溴化环氧树脂印刷线路板热分解机理实验研究

印刷线路板广泛应用于电子电器产品中,随着大量电子废弃物的产生,印刷线路板的回收处理得到了广泛关注.     

废弃印刷电路板材料裂解产物的高分辨裂解气相色谱-质谱分析

采用高分辨裂解气相色谱-质谱法(PyGC-MS)分析了FR-4型印刷电路板粉末样品的裂解产物。在氦气氛围中,分别在350,450,550,650和750 ℃下对印刷电路板粉末样品进行热裂解,并通过毛细管气相色谱-质谱对裂解产物进行分析,研究了不同裂解温度下裂解产物分布以及主要裂解产物的产率与裂解温度的关系,根据热分解产物的组成,探讨了热分解反应机理。     

废弃电路板塑料颗粒流化床热解实验研究

应用热重 红外研究了电路板热解过程的动力学方程和相关产物。在高温流化床惰性气氛条件下热解电路板塑料颗粒,采用元素分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱等方法分析所收集的高沸点液体和固体的性质。结果表明,当温度和气速分别升高时,液体产品的收率也随之升高。热解油主要成分是芳烃,含有苯的取代官能团,热解固体产物主要成分是碳和玻璃纤维。     

熔融盐对印刷线路板热解影响实验研究

在固定床反应器中进行热解实验,考察不同热解终温、不同熔融盐添加量下印刷线路板热解过程中碳的气相转化率,并对热解液体和固体产物进行特性分析。结果表明,熔融盐的存在可以明显提高热解过程碳的气相转化率,减少液体产物产率。在未添加熔融盐的条件下,热解终温900℃时,碳的气相转化率为35.94%,液体产物产率为28.29%。添加 (71%Na2CO3-29%K2CO3) 熔融盐后,热解终温700℃时,碳的气相转化率为40.76%,液体产物产率为22.34%。添加 (8.3%Na2CO3-91.7%NaOH) 熔融盐后,碳的气相转化率达到59.36%,液体产物产率减少为6.88%。元素分析结果表明,熔融盐的存在可以减少固体残渣中的含碳量,而液体产物的H/C原子比为1.12～1.20。     

Microwave-assisted extraction for qualitative and quantitative determination of brominated flame retardants in styrenic plastic fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)

A fast method for the determination of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in styrenic polymers using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) was developed. Different extraction parameters (extraction temperature and time, type of solvent, particle size) were first optimised for standard high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) samples containing known amounts of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca-BDE). Complete extraction of TBBPA was achieved using a combination of polar/non-polar solvent system (isopropanol/n-hexane) and high extraction temperatures (130 °C). Lower extraction yields were, however, obtained for Deca-BDE, due to its high molecular weight and its non-polar nature. The developed method was successfully applied to the screening of BFRs in standard plastic samples from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE); TBBPA could be fully recovered, and Deca-BDE could be identified, together with minor order polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners.     

Comparative study of aqueous and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis in the separation of halogenated phenolic and bisphenolic compounds in water samples

Capillary zone electrophoresis methods, based on either aqueous and non-aqueous solutions as running buffers and UV spectrophotometric detection, have been developed and optimized for the separation of several halogenated phenolic and bisphenolic compounds, suspected or proved to exhibit hormonal disrupting effects. Both aqueous capillary electrophoresis (CE) and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) methods were suitable for the analysis of compounds under study. The separation of the analytes from other 25 potentially interfering phenolic derivatives was achieved with NACE method. Large-volume sample stacking using the electroosmotic flow pump (LVSEP) was assayed as on-column preconcentration technique for sensitivity enhancement. LVSEP-CE and LVSEP-NACE improved peak heights by 5-26 and 16-330 folds, respectively. To evaluate their applicability, the capillary electrophoresis methods developed were applied to the analysis of water samples, using solid-phase extraction as sample pre-treatment process.     

Poly(ester imide)s possessing low coefficients of thermal expansion and low water absorption (IV): Effects of ester‐linked tetracarboxylic dianhydrides with longitudinally extended structures

A series of poly(ester imide)s (PEsIs) were prepared using longitudinally extended structures of ester‐linked tetracarboxylic dianhydrides with different numbers of aromatic rings (N_Ar = 4‐6). In the PEsIs obtained using p‐phenylenediamine (p‐PDA), a clear trend was observed: the water absorption (W_A) decreased with increasing N_Ar. In contrast, no clear decrease in the T_g with increasing N_Ar was observed for the PEsIs obtained using 4,4′‐oxydianiline (4,4′‐ODA). The PEsIs obtained using a methyl‐substituted tetracarboxylic dianhydride (N_Ar = 5) showed more suppressed W_A and higher elongation at break (ε_b) values than those of the nonsubstituted counterparts. The former result is probably closely related to the enhanced crystallinity. However, methyl substitution caused an appreciable reduction in the thermal stability. Thus, the methyl‐substituted PEsIs did not meet the V‐0 standard in the UL‐94V test, unlike the substituent‐free counterparts. The PEsI copolymer obtained using the substituent‐free tetracarboxylic dianhydride (N_Ar = 6) with p‐PDA (75 mol%) and 4,4′‐ODA (25 mol%) had excellent combined properties, ie, a very high T_g (361°C), an ultralow coefficient of thermal expansion (2.2 ppm K^?1), an extremely low coefficient of hygroscopic expansion (3.3 ppm/RH%), moderate film ductility (ε_b^max = 23%), a moderate dielectric constant (3.22), and a low tan δ (2.76 × 10^?3) at 10 GHz in 50% relative humidity. Thus, this PEsI is a promising novel dielectric substrate material for use in the next generation of high‐performance flexible printed circuit boards.     

Application of polydimethylsiloxane rod extraction to the determination of sixteen halogenated flame retardants in water samples

An extraction and preconcentration procedure for the determination in water samples of several halogenated flame retardants (FRs), nine brominated diphenyls ethers (BDEs) and seven non-BDE FRs, was developed and validated. The optimised procedure is based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) rods as sorptive extraction material, followed by liquid desorption and gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionisation–mass spectrometry (GC–NCI–MS) determination, rendering an efficient and inexpensive method. The final optimised protocol consists of overnight extraction of 100 mL of sample solutions containing 40% MeOH and 4% NaCl, followed by a 15-min sonication-assisted desorption with 300 μL of ethyl acetate, solvent evaporation and GC–NCI–MS analysis. Under these conditions, extraction efficiencies in the 9 to 70% range were obtained, leading to enrichment factors between 108 and 840, detection limits in the range from 0.4 to 10 ng L⁻¹and RSD values in the 2–23% range. After method validation, different real water samples, including river, ria, sea, landfill leachate, influent and effluent wastewater from an urban sewage treatment plant (STP) and effluent wastewater from a textile industry, were analysed. BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-197 were detected in wastewater and landfill leachate samples at concentration levels up to 2887 ng L⁻¹. Among the non-BDE FRs, bis (2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (DEHTBP) was detected in surface water samples (sea, river and ria) between 1.3 and 2.2 ng L⁻¹ and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) in the landfill leachate (64 ng L⁻¹).