Effect of non-acoustic parameters on heterogeneous sonoporation mediated by single-pulse ultrasound and microbubbles

Sonoporation—transient plasma membrane perforation elicited by the interaction of ultrasound waves with microbubbles—has shown great potential for drug delivery and gene therapy. However, the heterogeneity of sonoporation introduces complexities and challenges in the realization of controllable and predictable drug delivery. The aim of this investigation was to understand how non-acoustic parameters (bubble related and bubble-cell interaction parameters) affect sonoporation. Using a customized ultrasound-exposure and fluorescence-imaging platform, we observed sonoporation dynamics at the single-cell level and quantified exogenous molecular uptake levels to characterize the degree of sonoporation. Sonovue microbubbles were introduced to passively regulate microbubble-to-cell distance and number, and bubble size. 1 MHz ultrasound with 10-cycle pulse duration and 0.6 MPa peak negative pressure were applied to trigger the inertial collapse of microbubbles. Our data revealed the impact of non-acoustic parameters on the heterogeneity of sonoporation. (i) The localized collapse of relatively small bubbles (diameter, D < 5.5 μm) led to predictable sonoporation, the degree of which depended on the bubble-to-cell distance (d). No sonoporation was observed when d/D > 1, whereas reversible sonoporation occurred when d/D < 1. (ii) Large bubbles (D > 5.5 μm) exhibited translational movement over large distances, resulting in unpredictable sonoporation. Translation towards the cell surface led to variable reversible sonoporation or irreversible sonoporation, and translation away from the cell caused either no or reversible sonoporation. (iii) The number of bubbles correlated positively with the degree of sonoporation when D < 5.5 μm and d/D < 1. Localized collapse of two to three bubbles mainly resulted in reversible sonoporation, whereas irreversible sonoporation was more likely following the collapse of four or more bubbles. These findings offer useful insight into the relationship between non-acoustic parameters and the degree of sonoporation.     

Sonophotocatalytic inactivation of E. coli using ZnO nanofluids and its mechanism

The present study evaluated inactivation efficiency of a sonophotocatalytic process using ZnO nanofluids including ultrasonic parameters such as power density, frequency and time. The result showed that inactivation efficiency was increased by 20% when ultrasonic irradiation was combined with photocatalytic process in the presence of natural light. Comparison of inactivation efficiency in photocatalytic, ultrasonic and sonocatalytic processes using Escherichia coli as a model bacteria identified that inactivation efficiencies are shown in the following order: ultrasonic irradiation < sonocatalysis < photocatalysis < sonophotocatalysis. Furthermore, inactivation mechanism of sonophotocatalysis was proposed. Studies of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and zinc ions (Zn²⁺) release evaluation revealed that ROS play a key role in bacterial inactivation rather than Zn²⁺. Permeability of outer membrane (OM) and inner membrane (IM) of E. coli bacterial cells were studied and exhibited that sonophotocatalysis increased the permeability of OM and IM significantly. The enhanced bacterial inactivation effect in sonophotocatalytic process contributed to acoustic cavitation, sonocatalysis of ZnO and sonoporation phenomenon.     

Ultrasound-mediated gene delivery into suspended plant cells using polyethyleneimine-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles

Sonoporation, ultrasound-mediated membrane perforation can potentially puncture plasma membrane and rigid cell wall on presumably reversible basis which benefit gene transfection and plant biotechnology. Herein, positively charged poly-ethyleneimine (PEI)-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with an average diameter of 100 ± 8.7 nm was synthesized for GUS-encoding plasmid delivery into the suspended tobacco cells using the ultrasound treatment. The overall potential of PEI-MSN for DNA adsorption was measured at 43.43 μg DNA mg⁻¹ PEI-MSNs. It was shown that high level of sonoporation may adversely upset the cell viability. Optimal conditions of ultrasonic treatment are obtained as 8 min at 3 various intensities of 160, 320 and 640 W. Histochemical staining assay was used to follow the protein expression. It was shown that PEI-coated MSNs efficiently transfer the GUS-encoding plasmid DNA into the tobacco cells. The results of this study showed that ultrasonic treatment provides an economical and straightforward approach for gene transferring into the plant cells without any need to complicated devices and concerns about safety issues.     

Synergistic effects of negative-charged nanoparticles assisted by ultrasound on the reversal multidrug resistance phenotype in breast cancer cells

We have fabricated a negative-charged nanoparticle (Heparin-Folate-Tat-Taxol NP, H-F-Tat-T NP) with dual ligands, tumor targeting ligand folate and cell-penetrating peptide Tat, to deliver taxol presenting great anticancer activity for sensitive cancer cells, while it fails to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) in MCF-7/T cells (taxol-resistant breast cancer cells). Ultrasound (US) can increase the sensitivity of positive-charged NPs thereby making it possible to reverse MDR through inducing NPs’ drug release. However, compared with the negative-charged NPs, positive-charged NPs may cause higher toxic effect. Hence, the combination of negative-charged NPs and US may be an efficient strategy for overcoming MDR. The conventional procedure to treat with NPs followed by US exposure possibly destruct multifunctional NPs resulting in its bioactivity inhibition. Herein, we have further improved the operating approach to eliminate US mechanical damage and keep the integrity of negative-charged NPs: cells are exposed to US with microbubbles (MBs) prior to the treatment of H-F-Tat-T NPs. Superior to the conventional method, US sonoporation affects the physiological property of cancer cells while preventing direct promotion of drug release from NPs. The results of the present study displayed that US in condition (1 MHz, 10% duty cycle, duration of 80 s, US intensity of 0.6 W/cm² and volume ratio of medium to MBs 20:1) combined with H-F-T-Tat-T NPs can achieve optimal reversal MDR effect in MCF-7/T cells. Mechanism study further disclosed that the individual effect of US was responsible for the enhancement of cell membrane permeability, inhibition of cell proliferation rate and down-regulation of MDR-related genes and proteins. Simultaneously, US sonoporation on resistant cancer cells indirectly increased the accumulation of NPs by inducing endosomal escape of negative-charged NPs. Taken together, the overcoming MDR ability for the combined strategy was achieved by the synergistic effect from individual function of NPs, physiological changes of resistant cancer cells and behavior changes of NPs caused by US.     

Microanatomy and ultrastructure of outer mantle epidermis of the cuttlefish,Sepia esculenta (Cephalopoda: Sepiidae)

This study describes the ultrastructural characteristics of external epidermis of mantle of Sepia esculenta using light and electron microscopy. The epidermis was thicker on the ventral surface than on the dorsal surface, with a higher secretory cell distribution on the ventral surface than on the dorsal surface. The epidermis was a single layer composed of epithelial cells, secretory cells, ciliated cells and neuroglial cells. Epithelial cells were columnar with well-developed microvilli on the free surface, and the microvilli were covered with glycocalyx. The epithelial cells were connected to the neighboring cells by tight junctions and membrane interdigitations of the apico-frontal surface. Well-developed microfilaments were arranged in a vertical direction in the cortical cytoplasm. The secretory cells were categorized into three types (A, B and C) in accordance with the light microscopical characteristics and ultrastructures of the secretory granules. The distribution of these cells was in the following order: Type A > Type B > Type C. SEM observation revealed that the secretory pore size of the Type A secretory cells was approximately 8.6 μm × 12.2 μm. Cytoplasm displayed a red color as the result of Masson's trichrome stain and H–E stain, and contained polygonal granules of approximately 1.2 μm² with a high electron density. The secretory pore size of the Type B secretory cells was approximately 10.1 μm × 12.1 μm. As the results of AB–PAS (pH 2.5) and AF–AB (pH 2.5) reactions, the cytoplasm displayed a red color. The cells contained membrane bounded secretory granules with very low electron density. The secretory pore of the Type C secretory cells was circular shape, and approximately 5.5 μm × 5.5 μm. Cytoplasm was found to be homogeneous under H–E stain and Masson's trichrome stain, and displayed a red color. As the result of AB–PAS (pH 2.5) reaction, the cytoplasm displayed a red color. The electron density of the secretory substance was the highest among the three types of secretory cells. The ciliated cells had a ciliary tuft on the free surface and were distributed throughout the mantle with the exception of the adhesive organs. Neuroglial cells were connected to the basal membrane, epithelial cells, secretory cells and nerve fibers through cytoplasmic process, and contained neurosecretory granules with high electron density within the cytoplasm.     

Structural and permeability sensitivity of cells to low intensity ultrasound: Infrared and fluorescence evidence in vitro

This work is focused on the in vitro study of the effects induced by medical ultrasound (US) in murine fibroblast cells (NIH-3T3) at a low-intensity of exposure (spatial peak temporal average intensity I_ta < 0.1 W cm⁻²). Conventional 1 MHz and 3 MHz US devices of therapeutic relevance were employed with varying intensity and exposure time parameters. In this framework, upon cells exposure to US, structural changes at the molecular level were evaluated by infrared spectroscopy; alterations in plasma membrane permeability were monitored in terms of uptake efficiency of small cell-impermeable model drug molecules, as measured by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The results were related to the cell viability and combined with the statistical PCA analysis, confirming that NIH-3T3 cells are sensitive to therapeutic US, mainly at 1 MHz, with time-dependent increases in both efficiency of uptake, recovery of wild-type membrane permeability, and the size of molecules entering 3T3. On the contrary, the exposures from US equipment at 3 MHz show uptakes comparable with untreated samples.     

Effects of processing parameters in the sonic assisted water extraction (SAWE) of 6-gingerol

The use of water in subcritical conditions for extraction has several drawbacks. These include the safety features, higher production costs and possible degradation of the bioactive compounds. To overcome these problems, sonic energy and an entrainer were used as external interventions to decrease the polarity of water at milder operating conditions. The effect of low (28 kHz) and high (800 kHz) frequencies of sonication in the extraction of the main ginger bioactive compound (6-gingerol) were compared. Six parameters were studied: mean particle size (MPS, mm), time of extraction, applied power, sample to solvent ratio (w/v), temperature of extraction, and the percentage of entrainer. The optimum conditions for high frequency SAWE prototype were MPS 0.89–1.77 mm, 45 min, 40 W applied power, 1:30 (w/v), 45 °C, and 15% of ethanol as entrainer. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) gave the most significant parameter, which was power with F (1, 45.07), p < 2.50 × 10⁻⁹. Although the effect of low frequency was stronger than high frequency, at the optimum conditions of the sample to solvent ratio 1:30 (w/v) with 700 mL solvent and temperature 45 °C, the concentration and recovery of 6-gingerol from high frequency of SAWE prototype was 2.69 times higher than at low frequency of SAWE. It was found that although the effects of high frequency (800 kHz) were negligible in other studies, it could extract suitable compounds, such as 6-gingerol, at lower temperature. Therefore, the effects of sonication, which cause an enlargement in the cell wall of the ginger plant matrix, were observed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). It was found that the applied power of sonication was the most significant parameter compared to the other parameters.     

Dual frequency cavitation event sensor with iodide dosimeter

The inertial cavitation activity depends on the sonication parameters. The purpose of this work is development of dual frequency inertial cavitation meter for therapeutic applications of ultrasound waves. In this study, the chemical effects of sonication parameters in dual frequency sonication (40 kHz and 1 MHz) were investigated in the progressive wave mode using iodide dosimetry. For this purpose, efficacy of different exposure parameters such as intensity, sonication duration, sonication mode, duty factor and net ultrasound energy on the inertial cavitation activity have been studied. To quantify cavitational effects, the KI dosimeter solution was sonicated and its absorbance at a wavelength of 350 nm was measured. The absorbance values in continuous sonication mode was significantly higher than the absorbance corresponding to the pulsed mode having duty factors of 20–80% (p < 0.05). Among different combination modes (1 MHz_100% + 40 kHz_100%, 1 MHz_100% + 40 kHz_80%, 1 MHz_80% + 40 kHz_100%, 1 MHz_80% + 40 kHz_80%), the continuous mode for dual frequency sonication is more effective than other combinations (p < 0.05). The absorbance for this combined dual frequency mode was about 1.8 times higher than that obtained from the algebraic summation of single frequency sonications. It is believed that the optimization of dual frequency sonication parameters at low-level intensity (<3 W/cm²) by optically assisted cavitation event sensor can be useful for ultrasonic treatments.     

A new way to apply ultrasound in cross-flow ultrafiltration: Application to colloidal suspensions

A new coupling of ultrasound device with membrane process has been developed in order to enhance cross-flow ultrafiltration of colloidal suspensions usually involved in several industrial applications included bio and agro industries, water and sludge treatment. In order to reduce mass transfer resistances induced by fouling and concentration polarization, which both are main limitations in membrane separation process continuous ultrasound is applied with the help of a vibrating blade (20 kHz) located in the feed channel all over the membrane surface (8 mm between membrane surface and the blade). Hydrodynamic aspects were also taking into account by the control of the rectangular geometry of the feed channel.Three colloidal suspensions with different kinds of colloidal interaction (attractive, repulsive) were chosen to evaluate the effect of their physico-chemical properties on the filtration.For a 90 W power (20.5 W cm⁻²) and a continuous flow rate, permeation fluxes are increased for each studied colloidal suspension, without damaging the membrane. The results show that the flux increase depends on the initial structural properties of filtered dispersion in terms of colloidal interaction and spatial organizations.For instance, a Montmorillonite Wyoming–Na clay suspension was filtered at 1.5 × 10⁵ Pa transmembrane pressure. Its permeation flux is increased by a factor 7.1, from 13.6 L m⁻² h⁻¹ without ultrasound to 97 L m⁻² h⁻¹ with ultrasound.     

Study and optimization of the ultrasound-enhanced cleaning of an ultrafiltration ceramic membrane through a combined experimental–statistical approach

Membrane fouling is one of the main drawbacks of ultrafiltration technology during the treatment of dye-containing effluents. Therefore, the optimization of the membrane cleaning procedure is essential to improve the overall efficiency. In this work, a study of the factors affecting the ultrasound-assisted cleaning of an ultrafiltration ceramic membrane fouled by dye particles was carried out. The effect of transmembrane pressure (0.5, 1.5, 2.5 bar), cross-flow velocity (1, 2, 3 m s⁻¹), ultrasound power level (40%, 70%, 100%) and ultrasound frequency mode (37, 80 kHz and mixed wave) on the cleaning efficiency was evaluated. The lowest frequency showed better results, although the best cleaning performance was obtained using the mixed wave mode.A Box–Behnken Design was used to find the optimal conditions for the cleaning procedure through a response surface study. The optimal operating conditions leading to the maximum cleaning efficiency predicted (32.19%) were found to be 1.1 bar, 3 m s⁻¹ and 100% of power level.Finally, the optimized response was compared to the efficiency of a chemical cleaning with NaOH solution, with and without the use of ultrasound. By using NaOH, cleaning efficiency nearly triples, and it improves up to 25% by adding ultrasound.     

Ultrastructural analysis of the low level laser therapy effects on the lesioned anterior tibial muscle in the Gerbil

Low level laser therapy (LLLT) is known for its positive results but studies on the biological and biomodulator characteristics of the effects produced in the skeletal muscle are still lacking. In this study the effects of two laser dosages, 5 or 10 J/cm², on the lesioned tibial muscle were compared. Gerbils previously lesioned by 100 g load impact were divided into three groups: GI (n = 5) controls, lesion non-irradiated; GII (n = 5), lesion irradiated with 5 J/cm² and GIII (n = 5), lesion irradiated with 10 J/cm², and treated for 7 consecutive days with a laser He–Ne (λ = 633 nm). After intracardiac perfusion, the muscles were dissected and reduced to small fragments, post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in increasing alcohol concentrations, treated with propylene oxide and embedded in Spurr resin at 60 °C. Ultrafine cuts examined on a transmission electron microscope (Jeol 1010) revealed in the control GI group a large number of altered muscle fibers with degenerating mitochondria, intercellular substance containing degenerating cell fragments and budding blood capillaries with underdeveloped endothelial cells. However, groups GII and GIII showed muscle fibers with few altered myofibrils, regularly contoured mitochondria, ample intermembrane spaces and dilated mitochondrial crests. The clean intercellular substance showed numerous collagen fibers and capillaries with multiple abluminal processes, intraluminal protrusions and several pinocytic vesicles in endothelial cells. It was concluded that laser dosages of 5 or 10 J/cm² delivered by laser He–Ne (λ = 633 nm) during 7 consecutive days increase mitochondrial activity in muscular fibers, activate fibroblasts and macrophages and stimulate angiogenesis, thus suggesting effectivity of laser therapy under these experimental conditions.     

Ultrasound-assisted copper deposition on a polymer membrane and application for methanol steam reforming

Copper particles were electrolessly deposited on a palladium aerosol activated polymer membrane in the presence of ultrasound. An application of ultrasound introduced a faster deposition (220 μg min^?1 in deposition rate) and finer copper particles (9 nm in crystallite size) than those (11 and 41 μg min^?1; 27 and 32 nm) in the absence of ultrasound (i.e. respectively 20 and 45 °C in bath temperature with mechanical agitation). A better performance of methanol steam reforming (0.59 in mean conversion during 5 h operation; 1.3 and 1.6 times respectively higher than those from 20 to 45 °C cases) at a 300 °C reaction temperature was materialized for the ultrasound application, probably due to a finer (i.e. a more textured) copper particle deposition on a polymer membrane.     

Destruction of polylactic acid microcapsules under ultrasound irradiation

Hollow microcapsules have been considered for potential applications as drug or gene carriers. This paper describes an investigation into the mechanical properties of microcapsules with a biocompatible polylactic acid (PLA) shell that can be destroyed using ultrasound irradiation. The microcapsules had a radius of 1 to 25 μm and a shell thickness of 100 nm to 3 μm, and their response to ultrasound pulses with a center frequency of 700 kHz to 2 MHz was investigated. It was found that approximately 50% of capsules with a radius of 20 μm were destroyed using pulses with a pressure amplitude of 50 kPa and a frequency of 700 kHz, which is close to the resonance frequency of the capsules.     

High-power sixth-harmonic generation of an Nd:YAG laser with KBe2BO3F2 prism-coupled devices

High-power sixth harmonic generation from an Nd:YAG laser (10 ns, 10 kHz) has been achieved with a KBe₂BO₃F₂ (KBBF) prism-coupled device (PCD) containing a 1.95 mm thick KBBF crystal. The highest output power reached 120.5 mW at 177.3 nm, and the highest conversion efficiency from 354.7 to 177.3 nm was 1.82%. Moreover, stable sixth harmonic output with an average power of 22.2 mW was produced by another KBBF-PCD, in which the thickness of the KBBF crystal was 1.51 mm. The highest and stable sixth harmonic output powers are improved by about three and six times compared with the previously published results, respectively.     

High-spatial-resolution monitoring of strong magnetic field using Rb vapor nanometric-thin cell

We have implemented the so-called λ-Zeeman technique (LZT) to investigate individual hyperfine transitions between Zeeman sublevels of the Rb atoms in a strong external magnetic field B in the range of 2500 ? 5000 G (recently it was established that LZT is very convenient for the range of 10 ? 2500 G). Atoms are confined in a nanometric thin cell (NTC) with the thickness L = λ, where λ is the resonant wavelength 794 nm for Rb D₁ line. Narrow velocity selective optical pumping (VSOP) resonances in the transmission spectrum of the NTC are split into several components in a magnetic field with the frequency positions and transition probabilities depending on the B-field. Possible applications are described, such as magnetometers with nanometric local spatial resolution and tunable atomic frequency references.     

Acute effects of sono-activated photocatalytic titanium dioxide nanoparticles on oral squamous cell carcinoma

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a new treatment modality using ultrasound to activate certain chemical sensitizers for cancer therapy. In this study, effects of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) combined with photocatalytic titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles on human oral squamous cell line HSC-2 were investigated. Viability of HSC-2 cells after 0, 0.1, 1, or 3 s of HIFU irradiation with 20, 32, 55 and 73 W cm⁻² intensities in the presence or absence of TiO₂ was measured immediately after the exposures in vitro. Immediate effects of HIFU (3 s, 73 W cm⁻²) combined with TiO₂ on solid tumors were also examined by histological study. Cytotoxic effect of HIFU + TiO₂ in vitro was significantly higher than that of TiO₂ or HIFU alone with the tendency to increase for higher HIFU intensity, duration, and TiO₂ concentration in the suspension. In vivo results showed significant necrosis and tissue damage in HIFU and HIFU + TiO₂ treated samples. However, penetration of TiO₂ nanoparticles into the cell cytoplasm was only observed in HIFU + TiO₂ treated tissues. In this study, our findings provide a rational basis for the development of an effective HIFU based sonodynamic activation method. This approach offers an attractive non-invasive therapy technique for oral cancer in future.     

Common fingerprint of hydroxylated non-polar steps on MgO smoke and MgO films

The infrared spectra of MgO smoke exposed to water are compared to high-resolution electron energy loss spectra (HREELS) of hydroxylated ultrathin MgO(1 0 0)/Ag(1 0 0) films. Very similar bands are observed at 3458–3480 cm^?1 and 3710–3714 cm^?1. On the basis of first principle calculations, these bands are interpreted as the stretching modes of the two distinct OH groups that are formed at monatomic steps parallel to 〈1 0 0〉 crystallographic directions. The lower frequency band is due to H adsorbed on O at the step edge, while the higher frequency one originates from OH groups that are twofold coordinated with Mg. Consistently, scanning tunnelling microscopy images of MgO films, prepared in similar conditions as during the HREELS experiments, show that the MgO/Ag(1 0 0) island edges are mainly non-polar, i.e. oriented along the 〈1 0 0〉 direction. In spite of that, a minor contribution to the OH-stretch intensity from hydroxylated polar 〈1 1 0〉 steps cannot be excluded; for such geometry density functional theory predicts indeed a single OH species with a vibrational frequency very close to the high-frequency band of OH adsorbed at 〈1 0 0〉 steps.     

Influence of intensity and frequency of ultrasonic waves on capillary interaction and oil recovery from different rock types

Oil saturated cylindrical sandstone cores were placed into imbibition cells where they contacted with an aqueous phase and oil recovery performances were tested with and without ultrasonic radiation keeping all other conditions and parameters constant. Experiments were conducted for different initial water saturation, oil viscosity and wettability. The specifications of acoustic sources such as ultrasonic intensity (45–84 W/sq cm) and frequency (22 and 40 kHz) were also changed. An increase in recovery was observed with ultrasonic energy in all cases. This change was more remarkable for the oil-wet medium. The additional recovery with ultrasonic energy became lower as the oil viscosity increased. We also designed a setup to measure the ultrasonic energy penetration capacity in different media, namely air, water, and slurry (sand + water mixture). A one-meter long water or slurry filled medium was prepared and the ultrasonic intensity and frequency were monitored as a function of distance from the source. The imbibition cells were placed at certain distances from the sources and the oil recovery was recorded. Then, the imbibition recovery was related to the ultrasonic intensity, frequency, and distance from the ultrasonic source.     

Synthesis,ionic conductivity,and thermal properties of proton conducting polymer electrolyte for high temperature fuel cell

Hyperbranched polymer (poly-1a) with sulfonic acid groups at the end of chains was successfully synthesized. Interpenetration reaction of poly-1a with a hyperbranched polymer with acryloyl groups at the end of chains (poly-1b) as a cross-linker afforded a tough electrolyte membrane. The poly-1a and the resulting electrolyte membrane showed the ionic conductivities of 7 × 10^− 4 and 8 × 10^− 5 S/cm, respectively, at 150 °C under dry condition. The ionic conductivities of the poly-1a and the electrolyte membrane exhibited the VTF type temperature dependence. And also, both poly-1a and the resulting electrolyte membrane were thermally stable up to 200 °C.     

Effect of acoustic frequency and power density on the aqueous ultrasonic-assisted extraction of grape pomace (Vitis vinifera L.) – A response surface approach

Aqueous ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of grape pomace was investigated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to evaluate the effect of acoustic frequency (40, 80, 120 kHz), ultrasonic power density (50, 100, 150 W/L) and extraction time (5, 15, 25 min) on total phenolics, total flavonols and antioxidant capacity. All the process variables showed a significant effect on the aqueous UAE of grape pomace (p < 0.05). The Box–Behnken Design (BBD) generated satisfactory mathematical models which accurately explain the behavior of the system; allowing to predict both the extraction yield of phenolic and flavonol compounds, and also the antioxidant capacity of the grape pomace extracts. The optimal UAE conditions for all response factors were a frequency of 40 kHz, a power density of 150 W/L and 25 min of extraction time. Under these conditions, the aqueous UAE would achieve a maximum of 32.31 mg GA/100 g fw for total phenolics and 2.04 mg quercetin/100 g fw for total flavonols. Regarding the antioxidant capacity, the maximum predicted values were 53.47 and 43.66 mg Trolox/100 g fw for CUPRAC and FRAP assays, respectively. When comparing with organic UAE, in the present research, from 12% to 38% of total phenolic bibliographic values were obtained, but using only water as the extraction solvent, and applying lower temperatures and shorter extraction times. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no studies specifically addressing the optimization of both acoustic frequency and power density during aqueous-UAE of plant materials have been previously published.