defaults on a loan. LGD for unsecured retail loans is often found difficult to model. In the frequentist (non-Bayesian) two-step approach, two separate regression models are estimated independently, which can be considered potentially problematic when trying to combine them to make predictions about LGD. The result is a point estimate of LGD for each loan. Alternatively, LGD can be modelled using Bayesian methods. In the Bayesian framework, one can build a single, hierarchical model instead of two separate ones, which makes this a more coherent approach. In this paper, Bayesian methods as well as the frequentist approach are applied to the data on personal loans provided by a large UK bank. As expected, the posterior means of parameters that have been produced using Bayesian methods are very similar to the frequentist estimates. The most important advantage of the Bayesian model is that it generates an individual predictive distribution of LGD for each loan. Potential applications of such distributions include the downturn LGD and the stressed LGD under Basel II.