饱和砂土的循环边界面本构模型

饱和砂土在循环加卸载过程中,土体发生显著的组构变化和塑性变形的累积.试验现象分析表明,循环过程中,砂土的首次与再循环塑性模量既有区别又有联系.因此,论文引入考虑组构变化的剪胀内变量,并提出循环塑性模量的关系式,真实描述上述两种现象;进而基于已有本构模型的基础,建立饱和砂土的循环边界面本构模型.最后,将饱和砂土的模型预测结果与三轴试验结果进行验证对比,得到较好地吻合,这表明该模型能够合理反映饱和砂土循环加卸载的变形行为.     

材料生长与变形的连续介质模型:弹性本构方程

本文着重探讨了生长变形体连续介质理论中的本构模型。首先列出了描述生长变形体能量平衡的微分方程以及熵不等式；以此为基础，通过将密度演化的历史作为独立的本构变量扩展了理性力学的因果性公理与决定性公理，具体而详细地推导了简单材料的生长弹性本构方程，给出了这些本构方程中的相关本构变量之间的约束不等式，得到了“生长变形体的自由能与其密度成反比”的结论，并从热力学上对这一结果进行了定性的解释。最后，文中对几个尚待解决的问题进行了说明，并指出了今后的发展方向。     

General Expressions of Constitutive Equations for Isotropic Elastic Damaged Materials

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＳｉｎｃｅｔｈｅｐｉｏｎｅｅｒｉｎｇｗｏｒｋｓｂｙＫａｃｈａｎｏｖ[1]ａｎｄＲａｂｏｔｎｏｖ[2 ]ｆｏｒｃｒｅｅｐｆａｉｌｕｒｅｏｆｍｅｔａｌｓ,ｔｈｅｄａｍａｇｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎｇｒｅａｔｌｙｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄａｎｄｈａｓｂｅｃｏｍｅａｍｏｓｔａｃｔｉｖｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｒｅａ[3- 6 ].Ｔｈｅｄｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎｏｆｄａｍａｇｅｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｖｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｉｓａｂａｓｉｃｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｔｈｅｄａｍａｇｅｍｅｃｈａｎ ｉｃｓ.Ｔｈｅｓｔｒａｉ…     

钛酸钙系电流变液在直流电场下损耗模量的研究

研究了直流电场下钛酸钙系电流变液在动态振荡剪切模式下损耗模量的变化。用流变仪测试了不同颗粒体积分数材料在不同的温度和电场下损耗模量随应变的关系曲线。讨论了颗粒体积分数、温度、电场强度以及频率对材料损耗模量的影响。以理论推导和试验数据拟合的方法给出了损耗模量与颗粒体积分数、振荡频率、温度以及电场强度等参数的半经验数学关系式。理论值对比试验结果表明,本文损耗模量表达式与试验结果符合较好,可以用于预测直流电场下钛酸钙系电流变液在动态振荡剪切模式下颗粒体积分数、温度、电场强度、频率和剪切应变对损耗模量的影响。     

A Micropolar Theory of Porous Media: Constitutive Modelling

The extension of the classical mixture theory by the concept of volume fractions leads to the theory of porous media. In this article, the theory of porous media is generalised to micropolar constituents. The kinematic relations and the balance equations for a porous medium are developed without restricting the number of constituents. Based on the entropy inequality, the general form of the constitutive equations are derived for a binary medium consisting of a porous elastic skeleton saturated by a viscous pore-fluid. Both constituents are assumed to be compressible. Handling the saturation constraint by a Lagrangian multiplier leads to a compatibility of the proposed model to so-called hybrid and incompressible models.     

循环加载作用下皮肤应力软化的连续介质模型

皮肤组织作为富含纤维的非均匀材料,具有复杂的力学特性．皮肤组织在循环加载作用下,随着循环次数的增加,加载过程的应力响应逐渐降低,并最终达到不随循环次数增加而改变的稳定状态,这种现象被称为应力软化行为．本文对加载过程中纤维的延展机制对宏观力学响应的影响进行研究,认为在外界载荷较小时该机制主导了宏观层次上的应力软化行为,随着外界载荷的增大,拉伸过程中微观结构损伤的演化开始产生影响,而且此时内部微观结构的演化由两种机制共同影响,据此建立了连续介质模型,将宏观尺度上应力软化行为和微观结构的演化相关联．将所获得的应力响应理论结果与猪离体头部皮肤在循环加载作用下的实验结果进行对比分析,证明了该模型能够合理地描述皮肤组织在循环加载作用下的应力软化行为．     

体积分数对基于沸石和硅油的悬浮液的电流变性能的影响

用 HAAKE RV2 0型流变仪 ,在不同外加电场强度和不同颗粒体积分数下测试了基于沸石和硅油的电流变液的剪切应力变化 .结果表明 :随着外加电场强度升高 ,电流变液的零电场粘度急剧增加 ,电流变液的剪切屈服应力增加 ;随着电流变液中沸石颗粒体积分数升高 ,电流变液的剪切屈服强度急剧上升 .这种变化可以用颗粒间作用力与颗粒间距的关系、单位面积的颗粒链数目变化以及多体作用对电流变液性能的影响来解释     

Multicomponent, Multiphase Thermodynamics of Swelling Porous Media with Electroquasistatics: II. Constitutive Theory

In Part I macroscopic field equations of mass, linear and angular momentum, energy, and the quasistatic form of Maxwell's equations for a multiphase, multicomponent medium were derived. Here we exploit the entropy inequality to obtain restrictions on constitutive relations at the macroscale for a 2-phase, multiple-constituent, polarizable mixture of fluids and solids. Specific emphasis is placed on charged porous media in the presence of electrolytes. The governing equations for the stress tensors of each phase, flow of the fluid through a deforming medium, and diffusion of constituents through such a medium are derived. The results have applications in swelling clays (smectites), biopolymers, biological membranes, pulsed electrophoresis, chromotography, drug delivery, and other swelling systems.     

Experimental Study of the Dynamic Effect of an Internal Solitary Wave on a Submerged Circular Cylinder

The hydrodynamic loads due to the interaction of a small-amplitude internal solitary wave with a submerged circular cylinder in a two-layer system of miscible fluids were studied experimentally. The dependence of the internal-wave transmission coefficient on the position of the center of the cylinder relative to the pycnocline and on the ratio of the cylinder diameter to the fluid-layer thickness was obtained. The effects of the pycnocline thickness and the depth of the center of the cylinder on the value of the hydrodynamic loads were studied. Visualization of the flow structure was performed. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 36–44, November–December, 2005.     

Local Symmetry Group in the General Theory of Elastic Shells

We establish the local symmetry group of the dynamically and kinematically exact theory of elastic shells. The group consists of an ordered triple of tensors which make the shell strain energy density invariant under change of the reference placement. Definitions of the fluid shell, the solid shell, and the membrane shell are introduced in terms of members of the symmetry group. Within solid shells we discuss in more detail the isotropic, hemitropic, and orthotropic shells and corresponding invariant properties of the strain energy density. For the physically linear shells, when the density becomes a quadratic function of the shell strain and bending tensors, reduced representations of the density are established for orthotropic, cubic-symmetric, and isotropic shells. The reduced representations contain much less independent material constants to be found from experiments.     

基于SMP破坏准则的饱和砂土弹塑性本构模型

利用土体的塑性流动理论，提出了用于描述饱和砂土在单调荷载作用下的应力一应变反应性质的弹塑性本构模型。土体总的变形由三部分组成：即弹性应变、与体积屈服机制相关的塑性应变和与剪切屈服机制相关的塑性应变，其中与剪切屈服机制相关的塑性应变的得出是基于SMP破坏准则。通过将模型预测的结果与试验结果进行对比，表明该模型能够较为准确地描述饱和砂土在单调加载条件下的反应性质。     

非比例循环塑性内时本构关系研究

在Valanis的内时本构理论的框架中,引入内结构张量以反映由于非比例加载而引起金属材料的附加等向强化及异向强化效应,同时提出材料强化程度的度量采用沿路径法线方向的塑性应变分量来描述.这些考虑的有效性已经通过用所建模型对304不锈钢材料在一些典型非比例循环加载路径下的响应进行的理论预测得到了验证;将该模型应用于U71Mn材料室温单轴棘轮行为描述中,结果显示内结构张量的引入不仅能较好地反映应变控制下的非比例附加效应,而且也能较好地反映应力控制下塑性应变的累积及变化率.     

Phenomenological Modeling of Electrorheological Fluids with an Extended Casson-Model

In this paper we propose a phenomenological theory for electrorheological fluids. In general these are suspensions which undergo dramatic changes in their material properties if they are exposed to an electric field. In the context of continuum mechanics these fluids can be modeled as non-Newtonian fluids. Recalling the governing equations of rational thermodynamics and electrodynamics of moving media (Maxwell-Minkowski-equations), we derive suitable governing equations of electrorheology using essentially two assumptions concerning magnetic quantities. Furthermore we introduce a 3-dimensional nonlinear constitutive equation for the Cauchy stress tensor which is an extension of the model proposed by Ružička (see [14]). Assuming a viscometric flow, we compare the shear stress of our model with other well known models and fit the parameters by using measurements that were obtained in a rotational viscometer. Excellent agreement between model and measurements is achieved. On the basis of these results we propose a 3-dimensional model, the so-called extended Casson -model. This model is investigated further for a channel flow configuration with a homogeneous electric field. We determine analytical solutions for the electric field, the velocity and the volumetric flow rate and illustrate the velocity profiles and the predicted pressure drop. The velocity profiles are flattened compared to parabolic profiles and become more flat if the electric field increases. Received March 21, 2000     

基于Ottosen本构关系的混凝土三维损伤模型

提出基于混凝土已有本构模型建立混凝土三维损伤模型的方法，该方法无需再进行新的参数标定，计算损伤不必通过对损伤演化方程的积分获得。基于Ottosen本构模型建立了相应的损伤模型，就损伤参量和Ottosen非线性指标的不同选取方式，对典型比例加载情形的全过程进行损伤分析，发现基于刚度下降和基于变形能力损失的两种不同损伤描述具有互补性，非线性指标采用比例增大法计算较为简单合理。     

Variable viscosity effects on the peristaltic motion of a third‐order fluid

The effect of variable viscosity on the peristaltic motion of MHD third‐order fluid in a channel is studied using slip condition. The series solution for stream function, longitudinal velocity and pressure gradient are first derived and then discussed in detail. The pressure rise and frictional forces are monitored through numerical integration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

描述大应变率范围下材料响应的粘塑性本构模型

以位错动力学理论中的Ｏｒｗａｎ和Ｇｉｌｍａｎ关系为基础建立描述率相关材料非弹性响应的基本方程，选择材料准静态实验的单轴响应作为强化演化的规律，并考虑应变率敏感程度随变形产生变化的特性，建立了适用于大应变率范围内率相关材料的统一型粘塑性本构模型。对铝１１００－０在应变率范围１０－５～１０４ｓ－１内产生的有限塑性应变的单轴响应进行了理论预测，与Ｋｈａｎ和Ｈｕａｎｇ［１］的实验数据及模型预测结果进行了比较，结果表明本文模型具有较高的预测精度，在高应变率和较大应变下不容忽视率敏感参数随变形的变化。     

金属橡胶材料基于微弹簧组合变形的细观本构模型

研究了金属橡胶材料细观本构模型。依据金属橡胶材料变形的主要特征,分析了微弹簧沿轴向和径向变形的规律,分别推导了应力应变关系的解析表达式,由两种微弹簧的组和变形构造了代表性体积单元-微元体。为了反映因铺层引起的工艺各向异性,本构方程中引入了一个新的材料参数铺层比例系数iβ,该参数可以较好地表征细观结构中微弹簧取向的分布状况。在大量试验的基础上,提出了确定铺层系数的实验方法,进而建立了包含金属橡胶材料细观结构信息的本构方程。理论与实验结果比较表明,本文建立的本构模型能较好的反映材料的力学行为。     

饱和砂土的循环边界面本构模

饱和砂土在循环加卸载过程中,土体发生显著的组构变化和塑性变形的累积。试验现象分析表明,循环过程中,砂土的首次与再循环塑性模量既有区别又有联系。因此,论文引入考虑组构变化的剪胀内变量,并提出循环塑性模量的关系式,真实描述上述两种现象;进而基于已有本构模型的基础上,建立饱和砂土的循环边界面本构模型。最后,将饱和砂土的模型预测结果与三轴试验结果进行验证对比,得到较好地吻合,这表明该模型能够合理反映饱和砂土循环加卸载的变形行为。     

Interaction of Internal Gravity Current with an Obstacle on the Channel Bottom

The problem of hydrodynamic loads arising from the interaction of gravity currents with an obstacle on the channel bottom was studied experimentally. The gravity-current structure was visualized at the stage of formation and at the stage of interaction with the obstacle. The dependence of the propagation velocity of the gravity-current front on the nondimensional current depth and the Archimedes number was studied. In the region of self-similarity in the Archimedes number, the behavior of hydrodynamic-load coefficients was studied as a function of the nondimensional gravity current depth.__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 39–46, July–August, 2005.     

电流变体粘弹性能的实验研究

电流变体是智能材料与结构中一种重要的致动器材料。本文对电流变体在电场作用下的粘弹性特性进行了实验研究。使用旋转式流变仪对表征流体粘性的蠕变特性进行了测试。同时,对电流变体进行了强制振荡试验,测试了流体在不同应力幅值、应力频率下的剪切模量主变化,得到了电流变体的复剪切模量以及剪切存储模量、损耗模量承承中电场变化的规律。