柱前衍生-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定茶叶中草甘膦、草铵膦及主要代谢物氨甲基膦酸残留

采用柱前衍生-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定茶叶中草甘膦、草铵膦及其主要代谢物氨甲基膦酸残留。利用正交试验方法,系统研究了提取与净化等前处理条件对茶叶中草甘膦、草铵膦和代谢物氨甲基膦酸检测的影响。实验结果表明,最优的前处理方案为茶叶样品经纯水旋涡提取,阳离子交换柱净化,0.5%（v/v）甲酸水溶液洗脱和9-芴甲基氯甲酸酯衍生,C₁₈色谱柱分离,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱定量分析（电喷雾正离子）。结果表明：在1~100 μ g/L范围内,草甘膦、草铵膦和氨甲基膦酸呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数（R²）均大于0.991,该方法检出限为0.0160~0.0300 mg/kg,定量限为0.0530~0.100 mg/kg。在0.0500、0.400和1.20 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,草甘膦、草铵膦和氨甲基膦酸的平均回收率为78.3%~108%,相对标准偏差为5.46%~9.63%。利用该方法检测837份茶叶中草甘膦、草铵膦和氨甲基磷酸残留,检出率分别为3.46%、0.24%和4.42%,超标率为0.24%。该方法简单、快速、灵敏、准确,能够满足大批量茶叶中草甘膦、草铵膦和氨甲基膦酸残留的检测需要。     

柱后加碱-高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法测定农田土中草铵膦、氨甲基膦酸和草甘膦残留

应用柱后加碱-高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法同时测定了农田土中草铵膦、氨甲基膦酸和草甘膦的残留。土壤样品用2 mmol/L氢氧化钠振荡提取，混匀后依次用0.22 μm滤膜、IC-C₁₈和IC-Na柱处理。滤液中的3种目标物和共存离子经IonPacAS11-HC离子色谱柱分离，柱后加碱-脉冲安培检测器检测。结果表明，草铵膦和草甘膦质量浓度在20.0~1000 μg/L、氨甲基膦酸质量浓度在5.0~400 μg/L范围内线性关系良好，相关系数均大于0.999。草铵膦、氨甲基膦酸和草甘膦的检出限分别为0.08、0.02和0.04 mg/kg，回收率为80.2%~106%，相对标准偏差为0.7%~5.0%（n=6）。该方法抗干扰性强、灵敏度和准确度高，操作简便快捷，适用于农田土中草铵膦，氨甲基膦酸和草甘膦残留量的检测。     

超高液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法快速测定水中9种极性农药残留量

建立了一种超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)快速测定水中草甘膦、氨甲基膦酸、N-乙酰草甘膦、N-甲基草甘膦、草铵膦、N-乙酰氨甲基磷酸、3-甲基磷酸亚基丙酸、N-乙酰草铵膦及乙烯利共9种极性农药残留的方法。样品经0.22μm滤膜过滤或PLS固相萃取小柱净化后0.22μm滤膜过滤,滤液无需衍生化直接进样定性、定量分析。9种目标物通过Dikma Polyamino HILIC色谱柱(150 mm×2.0 mm, 5μm)分离,以甲酸铵-氨水缓冲溶液(pH=11)和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在电喷雾离子源负离子模式下,采用MRM方式进行测定。结果表明,9种目标物在0.20～50.00μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限为0.04～0.08μg/L,方法测定下限为0.12～0.24μg/L。在高、中、低3个浓度水平进行加标回收实验,回收率在88.9%～105%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在2.8%～8.2%之间。与传统的衍生化方法比较,该方法操作简便、重现性好、准确性高且不受基体干扰,适用于环境水样中草甘膦、氨甲基膦酸、N-乙酰草甘膦、N-甲基草...     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定不同茶叶中草甘膦、氨甲基膦酸及草铵膦的残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时快速测定不同茶叶中草甘膦、氨甲基膦酸及草铵膦的方法。样品用0.05 mol/L NaOH提取,并以HCl调节pH值,Oasis HLB小柱净化除杂,氯甲酸-9-芴基甲酯(FMOCCl)柱前衍生反应后,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定。本方法在5~1000μg/L浓度范围内,不同茶叶基质中草甘膦、氨甲基膦酸、草铵膦线性关系良好(R2>0.99)。在0.1,0.4和4 mg/kg添加水平下,不同茶叶(绿茶、红茶、乌龙茶、普洱茶)中3种化合物回收率均介于72.1%~109.9%之间,相对标准偏差RSD在0.5%~9.8%之间(n=6),方法定量限(LOQ)在0.03~0.08 mg/kg之间(S/N=10)。本方法稳定,简便,灵敏,能够满足检测需求。     

毛细管电泳-激光诱导荧光法测定草甘膦、草胺膦及氨甲基膦酸

建立了一种快速、有效的毛细管电泳分离-激光诱导荧光检测有机磷除草剂草甘膦、草胺膦和草甘膦的代谢物氨甲基膦酸的方法。将荧光衍生试剂5-(4, 6-二氯三嗪基)氨基荧光素(DTAF)成功用于衍生上述3种化合物。最佳衍生条件: DTAF的浓度为1.0 μmol/L,以50 mmol/L硼酸(pH 9.5)作为缓冲溶液,在30 ℃下反应40 min。以pH 9.5的30 mmol/L硼酸缓冲溶液(含15 mmol/L Brij-35)作为电泳背景电解质,3种衍生物得到基线分离。在优化的条件下,草甘膦、草胺膦、氨甲基膦酸的检出限分别为3.21、6.14和1.99 ng/kg。将该方法应用于环境水样和土壤中除草剂及代谢物的测定,回收率为91.3%～106.0%。该方法准确、灵敏,可满足环境样品中有机磷农药及其代谢物残留的检测要求。     

离子色谱-串联质谱法测定地下水中草甘膦、草铵膦和氨甲基膦酸

采用离子色谱-串联质谱法测定了地下水中草甘膦、草铵膦和氨甲基膦酸,水样用0.22μm滤膜过滤后进样100μL,经Ionpac AS11-HC离子色谱柱分离,采用电喷雾串联四极杆质谱仪负离子多反应监测模式检测,外标法定量。结果表明,草甘膦、草铵膦和氨甲基膦酸分别在质量浓度为0.05～2.00μg/L,0.30～12.0μg/L,2.00～80.0μg/L范围内线性相关系数均大于0.999。草甘膦、草铵膦和氨甲基膦酸检出限分别为0.01,0.08,0.50μg/L,相对标准偏差为4.3%～15%,8.0%～10%,5.9%～7.7%,实际样品加标回收率为60.0%～100.0%,80.0%～118.3%,80.5%～109.0%。方法适用于地下水中草甘膦、草铵膦和氨甲基膦酸的测定。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测茶叶中痕量草胺膦、草甘膦及其代谢物氨甲基膦酸残留

建立高效液相色谱–串联质谱法测定茶叶中除草剂草胺膦、草甘膦及其代谢物氨甲基膦酸残留的方法。以纯水提取茶叶中的草胺膦、草甘膦、氨甲基膦酸,用二氯甲烷、阴离子交换固相萃取柱净化、富集,以0.25 mol/L碳酸氢钠溶液洗脱,然后直接采用1%芴甲氧羰酰氯进行衍生,衍生时间为5 min,用反相液相色谱柱分离,以电喷雾正离子模式,多反应模式(MRM)检测。草胺膦、草甘膦、氨甲基膦酸的质量浓度在0～20μg/L范围内均具有良好的线性,线性相关系数大于0.995,方法定量限为0.01 mg/kg。在不同茶叶基质中,0.01,0.025,0.05 mg/kg三水平的平均添加回收率为94.0%～116.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为3.5%～7.1%(n=6)。该方法操作简便,灵敏度与准确度高,满足茶叶样品中草胺膦、草甘膦及其代谢物氨甲基膦酸低残留的检测要求。     

分散固相萃取净化液质联用测定茶叶中的草铵膦、草甘膦和氨甲基膦酸残留

建立了分散固相萃取净化非衍生-超高液相色谱-串联质谱快速检测茶叶中的草铵膦、草甘膦及其代谢物氨甲基膦酸残留的方法。样品用乙腈-水溶液提取后采用多壁碳纳米管净化,多反应监测(MRM)模式测定,基质外标法定量。结果表明:草铵膦、草甘膦、氨甲基膦酸的线性范围为分别为2. 5～100,5. 0～200,5. 0～200μg/L,相关系数(R~2)均大于0. 995,方法的检出限分别为10,20,20μg/kg,定量限为25,50,50μg/kg,回收率在80. 6%～98. 1%之间,相对标准偏差(RSDs)在4. 4%～9. 4%之间。该方法可用于茶叶中草铵膦、草甘膦和氨甲基膦酸的快速检测。     

毛细管电泳-间接紫外法测定饮用水中草甘膦、草铵膦及其代谢产物

提出了毛细管电泳-间接紫外分析方法测定饮用水中草甘膦及其代谢产物氨甲基膦酸、草铵膦及其代谢产物3-甲基磷酸亚基丙酸。样品与25mmol·L-1乙酸铵溶液混匀后,采用SAX型固相萃取小柱提取待测物。洗脱液经毛细管电泳分离,以o-磷酸基-DL-苏氨酸为内标物,紫外检测波长为214nm。草甘膦、草铵膦、氨甲基膦酸和3-甲基磷酸亚基丙酸的线性范围为0.10~20.0mg·L-1,检出限(3S/N)分别为0.22,0.30,0.18,0.03mg·L-1,加标回收率在82.1%~108%之间。     

柱前衍生-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测茶叶中草甘膦和草铵膦的残留量

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱建立了茶叶中草甘膦和草铵膦残留同时快速测定的方法。茶样经超纯水、二氯甲烷提取和C₁₈固相萃取柱净化后,在硼酸盐缓冲液中与9-芴甲氧羰酰氯(FMOC-Cl)进行衍生反应,衍生后产物在C₁₈色谱柱上进行超高效液相色谱分离;质谱检测采用电喷雾正离子化模式和多反应监测模式。结果表明,在0.003125~0.1 mg/L范围内,草甘膦和草铵膦均有良好的线性关系(r> 0.990),检出限(LOD)均为0.03 mg/kg;在添加浓度为0.375、1.5和4.5 mg/kg时,草甘膦的平均回收率为87.37%~99.11%,相对标准偏差(RSD)(n=6)为0.68%~1.35%;草铵膦的平均回收率为81.44%~86.17%,RSD(n=6)为1.01%~2.33%。该方法样品前处理简单,分析时间短,回收率和精密度等均符合农药多残留检测技术的要求,适用于茶叶中草甘膦和草铵膦残留的同时检测。     

Enrichment and low‐level determination of glyphosate,aminomethylphosphonic acid and glufosinate in drinking water after cleanup by cation exchange resin

For the determination of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid and glufosinate in drinking water, different procedures of enrichment and cleanup were examined using anion exchange or SPE. In many cases interactions of, e.g. alkaline earth metal ions especially calcium could be observed during enrichment and cleanup resulting in loss of analytes. For that reason, a novel cleanup and enrichment procedure for the determination of these phosphonic acid herbicides has been developed in drinking water using cation‐exchange resin. In summary, the cleanup procedure with cation‐exchange resin developed in this study avoids interactions as described above and is applicable to calcium‐rich drinking water samples. After derivatization with 9‐fluorenylmethylchloroformate followed by LC with fluorescence detection, LOD of 12, 14 and 12 ng/L and mean recoveries from real‐world drinking water samples of 98±9, 100±16 and 101±11% were obtained for glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid and glufosinate, respectively. The low LODs and the high precision permit the analysis of these phosphonic acid herbicides according to the guidelines of the European Commission.     

Automated trace level determination of glyphosate and aminomethyl phosphonic acid in water by on-line anion-exchange solid-phase extraction followed by cation-exchange liquid chromatography and post-column derivatization.

An automated method based on the on-line coupling of anion-exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) and cation-exchange liquid chromatography followed by post-column derivatization and fluorescence detection has been developed for the trace level determination of glyphosate and its primary conversion product aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA) in water. PRP-X100 poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)-trimethylammonium anion-exchange cartridges (20 x 2 mm, 10 microm) were selected for the SPE of glyphosate and AMPA. The ionic compounds present in the samples strongly influenced the extraction of both analytes; however, when an on-line ion-exchange clean-up step was introduced before sample SPE, the problem was largely solved. By processing 100-ml samples detection limits better than 0.02 microg/l for glyphosate and 0.1 microg/l for AMPA were achieved in river water. Both analytes were unstable in solution and the approach of storing samples on the PRP-X100 SPE cartridges was evaluated for a period of 1 month under three different storage conditions (deep freeze, refrigeration and 20 degrees C).     

离子色谱法同时测定饮用水中强极性农药草甘膦、草铵膦、乙烯利和调节膦

建立了一种梯度洗脱-电导抑制-离子色谱同时测定4种强极性农药的方法.通过对淋洗液及浓度、色谱柱、柱温、进样量等条件的优化,得到最佳检测条件:色谱柱为IonPac AS11-HC分析柱及IonPac AG11-HC保护柱,柱温33℃,进样量50μL,RFIC系统的淋洗液自动发生器在线产生的KOH作为淋洗液,梯度洗脱,淋洗...     

Capillary electrophoresis applied for the determination of acidity constants and limiting electrophoretic mobilities of ionizable herbicides including glyphosate and its metabolites and for their simultaneous separation

Thermodynamic acidity constants and limiting ionic mobilities were determined for polyprotic non-chromophore analytes using capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. It was not necessary to work with buffers of identical ionic strength as ionic strength effects on effective electrophoretic mobilities were corrected by modeling during data evaluation (software AnglerFish). The mobility data from capillary electrophoresis coupled to conductivity detection were determined in the pH range from 1.25 to 12.02 with a high resolution (36 pH steps). With this strategy, thermodynamic acidity constants and limiting ionic mobilities for various acidic herbicides were determined, sometimes for the first time. The model analytes included glyphosate, its metabolites, and its acetylated derivates (aminomethyl phosphonic acid, glyoxylic acid, sarcosine, glycine, N-acetyl glyphosate, N-acetyl aminomethyl phosphonic acid, hydroxymethyl phosphonic acid). The obtained data were used in simulations to optimize separations by capillary electrophoresis. Simulations correlated very well to experimental results. With the new method, the separation of glyphosate from interfering components like phosphate in beer samples was possible.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速同时测定土壤中草甘膦、草铵膦及其代谢物

建立了快速同时测定土壤中草甘膦(GLY)、草铵膦(GLUF)及其代谢物的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)分析方法.分别对前处理和色谱-质谱条件进行优化,样品采用0.5 mol/L氨水作为溶剂振荡提取,离心,上清液过滤膜后,直接采用HPLC-MS/MS测定,电喷雾离子源(ESI-),多反应监测(MRM)模式...     

Residue determination of glyphosate, glufosinate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in water and soil samples by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

This paper describes a method for the sensitive and selective determination of glyphosate, glufosinate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) residues in water and soil samples. The method involves a derivatization step with 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC) in borate buffer and detection based on liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). In the case of water samples a volume of 10 mL was derivatized and then 4.3 mL of the derivatized mixture was directly injected in an on-line solid phase extraction (SPE)-LC-MS/MS system using an OASIS HLB cartridge column and a Discovery chromatographic column. Soil samples were firstly extracted with potassium hydroxide. After that, the aqueous extract was 10-fold diluted with water and 2 mL were derivatized. Then, 50 microL of the derivatized 10-fold diluted extract were injected into the LC-MS/MS system without pre-concentration into the SPE cartridge. The method has been validated in both ground and surface water by recovery studies with samples spiked at 50 and 500 ng/L, and also in soil samples, spiked at 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg. In water samples, the mean recovery values ranged from 89 to 106% for glyphosate (RSD <9%), from 97 to 116% for AMPA (RSD < 10%), and from 72 to 88% in the case of glufosinate (RSD < 12%). Regarding soil samples, the mean recovery values ranged from 90 to 92% for glyphosate (RSD <7%), from 88 to 89% for AMPA (RSD <5%) and from 83 to 86% for glufosinate (RSD <6%). Limits of quantification for all the three compounds were 50 ng/L and 0.05 mg/kg in water and soil, respectively, with limits of detection as low as 5 ng/L, in water, and 5 microg/kg, in soil. The use of labelled glyphosate as internal standard allowed improving the recovery and precision for glyphosate and AMPA, while it was not efficient for glufosinate, that was quantified by external standards calibration. The method developed has been applied to the determination of these compounds in real water and soil samples from different areas. All the detections were confirmed by acquiring two transitions for each compound.     

In-capillary derivatization and laser-induced fluorescence detection for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

We developed a rapid and sensitive method using in-capillary derivatization and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection for the fully automated analysis of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), including glufosinate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and glyphosate by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). The potential of 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) as in-capillary derivatization reagent is described for the first time. The unique feature of this MEKC method is the capillary being used as a small reaction chamber. In in-capillary derivatization, the sample and reagent solutions were injected directly into the capillary by tandem mode, followed by an electrokinetic step to enhance the mixing efficiency of analytes and reagent plugs in accordance with their different electrophoretic mobilities. Standing a specified time for reaction, the derivatives were then immediately separated and determined. Careful optimization of the derivatization and separation conditions allowed the determination of glufosinate, AMPA and glyphosate with detection limits of 2.8, 3.6 and 32.2 ng/mL, respectively. These detection limits were comparable to those of 1.4, 1.9 and 23.8 ng/mL obtained from conventional pre-capillary derivatization. Furthermore, repeatability better than 0.40% for migration time and 3.4% for peak area, as well as shorter migration time, was obtained. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of spiked river water sample with satisfactory results.     

Influence of complexation phenomena with multivalent cations on the analysis of glyphosate and aminomethyl phosphonic acid in water

Experimental and theoretical influence of multivalent cations on the analysis of glyphosate and aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA) was studied in pure water and in one surface water. The procedure chosen, based on derivatization with FMOC-Cl, HPLC separation, and fluorescence detection, appears highly affected at cations concentrations current in natural waters. A detailed speciation study performed with the VMINTEQ software strongly suggests that the complexes formed between analytes and cations do not dissociate during the reaction and do not react with the derivatization agent, so that only the free forms are derivatized. These results point out the necessity of a pre-treatment to prevent these interferences, even in low salinity waters. The different ways conceivable are discussed in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic considerations.     

Direct aqueous determination of glyphosate and related compounds by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using reversed-phase and weak anion-exchange mixed-mode column

Analysis of the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate and its related compounds is quite challenging. Tedious and time-consuming derivatization is often required for these substances due to their high polarity, high water solubility, low volatility and molecular structure which lacks either a chromophore or fluorophore. A novel liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS–MS) method has been developed for the determination of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and glufosinate using a reversed-phase and weak anion-exchange mixed-mode Acclaim^® WAX-1 column. Aqueous environmental samples are directly injected and analyzed in 12 min with no sample concentration or derivatization steps. Two multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) channels are monitored in the method for each target compound to achieve true positive identification, and ¹³C,¹⁵N-glyphosate is used as an internal standard to carry out isotope dilution mass spectrometric (IDMS) measurement for glyphosate. The instrument detection limits (IDLs) for glyphosate, AMPA and glufosinate are 1, 2 and 0.9 μg/L, respectively. Linearity of the detector response with a minimum coefficient of determination (R²) value (R² > 0.995) was demonstrated in the range of ∼10 to 10³ μg/L for each analytes. Spiked drinking water, surface water and groundwater samples were analyzed using this method and the average recoveries of analytes in three matrices ranged from 77.0 to 102%, 62.1 to 101%, 66.1 to 93.7% while relative standard deviation ranged from 6.3 to 10.2%, 2.7 to 14.8%, 2.9 to 10.7%, respectively. Factors that may affect method performance, such as metal ions, sample preservation, and storage time, are also discussed.