A NOTE ON MORI-TANAKA＇S METHOD

Explicit expressions of Mori-Tanaka＇s tensor for a transversely isotropic fiber rein- forced UD composite are presented. Closed-form formulae for the effective elastic properties of the composite are obtained. In a 3D sense, the resulting compliance tensor of the composite is symmetric. Nevertheless, the 2D compliance tensor based on a deteriorated Mori-Tanaka＇s tensor is not symmetric. Nor is the compliance tensor defined upon a deteriorated 2D Eshelby＇s tensor. The in-plane effective elastic properties given by those three approaches are different. A detailed comparison between the predicted results obtained from those approaches with experimental data available for a number of UD composites is made.     

Asymptotic solutions by the successive disordering method

We develop the periodic componentmethod [1] and represent the solution of a stochastic boundary value elasticity problem for a random quasiperiodic structure with a given disordering degree of inclusions in the matrix via the deviations from the corresponding solution for a random structure with a smaller disordering degree. An example in which the tensor of elastic properties of a composite is calculated is used to illustrate the asymptotic and differential approaches of the successive disordering method. The asymptotic approach permits representing the quasiperiodic structure with a given chaos coefficient and the desired tensor of effective elastic properties as a result of small successive disordering of an originally ideally periodic structure of a composite with known tensor of elastic properties. In the differential approach, a differential equation is obtained for the tensor of effective elastic properties as a function of the chaos coefficient. Its solution coincides with the solution provided by the asymptotic approach. The solution is generalized to the case of piezoactive composites, and a numerical analysis of the effective properties is performed for a PVF (polyvinylidene fluoride) piezoelectric with various quasiperiodic structures on the basis of the cubic structure with spherical inclusions of a high-module elastic material.     

Periodic Homogenization and Material Symmetry in Linear Elasticity

Here homogenization theory is used to establish a connection between the symmetries of a periodic elastic structure associated with the microscopic properties of an elastic material and the material symmetries of the effective, macroscopic elasticity tensor. Previous results of this type exist but here more general symmetries on the microscale are considered. Using an explicit example, we show that it is possible for a material to be fully anisotropic on the microscale and yet the symmetry group on the macroscale can contain elements other than plus or minus the identity. Another example demonstrates that not all material symmetries of the macroscopic elastic tensor are generated by symmetries of the periodic elastic structure.     

考虑材料性能空间分布不确定性的可靠度拓扑优化

论文研究了考虑材料性能空间分布不确定性的连续体结构可靠度拓扑优化问题。其中,材料的弹性模量视为具有给定概率分布特征的随机场,其离散采用级数最优线性估值法（EOLE）。随机结构的响应以及相应的灵敏度分析采用多项式混沌展开（PCE）近似表达,并采用Monte Carlo方法验证了该方法的精度。结构的可靠度分析采用一次可靠度方法（FORM）,在优化问题的求解中,对双层嵌套方法和序列近似规划（SAP）方法进行了对比。数值算例中,该方法应用于二维和三维结构的拓扑优化问题,优化结果验证了方法的正确性和有效性。     

On Isotropic Invariants of the Elasticity Tensor

Isotropic invariants of the elasticity tensor always yield the same values no matter what coordinate system is concerned and therefore they characterize the linear elasticity of a solid material intrinsically. There exists a finite set of invariants of the elasticity tensor such that each invariant of the elasticity tensor can be expressed as a single-valued function of this set. Such a set, called a basis of invariants of the elasticity tensor, can be used to realize a parametrization of the manifold of orbits of elastic moduli, i.e. to distinguish different kinds of linear elastic materials. Seeking such a basis is an old problem in theory of invariants and seems to have been unsuccessful until now. In this paper, by means of the unique spectral decomposition of the elasticity tensor every invariant of the elasticity tensor is shown to be a joint invariant of the eigenprojections of the elasticity tensor, and then by utilizing some properties of the eigenprojections a basis for each case concerning the multiplicity of the eigenvalues of the elasticity tensor is presented in terms of joint invariants of the eigenprojections. In addition to the foregoing properties, the presented invariants may also be used to form invariant criteria for identification of elastic symmetry axes.     

Asymptotic determination of effective elastic properties of composite materials with fibrous square-shaped inclusions

We propose an asymptotic approach for evaluating effective elastic properties of two-components periodic composite materials with fibrous inclusions. We start with a nontrivial expansion of the input elastic boundary value problem by ratios of elastic constants. This allows to simplify the governing equations to forms analogous to the transport problem. Then we apply an asymptotic homogenization method, coming from the original problem on a multi-connected domain to a so called cell problem, defined on a characterizing unit cell of the composite. If the inclusions' volume fraction tends to zero, the cell problem is solved by means of a boundary perturbation approach. When on the contrary the inclusions tend to touch each other we use an asymptotic expansion by non-dimensional distance between two neighbouring inclusions. Finally, the obtained “limiting” solutions are matched via two-point Padé approximants. As the results, we derive uniform analytical representations for effective elastic properties. Also local distributions of physical fields may be calculated. In some partial cases the proposed approach gives a possibility to establish a direct analogy between evaluations of effective elastic moduli and transport coefficients. As illustrative examples we consider transversally-orthotropic composite materials with fibres of square cross section and with square checkerboard structure. The obtained results are in good agreement with data of other authors.     

Spectral decomposition of the compliance fourth-rank tensor for orthotropic materials

Summary The compliance tensor related to orthotropic media is spectrally decomposed and its characteristic values are determined. Further, its idempotent tensors are estimated, giving rise to energy orthogonal states of stress and strain, thus decomposing the elastic potential in discrete elements. It is proven that the essential parameters, required for a complete characterisation of the elastic properties of an orthotropic medium, are the six eigenvalues of the compliance tensor, together with a set of three dimensionless parameters, the eigenangles θ, ϕ and ω. In addition, the intervals of variation of these eigenangles with respect to different values of the elastic constants are presented. Furthermore, bounds on Poisson's ratios are obtained by imposing the thermodynamical constraint on the eigenvalues to be strictly positive, as specified from the positive-definite character of the elastic potential. Finally, the conditions are investigated under which a family of orthotropic media behaves like a transversely isotropic or an isotropic one. Received 5 January 1999; accepted for publication 22 June 1999     

Stochastic modeling and generation of random fields of elasticity tensors: A unified information-theoretic approach

In this Note, we present a unified approach to the information-theoretic modeling and simulation of a class of elasticity random fields, for all physical symmetry classes. The new stochastic representation builds upon a Walpole tensor decomposition, which allows the maximum entropy constraints to be decoupled in accordance with the tensor (sub)algebras associated with the class under consideration. In contrast to previous works where the construction was carried out on the scalar-valued Walpole coordinates, the proposed strategy involves both matrix-valued and scalar-valued random fields. This enables, in particular, the construction of a generation algorithm based on a memoryless transformation, hence improving the computational efficiency of the framework. Two applications involving weak symmetries and sampling over spherical and cylindrical geometries are subsequently provided. These numerical experiments are relevant to the modeling of elastic interphases in nanocomposites, as well as to the simulation of spatially dependent wood properties for instance.     

Homogenization of Polycrystalline¶Aggregates

The effective elastic properties of a polycrystalline material depend on the single crystal elastic constants of the crystallites comprising the polycrystal and on the manner in which the crystallites are arranged. In this paper we apply the techniques of homogenization to put the problem of determining effective elastic constants in a precise mathematical framework that permits us to derive an expression for the effective elasticity tensor. We also study how the homogenized elasticity tensor changes as the probability characterizing the ensemble changes. Under the assumption that the field of orientations of the crystallographic axes of the crystallites is an independent random field, we show that our theory is compatible with the formulation used in texture analysis. In particular, we are able to prove that the physical assumption made by [10] in his study of weakly-textured polycrystals holds true. In addition, we establish some elementary bounds on the material constants that characterize the effective elasticity tensor of weakly-textured orthorhombic aggregates of cubic crystallites. Accepted: (June 15, 1999)     

Orthotropic bone remodeling: case of plane stresses

Cancellous bone is constituted by a porous solid matrix filled with fluid. Matrix microstructure gives bone most of its mechanical strength properties. In our macroscopic approach, bone is seen as a continuous medium with a local (at our scale) time-dependent linearly elastic orthotropic behavior. Remodeling consists, by matrix material apposition or resorption, in microstructure modifications in order to optimize its mechanical characteristics. The proposed model is built on a time iterative procedure where the compliance tensor evolves such that, depending on the applied stresses, principal strains tend to fall within an admissible domain. The suggested remodeling laws in this work modify the elasticity “constants” as well as the orthotropy directions. The first results presented here correspond to the plane stresses case.     

On quantitative characterization of microstructures and effective properties

Proper quantitative characterization of microstructures, for the purpose of modeling the effective properties, is discussed. This is a broad subject that covers different physical properties (elastic, conductive, transport, etc.), as well as various types of microstructures. The present work focuses on microstructures that can be characterized as continuous matrices containing isolated inhomogeneities of diverse shapes, properties and orientations. We address their proper quantitative characterization in the context of elastic and conductive properties (transport and fracture-related properties are also briefly discussed).Proper microstructural parameters must correctly represent the individual inhomogeneity contributions to the considered property. They may differ for different physical properties. The key problem is to identify the mentioned individual contributions. For the elastic properties, we demonstrate, on a number of microstructures, how the proper parameters are implied by the elastic potential. Relative importance of various “irregularity factors” (shape irregularities, orientation scatter) is analyzed.We discuss similarities and differences between microstructural parameters intended for different physical properties. The possibility of explicit cross-property connections between two physical properties depends on whether the proper microstructural parameters for these two properties are sufficiently similar. We outline such explicit connections between the elastic and the conductive properties.The micromechanical approach is compared with the one based on an a priori introduced “fabric” tensors and general tensor representations that contain a number of uncertain factors. Various problems arising in this context are discussed.     

LIMITATION OF AVERAGE ESHELBY TENSOR AND ITS APPLICATION IN ANALYSIS OF ELLIPSE APPROXIMATION

By the aid of irreducible decomposition, the average Eshelby tensor can be expressed by two complex coefficients in 2D Eshelby problem. This paper proved the limitation of complex coefficients based on the span of elastic strain energy density. More discussions yielded the constraints on the sampling of module and phase difference of complex coefficients. Using this information, we obtained that the maximum relative error is 65.78% after an ellipse approximation. These results, as a supplement to our previous paper, further implied that Eshelby's solution for an ellipsoidal inclusion could not be applied to non-ellipsoidal inclusions without taking care.     

Compatible model for herringbone bond masonry: Linear elastic homogenization,failure surfaces and structural implementation

A simplified kinematic procedure at a cell level is proposed to obtain in-plane elastic moduli and macroscopic masonry strength domains in the case of herringbone masonry. The model is constituted by two central bricks interacting with their neighbors by means of either elastic or rigid-plastic interfaces with friction, representing mortar joints. The herringbone pattern is geometrically described and the internal law of composition of the periodic cell is defined.A sub-class of possible elementary deformations is a-priori chosen to describe joints cracking under in-plane loads. Suitable internal macroscopic actions are applied on the Representative Element of Volume (REV) and the power expended within the 3D bricks assemblage is equated to that expended in the macroscopic 2D Cauchy continuum. The elastic and limit analysis problem at a cell level are solved by means of a quadratic and linear programming approach, respectively.To assess elastic results, a standard FEM homogenization is also performed and a sensitivity analysis regarding two different orientations of the pattern, the thickness of the mortar joints and the ratio between block and mortar Young moduli is conducted. In this way, the reliability of the numerical model is critically evaluated under service loads.When dealing with the limit analysis approach, several computations are performed investigating the role played by (1) the direction of the load with respect to herringbone bond orientation, (2) masonry texture and (3) mechanical properties adopted for joints.At a structural level, a FE homogenized limit analysis is performed on a masonry dome built in herringbone bond. In order to assess limit analysis results, additional non-linear FE analyses are performed, including a full 3D numerical expensive heterogeneous approach and models where masonry is substituted with an equivalent macroscopic material with orthotropic behavior and possible softening. Reliable predictions of collapse loads and failure mechanisms are obtained, meaning that the approach proposed may be used by practitioners for a fast evaluation of the effectiveness of herringbone bond orientation.     

Linear water wave propagation through multiple floating elastic plates of variable properties

We investigate the problem of linear water wave propagation under a set of elastic plates of variable properties. The problem is two-dimensional, but we allow the waves to be incident from an angle. Since the properties of the elastic plates can be set arbitrarily, the solution method can also be applied to model regions of open water as well as elastic plates. We assume that the boundary conditions at the plate edges are the free boundary conditions, although the method could be extended straightforwardly to cover other possible boundary conditions. The solution method is based on an eigenfunction expansion under each elastic plate and on matching these expansions at each plate boundary. We choose the number of matching conditions so that we have fewer equations than unknowns. The extra equations are found by applying the free-edge boundary conditions. We show that our results agree with previous work and that they satisfy the energy balance condition. We also compare our results with a series of experiments using floating elastic plates, which were performed in a two-dimensional wave tank.     

Elastic fields and effective moduli of particulate nanocomposites with the Gurtin–Murdoch model of interfaces

A complete solution has been obtained for periodic particulate nanocomposite with the unit cell containing a finite number of spherical particles with the Gurtin–Murdoch interfaces. For this purpose, the multipole expansion approach by Kushch et al. [Kushch, V.I., Mogilevskaya, S.G., Stolarski, H.K., Crouch, S.L., 2011. Elastic interaction of spherical nanoinhomogeneities with Gurtin–Murdoch type interfaces. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 59, 1702–1716] has been further developed and implemented in an efficient numerical algorithm. The method provides accurate evaluation of local fields and effective stiffness tensor with the interaction effects fully taken into account. The displacement vector within the matrix domain is found as a superposition of the vector periodic solutions of Lamé equation. By using local expansion of the total displacement and stress fields in terms of vector spherical harmonics associated with each particle, the interface conditions are fulfilled precisely. Analytical averaging of the local strain and stress fields in matrix domain yields an exact, closed form formula (in terms of expansion coefficients) for the effective elastic stiffness tensor of nanocomposite. Numerical results demonstrate that elastic stiffness and, especially, brittle strength of nanoheterogeneous materials can be substantially improved by an appropriate surface modification.     

Physically-Based Approach to the Mechanics of Strong Non-Local Linear Elasticity Theory

In this paper the physically-based approach to non-local elasticity theory is introduced. It is formulated by reverting the continuum to an ensemble of interacting volume elements. Interactions between adjacent elements are classical contact forces while long-range interactions between non-adjacent elements are modelled as distance-decaying central body forces. The latter are proportional to the relative displacements rather than to the strain field as in the Eringen model and subsequent developments. At the limit the displacement field is found to be governed by an integro-differential equation, solved by a simple discretization procedure suggested by the underlying mechanical model itself, with corresponding static boundary conditions enforced in a quite simple form. It is then shown that the constitutive law of the proposed model coalesces with the Eringen constitutive law for an unbounded domain under suitable assumptions, whereas it remains substantially different for a bounded domain. Thermodynamic consistency of the model also has been investigated in detail and some numerical applications are presented for different parameters and different functional forms for the decay of the long range forces. For simplicity, the problem is formulated for a 1D continuum while the general formulation for a 3D elastic solid has been reported in the appendix.     

Stochastic homogenization analysis on elastic properties of fiber reinforced composites using the equivalent inclusion method and perturbation method

This paper describes a methodology for evaluation of influence of microscopic uncertainty in material properties and geometry of a microstructure on a homogenized macroscopic elastic property of an inhomogeneous material. For the analysis of the stochastic characteristics of a homogenized elastic property, the first-order perturbation method is used. In order to analyze the influence of microscopic geometrical uncertainty, the perturbation-based equivalent inclusion method is formulated. In this paper, an analytical form of the perturbation term using the equivalent inclusion method is provided.As a numerical example, macroscopic stochastic characteristics such as an expected value or variance of the homogenized elastic tensor of a unidirectional fiber reinforced plastic, which is caused by microscopic uncertainty in material properties or geometry of a microstructure, are estimated with computing the first order perturbation term of the homogenized elastic tensor. Compared the results of the proposed method with the results of the Monte-Carlo simulation, validity, effectiveness and a limitation of the perturbation-based homogenization method is investigated.     

Direct and Inverse Problems in Elastic Multilayers with Reflection Data

The paper deals with the reflection-transmission process generated by a multilayer with homogeneous, isotropic elastic slabs. The direct problem, namely the determination of reflected and transmitted (and internal) waves in terms of the incident one, is investigated and the solution is proved to exist and be unique. The proof is based on the validity of a first integral. Next the inverse problem is considered to determine the material parameters of the slabs through the measure of the (frequency-dependent) reflection coefficient at the boundary of the multilayer. As a result, the material parameters are found in closed form, though for two slabs only.     

方形固-液声子晶体的全反射隧穿及其多通道滤波

为了研究一维固-液结构方形声子晶体中弹性波的全反射隧穿效应,利用传输矩阵法计算了弹性波在大于全反射角入射一维固-液结构方形声子晶体的透射率。在透射波中发现了全反射隧穿效应,并且全反射隧穿峰具有优良的多通道滤波特性。得出了一维固-液结构声子晶体的全反射隧穿的滤波特性随周期数、模式量子数、边长的变化规律。为设计性能优良的多通道声子晶体滤波器提供了理论依据。     

基于绝对节点坐标的多柔体系统动力学高效计算方法

绝对节点坐标法已经被广泛应用于柔性多体系统的动力学研究之中, 但是其计算效率问题尚未得到很好的解决. 基于绝对节点坐标方法计算弹性力及其对广义坐标的偏导数矩阵(Jacobi矩阵), 通常是基于第二类Piola-Kirchhoff应力张量来完成, 计算效率不高.根据虚功原理并采用第一类Piola-Kirchhoff应力张量的方法直接推导得到了弹性力及其Jacobi矩阵的解析表达式. 基于不同方法所得的数值算例结果对比研究表明, 该方法可使计算效率大大提高.