逆流式冷却塔填料及淋水分布的数值优化设计

在逆流式自然通风冷却塔流场、温度场和湿度场数值模拟工作的基础上,采用数值分析的方法研究了非均匀填料分布及非均匀淋水密度分布对提高冷却效率的影响,结合某电厂的工程设计实例,给出了最佳的填料层分布及淋水密度分布。     

流场非均匀性对非平面激波诱导的Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性影响的数值研究

基于Navier-Stokes方程组,采用可压缩多介质黏性流动和湍流大涡模拟程序MVFT (multi-viscousflow and turbulence),模拟了均匀流场与初始密度呈现高斯函数分布的非均匀流场中马赫数为1.25的非平面激波加载初始扰动air/SF6界面的Richtmyer-Meshkov (RM)不稳定性现象。数值模拟结果表明,初始流场非均匀性将会影响非平面激波诱导的RM不稳定性演化过程。反射激波加载前,非平面激波导致的界面扰动振幅随着流场非均匀性增强而增大;反射激波加载后,非均匀流场与均匀流场条件下的界面扰动振幅差异有所减小。进一步,定量分析流场中环量分布及脉动速度统计量揭示了前述规律的原因。此外,还与平面激波诱导的RM不稳定性进行了简单对比,发现由于非平面激波波阵面区域的涡量与激波冲击界面时产生的涡量的共同作用,使得非平面激波与平面激波诱导的界面失稳过程存在差异。     

水面舰船尾流电导率信号分布规律的研究

在舰船尾流区与非尾流区之间存在显著的速度差和盐度(或密度)差,利用电导率探头可获得对应于这些差别的尾流电导率信号。在水槽中形成了与海洋环境类似的盐度分层流场,由双螺旋桨自航水面船模产生尾流,分别在盐度分层流场和非分层均匀流场中测量了尾流电导率信号的横向分布,并对盐度分层流场中水面舰船尾流的纵向速度分布进行了数值计算。结果表明:在盐度分层流场和非分层均匀流场中水面舰船尾流的电导率信号沿其横向近似呈高斯分布;尾流速度对其电导率信号的影响比盐度梯度的影响大得多;尾流的无量纲纵向速度亏损的数值计算结果与尾流的相对电导率信号横向分布的实测结果具有很好的一致性。     

梯度非均匀有限层-基结构界面裂纹动态断裂的数值分析

研究了具有一个界面裂纹的有限尺寸梯度非均匀层-基结构在面内冲击载荷作用下的动态响应问题;提出了分析这类问题的一种数值方法,其核心是计算具有一定宽度的裂缝位移场,通过对到缝端距离及缝宽的双重插值求裂尖处动态应力强度因子。文中对涂层是弹性模量及密度连续变化的梯度非均匀材料,基体是各向同性均匀材料的层-基结构作了具体计算,数值结果清楚地显示出动态应力强度因子的时程变化规律,及有关参数(梯度参数,层厚,层长)对它的影响。     

三维空间下非均匀泥沙絮团分形维数计算方法比较

运用有限扩散凝聚模型对絮凝体的成长过程进行了三维模拟。在三维空间下,分别运用密度函数法、球体的回转半径法、沉降法推导了均匀沙、非均匀沙絮凝体分形维数的计算方法,建立模型计算并比较了各分形维数方法的计算值。结果表明:三种方法计算得出的分形维数均为1.75~2.19,回转半径法得到的分形维数略大于密度函数法和沉降法;均匀沙、非均匀沙维数均随颗粒数的增加而降低;非均匀沙絮团的分形维数略大于均匀沙絮团维数值。研究结果对黄河等高浊度细颗粒含沙水流的治理与处理具有一定的理论和实际应用价值。     

非均匀介质中流动和传热问题的有限分析法

数值求解非均匀介质中的输运问题广泛应用于科学计算和工程领域．介质的强非均匀性给相关问题的准确求解带来极大的困难．近年来，本课题组将有限分析法拓展到该领域，建立了非均匀介质中输运问题的有限分析法．该算法基于网格奇点邻域内类拉普拉斯方程局部解析解构建，算法具有很高的精度，且不依赖于介质的非均匀性强度．不管相邻网格传导率差异如何，仅需对原始网格进行很少地细分就可以获得非常准确的计算结果，因此与其他传统数值算法相比，可以大幅提高计算精度和效率．该算法可广泛应用于求解非均匀多孔介质中的渗流、复合材料中的热传导及电场分布等问题．     

脆性材料热-力耦合模型及热破裂数值分析方法

针对混凝土、岩石等脆性材料,利用热传导和热-力耦合的相关理论,并结合材料在细观尺度上的损伤演化规律,提出了一种考虑损伤的热-力耦合模型,并在原有材料破坏过程分析系统RFPA(Realistic Failure Process Analysis)模型的基础上建立了脆性材料热破裂过程分析的数值模拟方法.该方法考虑了脆性材料在细观层次上力学性质的非均匀性(包括强度、弹模、传导系数等),并通过统计分布函数建立了宏、细观力学性能之间的联系.对不同均匀程度材料的数值模拟结果表明:材料的非均匀性对热传导规律、热应力分布以及热破坏模式有较大的影响.材料热力学性质的非均匀性加剧了材料内部热应力分布的非均匀性,这是致使非均匀材料热破裂的一个重要因素.对稳态和瞬态热传导两种条件下的脆性介质破裂过程模拟分析表明,考虑瞬态热传导计算所得到的破裂区小于相同条件下稳态热传导所得到的结果,表明在热破裂过程分析中,应注重考虑瞬态热传导对破裂过程的影响.     

平行间隙的热楔承载机理分析

本文研究了在4类表面温度边界条件下的热密度楔和热黏度楔对承载能力的影响,指出平行间隙内的油膜也具有承载能力,并与传统的几何楔进行了比较,分析了热密度楔和热黏度楔的关系及其重要性.除了用传统的表面温度差原理来解释平行间隙的承载机理外,还通过数值分析提出了1种补充理论,指出即使2个平行表面之间没有温度差但因油膜内部温度分布不均匀油膜也会产生承载力.     

激波管实验研究非均匀流场R-M不稳定性

利用激波管装置及马赫数为1.27的弱入射激波实验研究了SF6非均匀流场的R-M不稳定性。Air/SF6初始正弦界面由厚度为0.5μm的薄膜相隔得到,由阴影方法记录界面演化过程。实验结果表明:由于不稳定性,重流体(SF6)向轻流体(Air)演化成"尖钉"结构,而轻流体演化为"气泡"结构;由于界面切向速度差的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性,"尖钉"头部翻转成蘑菇头形状;由于流场密度分布不均,低密度区流场扰动增长较快,扰动振幅发展的实验结果与PPM数值计算的结果较吻合。     

加筋材料的格形模型和统计数值方法

本文采用格形化方法和统计技术建立加筋复合材料有限元力学模型，使用自动选取载荷步长方法和非平衡迭代技术，对加筋复合材料的宏观等效模量和破坏全过程进行了数值模拟，分析了材料分布的非均匀程度，相对体积比和横截面加筋分布方式对加筋复合材料整体宏观等效模量和承载力的影响。     

Experimental study on the evaporative cooling of an air-cooled condenser with humidifying air

Using six different materials to construct a water curtain, this study aims to determine the most effective spray cooling of an air cooled heat exchanger under wet conditions. The experiments were carried out at a mass flow rate of 0.005–0.01 kg/s (spraying water), an airspeed of 0.6–2.4 m/s and a run time of 0–72 h for the material degradation tests. The experimental results indicate that the cooling efficiency, the heat rejection, and the sprinkling density increase as the amount of spraying water increases, but, the air-flow of the condenser is reduced at the same time. In addition, the cooling efficiency of the pads decreases with an increase of the inlet air velocity. In terms of experimental range, the natural wood pulp fiberscan can reach 42.7–66 % for cooling efficiency and 17.17–24.48 % for increases of heat rejection. This means that the natural wood pulp fiberscan pad most effectively enhances cooling performance, followed in terms of cooling effectiveness by the special non-woven rayon pad, the woollen blanket, biochemistry cotton and kapok, non-woven cloth of rayon cotton and kapok, and white cotton pad, respectively. However, the natural wood pulp fiberscan and special non-woven rayon display a relatively greater degradation of the cooling efficiency than the other test pads used in the material degradation tests.     

A 3D study on the effect of gate location on the cooling of polymer by injection molding

Injection molding is one of the most widely used plastic part processing. The quality of the injection molded part is a function of plastic material, part geometry, mold structure and process conditions. Gate location is among the most critical factors in achieving dimensionally accurate parts and high productivity of the molding process. To investigate the effect of the gate location on the cooling of polymer by injection molding, a full three dimensional time-dependent analysis is carried out for a mold with cuboids-shape cavity having two different thicknesses. The cooling of the polymer material is carried out by cooling water flowing inside six horizontal circular channels. Three gate locations are assumed, normal to the cavity surface, normal to the small thickness of the cavity, and normal to the large thickness of the cavity. A numerical model by finite volume is used for the solution of the physical model. A validation of the numerical model is presented. The results show that the gate location normal to the small thickness of the cavity achieves the minimum time required to completely solidify the product and minimum solidification of the product during the filling stage. They also indicate that the temperature distribution through the output product is greatly affected by the position of the injection gate location.     

Natural draft dry cooling tower modelling

Predictions based on a numerical simulation of a natural draft dry cooling tower (NDDCT) has been compared with those obtained theoretically and experimentally. Experiments are conducted in a lab-scale NDDCT and are validated with a three-dimensional numerical simulation of the flow in and around the heat exchangers, which is modelled as a porous medium. Both vertical and horizontal arrangements of the heat exchangers are examined. The experimental, numerical and theoretical approaches lead to very close prediction for the air velocity and temperature at the exit of the cooling tower. Results of this study are expected to be useful for future work on the development of air-cooled condensers for geothermal power plants in Australia.     

大型冷却塔的风致振动响应数值分析

风荷载是大型冷却塔建筑设计的主要荷载之一,通过风振时域分析可以全面地了解塔身的风振响应特性。本文探讨了采用线性滤波法中的自回归模型(auto-regressive,AR)模拟大型冷却塔风致振动响应的数值方法。首先根据AR模型,基于随机模拟方法,计算冷却塔表面不同高度的随机脉动风压。通过将随机脉动风压和平均风压作为冷却塔表面的外载,采用有限元分析软件计算某冷却塔的风致振动响应。结果表明,基于随机脉动风荷载模拟的数值计算方法,能正确反映冷却塔塔身的风振响应。该方法特别适用于冷却塔高度超出规范要求的情况下,评估冷却塔的风振响应。     

Thermal and hydraulic performance of a three-phase fluidized bed cooling tower

An experimental study was made of the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of a three-phase fluidized bed cooling tower. The experiments were carried out in a packed tower of 200 mm diameter and 2.5 m height. The packing used was spongy rubber balls 12.7 mm in diameter and with a density of 375 kg/m³. The tower characteristic was evaluated. The air-side pressure drop and the minimum fluidization velocity were measured as a function of water/air mass flux ratio (0.4–2), static bed height (300–500 mm), and hot water inlet temperature (301–334 K).

The experimental results indicate that the tower characteristics KaV/L increases with increases in the bed static height and hot water inlet temperature and with decreases in the water/air mass flux ratio. It is also shown that the air-side pressure drop increases very slowly with increases in air velocity. The minimum, fluidization velocity was found to be independent of the static bed height.

The data obtained were used to develop a correlation between the tower characteristics, hot water inlet temperature, static bed height, and the water/air mass flux ratio. The mass transfer coefficient of the three-phase fluidized bed cooling tower is much higher than that of packed-bed cooling towers with higher packing height.     

一类梁系结构线性稳定性分析的简化处理

本文给出了旋转壳与支承支柱系统组合结构线性稳定性分析的简化处理方案,即将空间梁系结构每根梁的单元刚度阵及几何阵按离散富氏系数变量叠加得等效刚度阵及几何阵。从所给算例知,这一简化处理是成功的,也说明稳定性分析反映的是结构的总体效应,局部区域的简化处理对整体结构临界载荷影响不大,但可使计算量大大减少。本文的计算方案及程序已应用于实际的冷却塔设计。     

基于压力迭代修正的大型冷却塔抗风性能分析

目前,大型冷却塔的抗风性能分析主要把得到的风压分布施加到结构上进行结构计算,没有考虑风载引起的结构变形对风压分布的影响,会产生较大的误差。本文结合计算流体力学与有限元分析的特点,建立了考虑结构变形影响的风压迭代修正模型,进行平均风压下大型冷却塔的抗风性能分析,并讨论了内部空气流动及淋水层的影响。计算结果与规范分析结果进...     

Contribution of air pollution to the fouling of heat exchangers in cooling water circuits

In an open recirculating system with a cooling tower, there are favorable conditions for the development of corrosion and fouling problems. These problems arise from the operating conditions and constant contamination of cooling water. A deep analysis of the system should provide the solutions for those problems. In the Sociedade Portuguesa de Oxigénio, SA, plant, a phosphate-based cooling water treatment ensures low corrosion rates. However, the fouling of heat exchange surfaces is promoted by the cooling water contamination. This contamination may result from the makeup water or from the air scrubbed in the tower. The fouling lowers the process efficiency and makes shutdowns for cleaning necessary. The air pollution produced by a neighboring plant is the main cause for fouling. To solve this problem, a decision was made to invest in equipment for makeup water treatment and reduce the stagnation conditions in the heat exchangers. It was also decided to hold negotiations to persuade the polluting company to reduce the particle emission to the atmosphere.     

Economic and technical assessment of the desiccant wheel effect on the thermal performance of cross flow cooling towers in variable wet bulb temperature

Performance improvements of cross flow cooling towers in variable wet bulb temperature were performed. A conventional mathematical model is used to predict desiccant wheel effect on the performance of cooling tower. It is found that by using optimum parameters of desiccant wheel, the inlet air wet bulb temperature into the cooling tower would decrease more than 6 °C and outlet water temperature would decrease more than 4 °C.