Direct photon emission from hadronic sources: hydrodynamics vs. transport theory

Direct photon emission in heavy-ion collisions is calculated within the relativistic microscopic transport model UrQMD. We compare the results from the pure transport calculation to a hybrid-model calculation, where the high-density part of the evolution is replaced by an ideal 3-dimensional fluid-dynamic calculation. The effects of viscosity, present in the transport model but neglected in ideal fluid dynamics, are examined. We study the contribution of different production channels and non-thermal collisions to the spectrum of direct photons. Detailed comparisons to the measurements by the WA 98 collaboration are undertaken.     

Nucleation barriers for the liquid-to-crystal transition in simple metals: Experiment vs. simulation

Crystal nucleation in the one-component metals Ni and Au is investigated using a combination of differential thermal analysis (DTA) experiments and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. A novel experimental methodology allows to measure nucleation rates J over a range of 8 orders of magnitude. Evidence is given that these rates correspond to homogeneous nucleation. From the nucleation rates, free energy nucleation barriers ΔG ^? are extracted using an ansatz obtained in the framework of classical nucleation theory (CNT). The latter ansatz is rationalized by MC simulations that directly yield estimates for the temperature dependence of ΔG ^?. The values of ΔG ^?, as determined from the simulation, are in very good agreement with those extracted from the experiments. The simulations indicate that in the range where experiments are available the corrections to CNT are relatively small, thus justifying the application of CNT. We also discuss how the conditions for heterogeneous nucleation on a flat or structured wall can be obtained from computer simulations.     

A three-level analytic model for alkali metal vapor lasers: part I. Narrowband optical pumping

A three-level analytic model for optically pumped alkali metal vapor lasers is developed by considering the steady-state rate equations for the longitudinally averaged number densities of the ground ²S_1/2 and first excited ²P_3/2, and ²P_1/2 states. The threshold pump intensity includes both the requirements to fully bleach the pump transition and exceed optical losses, typically about 200  W/cm². Slope efficiency depends critically on the fraction of incident photons absorbed and the overlap of pump and resonator modes, approaching the quantum efficiency of 0.95–0.98, depending on the alkali atom. For marginal cavity transmission losses, peak performance is achieved for low output coupling mirror reflectivity. For efficient operation, the collisional relaxation between the two upper levels should be fast to prevent bottlenecking. By assuming a statistical distribution between the upper two levels, the limiting analytic solution for the quasi two-level system is achieved. For properly designed gain conditions, the quasi two-level solution is usually achievable and represents ideal performance.     

Nanomagnetism:Principles,nanostructures,and biomedical applications

Nanomagnetism is the origin of many unique properties in magnetic nanomaterials that can be used as building blocks in information technology, spintronics, and biomedicine. Progresses in nanomagnetic principles, distinct magnetic nanostructures, and the biomedical applications of nanomagnetism are summarized.     

Oxides,Oxides, and More Oxides: High-κ Oxides,Ferroelectrics, Ferromagnetics,and Multiferroics

We review and critique the recent developments on multifunctional oxide materials, which are gaining a good deal of interest. Recongnizing that this is a vast area, the focus of this treatment is mainly on high-κ dielectric, ferroelectric, magnetic, and multiferroic materials. Also, we consider ferrimagnetic oxides in the context of the new, rapidly developing field of negative-index metamaterials. This review is motivated by the recent resurgence of interest in complex oxides owing to their coupling of electrical, magnetic, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties, which make them suitable for a wide variety of applications, including heat, motion, electric, and magnetic sensors; tunable and compact microwave passive components; surface acoustic wave devices; nonlinear optics; and nonvolatile memory, and pave the way for designing multifunctional devices and unique applications in spintronics and negative refraction-index media. For most of the materials treated here, structural and physical properties, preparation methods accompanied by particulars of synthesis of thin films, devices based on them, and some projections into their future applications are discussed.     

β-MODIFICATION OF ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE: PREPARATION,STRUCTURE, PROCESSING,PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATION

The methods of preparation and formation of supermolecular structures in quiescent and sheared melts and the properties of the β-modification of isotactic polypropylene (β-iPP) are reviewed. The introduction of selective β-nucleants is the most reliable method for preparation of samples rich in β-modification or of pure β-iPP. The advantages and drawbacks of the known β-nucleating agents are summarized. It is emphasized that pure β-iPP can be prepared under laboratory and processing conditions in the presence of highly active and selective β-nucleants. Nevertheless, there are no literature data—apart from that of the author's groups—which evidenced unambiguously the formation of pure β-iPP. It hints at the insufficient selectivity of β-nucleants used or at the inappropriate crystallization or melting conditions applied by other scientists. The structure formation during the high-temperature hedritic crystallization is discussed comprehensively and illustrated by polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy micrographs. Some specific features of β-iPP, namely the high- and low-temperature growth transition, the restricted temperature range of the formation of pure β-iPP, and the unique melting and recrystallization characteristics (melting and annealing memory effect) are summarized. It was emphasized that impact strength and toughness of β-iPP markedly exceed those of α-iPP. Processing of β-nucleated iPP and application of β-nucleated iPP is described briefly.     

ZnS:Cu,Eu,Br粉末ACEL的老化

退火的处理方法对ZnS:Cu,Eu,Br粉末ACEL材料的老化性能有明显的改善,但处理时颗粒表面必须包有过剩的铜,否则将破坏发光性能。若用氰化钾洗去表面过剩的铜后,再进行包铜退火处理,发光亮度部分恢复,老化性能改善。我们认为处理后老化性能改善的原因,不是改善了发光中心的条件,可能是改善了Cu2S相的条件,因而抑制了离子的迁移。     

ZnS:Ag,Al和ZnS:Cu,Al磷光体发光的浓度猝灭

虽然在磷光体研究的初期,人们已广泛地知道浓度猝灭这一现象,但是仍然不了解其本质。即对随激活剂、共激活剂浓度的增加发生什么样的无辐射过程是不清楚的。 有人提出一个模型,解释在六角的ZnS:     

Quantum geometrodynamics: whence,whither?

Quantum geometrodynamics is canonical quantum gravity with the three-metric as the configuration variable. Its central equation is the Wheeler–DeWitt equation. Here I give an overview of the status of this approach. The issues discussed include the problem of time, the relation to the covariant theory, the semiclassical approximation as well as applications to black holes and cosmology. I conclude that quantum geometrodynamics is still a viable approach and provides insights into both the conceptual and technical aspects of quantum gravity.

These considerations reveal that the concepts of spacetime and time itself are not primary but secondary ideas in the structure of physical theory. These concepts are valid in the classical approximation. However, they have neither meaning nor application under circumstances when quantum-geometrodynamical effects become important. ...There is no spacetime, there is no time, there is no before, there is no after. The question what happens “next” is without meaning [1].

Dedicated to the memory of John Archibald Wheeler.     

Diode-pumped, All-solid-state Cr:LiSGaF Laser

A compact and efficient CW Cr: LiSGaF laser pumped by two 670 nm laser diodes was reported. Average power as high as 125 mW was generated with a absorbed pump power of 800 mW. The slope efficiency was 17.2%, and the threshold was 72 mW. The tunability of the laser in detail was investigated and a tuning range of 100 nm from 790 to 890 nm was obtained.     

All-Orders Evolution of Parton Distributions: Principle,Practice, and Predictions

Parton distribution functions(PDFs) are defining expressions of hadron structure. Exploiting the role of effective charges in quantum chromodynamics, an algebraic scheme is described which, given any hadron’s valence parton PDFs at the hadron scale, delivers predictions for all its PDFs(unpolarized and polarized) at any higher scale. The scheme delivers results that are largely independent of both the value of the hadron scale and the pointwise form of the charge; and, inter alia, enables deriva...     

A thin radar-infrared stealth-compatible structure:Design,fabrication,and characterization

A thin radar-infrared stealth-compatible structure with reflectivity below -10 dB in the whole radar X wave band and infrared emissivity less than 0.3 in the infrared region of 8μm-14 μm is reported. The designed stealth-compatible structure consists of metallic frequency selective surface （MFSS）, resistive frequency selective surface （RFSS）, and metal backing from the top down, and it is only 2. l-mm thick. The MFSS is made up of some divided low infrared emissivity metal copper films, and the RFSS consists of a capacitive array of square resistive patches. They are placed close together, working as an admittance sheet because of a mutual influence between them, and the equivalent admittance sheet greatly reduces the thickness of the whole structure. The proposed stealth-compatible structure is verified both by simulations and by experimental results. These results indicate that our proposed stealth-compatible structure has potential applications in stealth fields.     

高功率Cr,Tm,Ho:YAG激光器的实验研究

在医学应用上,Cr,Tm,HoYAG激光器需要在大功率、高重频下工作.合理的设计对提高Cr,Tm,HoYAG激光器的输出功率是很重要的.通过对Cr,Tm,HoYAG输出特性进行理论分析和实验验证可知,腔长、全反射镜曲率半径、输出镜透过率、水温等因素对Cr,Tm,HoYAG激光器的输出功率均有影响.提出了优化设计Cr,Tm,HoYAG激光器的方法.在镀银腔情况下,当重频为10Hz时,激光阈值为45J,斜效率为1.1%;当输入能量为121J时,输出的平均功率为9.7W.在陶瓷聚光腔情况下,当重频为10Hz时,激光阈值为40J,斜效率为2.7%;当输入能量为100J时,输出的平均功率为16.2W.