食品接触材料检测技术新进展

由食品接触材料中高关注物质迁移而导致的食品安全问题已成为当今社会的重点关注领域.这些有意添加物和非有意添加物具有种类复杂、无标准谱图和标准品等特点,使其识别鉴定、定量检测与安全评估面临着众多技术挑战.发展快速、准确、灵敏的食品接触材料检测技术,实现高关注迁移物的准确定量检测是食品接触材料安全研究和管理的关键.该文简要介...     

基于UHPLC-QTOF MS的PLA吸管中未知物的筛查识别

该文采集了不同的PLA吸管样品,通过迁移实验模拟PLA吸管的不同使用场景,再采用超高效液相色谱－飞行时间质谱（UHPLC－QTOF MS）技术分析PLA吸管向食品模拟液中迁移的化学物质,通过靶向筛查与非靶向筛查相结合的方式共识别出30个迁移物,不同吸管样品之间以及不同食品模拟液之间的迁移物有所差异。识别的迁移物可分为低聚物和添加剂两类,其中低聚物可视为非有意添加物,主要为聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）和丁二醇－己二酸－对苯二甲酸共聚物（PBAT）,以环状结构为主;添加剂包括抗氧剂、润滑剂和增塑剂,以及与之相关的非有意添加物（原料、杂质、副反应产物等）。所有迁移物中,仅5种在GB9685－2016的肯定列表中,其余物质采用毒理学关注阈值（TTC）方法结合Cramer决策树进行危害评估,大部分被判定为Cramer Ⅲ类（高毒）物质,需予以更多关注以确保PLA吸管使用安全。     

食品接触用再生塑料的非有意添加物和鉴别技术研究进展

随着塑料废弃物导致的环境污染加重,塑料的回收利用备受关注。食品接触用再生塑料逐渐成为关注的重点,再生塑料中非有意添加物的安全性是将其用作食品接触材料的关键所在。为了避免不合规的再生塑料流入食品接触材料市场,危害消费者的健康安全,再生塑料的鉴别技术显得非常重要。该文首先对再生塑料中非有意添加物的研究进行总结,并重点概述了国内外对原生和再生塑料的鉴别技术,如质谱技术、光谱技术和热分析技术;近年来化学计量学方法也逐渐被用于再生塑料鉴别领域,提高了再生塑料的鉴别效率和准确率。     

一次性塑料餐具中风险物质的筛查

研究筛查和识别了一次性餐具(餐盒、杯子和吸管)中向食品模拟物10%乙醇和化学替代溶剂95%乙醇迁移的物质种类,以评估迁移物及一次性塑料餐具的安全风险。采用10%乙醇或95%乙醇在特定迁移条件下浸泡样品,浓缩浸泡液,用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)测定浓缩液中的物质,通过比对质谱数据库并结合红外光谱仪得到的样品信息,推测迁移物结构,并通过对比对照品或三重四极杆质谱分析方式确认。利用Cramer规则预测识别迁移物的毒性,结合测定的迁移量判断迁移物安全风险。在测试样品中识别出19种迁移物,其中有意添加物包括聚乳酸树脂及共混树脂的合成原料、润滑剂、增塑剂等,非有意添加物包括聚酯及有机硅树脂中的低聚物和增塑剂、抗氧剂中的杂质或副产物等。聚丙烯材质餐具中迁出的物质种类较少,而聚乳酸材质餐具以及无机填充聚丙烯餐具中迁出的物质种类相对较多;多数迁移物在95%乙醇中迁移量高于在10%乙醇中迁移量。安全评估结果显示,在含油脂食品模拟物中,聚乳酸或无机填充聚丙烯餐具中环状硅氧烷等低聚物和抗氧剂副产物等非有意添加物的迁出危害需引起关注。     

水性涂料中半挥发性化合物的非靶向筛查及其潜在危害评估

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)对3种水性涂料中的半挥发性物质进行非靶向筛查。以甲醇为溶剂超声辅助提取3种自然干燥水性涂料中的化合物后,结合MS-DIAL软件、保留指数和NIST质谱库进行非靶向定性分析,初步得到包括芳香烃、羰基化合物、酯基化合物等63种半挥发性化合物。丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸异辛酯和甲基丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯是样品涂料中的聚合单体,并在3种样品中识别出不同含量的添加助剂,例如三乙二醇单丁醚、2,4,7,9-四甲基-5-癸炔-4,7-二醇等,以及包括2-乙基己醇、月桂醇、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯等疑似非有意添加物质(NIAS)。利用T. E. S. T(Toxicity Estimation Software Tool)软件和VEGA QSAR软件分别预测评估其急性毒性、发育毒性、致癌致突变性和Cramer等级。结果显示,水性涂料的安全风险主要来源于含有Cl、N和Si元素的NIAS,以及2-乙基己醇、苯乙烯、丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯等物质,因此需重点关注,而其余有意添加物质(IAS)的潜在毒性危害均较低。     

纸吸管中非挥发性迁移物的非靶向筛查及风险评估

根据欧盟法规推荐的两种食物模拟物对纸吸管样品进行模拟迁移试验,并基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF MS)对样品中的迁移物进行非靶向筛查,得到包括润滑剂、施胶剂、抗氧剂降解产物、消泡剂在内的31种有意添加物和非有意添加物。利用该课题组前期建立的风险矩阵,即风险=危害(毒性水平+Cramer分级+4×致突变性)×暴露(4×水溶性+4×渗透性),对纸吸管中31种迁移物进行风险分级。结果表明,未发现Ⅰ级高风险物质,Ⅱ级风险物质中得分较高的来自润滑剂(十六酸酰胺等)、施胶剂(海松酸等)和消泡剂(聚乙二醇等)中的成分,对Ⅱ级风险物质进行半定量分析,通过对比暴露量和TTC阈值,发现酰胺类润滑剂(尤其是芥酸酰胺)存在健康风险,应在纸吸管生产加工过程中引起关注。     

基于UPLC-QTOF MS的食品接触用回收PET中非挥发性有机物的非靶向筛查

采用超高效液相色谱－串联四极杆飞行时间质谱技术（UPLC－QTOF MS）对经初步清洗后的回收聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（rPET）瓶片中潜在的非挥发性有机物进行非靶向筛查,并考察了不同沉淀溶剂、去除溶剂方式、测试样品量等前处理方法,以及不同测试方法、流动相及洗脱剂梯度等条件对rPET瓶片中非挥发性有机物测定的影响。研究结果显示：以0.2 g的rPET瓶片溶于10 mL六氟异丙醇中,20 mL甲醇作为沉淀溶剂、氮吹去除溶剂的前处理方式,以甲醇－0.1%甲酸水体系作为流动相梯度洗脱,采用数据依赖型采集（DDA）模式进行测试。此时获得方法的回收率为66.0%～80.4%,相对标准偏差（RSD）均不高于5.1%,表现出较好的稳定性和可重复性。采用质谱数据库和二级谱图定性,通过结构类似的化合物进行半定量,rPET瓶片中共检出30种非挥发性有机化合物,含量范围为0.038～4.92 mg/kg。检出物质包括环状和线型寡聚物、助剂副产物或降解产物和污染物等非有意添加物27种,其余3种可能是有意添加物。利用建立的非靶向筛查方法以及主成分分析（PCA）对两个不同地域厂家的24种rPET瓶片（rPET C和rPET N）进行检测,结果显示两组样品在正离子模式下有明显差异,检出差异物质15种;负离子模式下差异不明显。表明同类型但不同来源的rPET瓶片具有不同的差异物质。研究表明,所建立的UPLC－QTOF MS筛查方法具有准确可靠、简单、快速等优点,可有效用于食品接触rPET中非挥发性有机物的分析及安全评价工作     

基于全链条的回收PET材料中非挥发性可迁移物的非靶向筛查及特征风险标志物的确定

基于超高效液相色谱－四极杆飞行时间质谱（UPLC－Q－TOF MS）对回收聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（回收PET,rPET）全链条中回收碎片及由碎片造粒得到的粒料、瓶坯、瓶子4个阶段rPET样品进行溶解沉淀实验及模拟迁移试验,对样品中的潜在迁移物及迁移物进行非靶向筛查,得到包括PET寡聚体、润滑剂、漂洗剂在内的30种有意、非有意添加物。使用MS－DIAL（Mass spectrometry－data independent analysis software）软件对rPET不同生产阶段的产品标志物进行快速筛选,发现在粒料到瓶坯的加工过程中,生成了新的PET寡聚体;rPET碎片样品中标志物为脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚,分析可能由漂洗过程引入。对比PET寡聚体的相对含量发现,rPET材料中环状寡聚体的相对含量高于线性寡聚体,其中第二系列环状二聚体的相对含量最高。在rPET加工过程中部分寡聚体及润滑剂的相对含量增加。最后通过TEST（Toxicity estimation software tool）软件预测潜在迁移物及迁移物的大鼠经口急性毒性、发育毒性和致突变性,采用Toxtree软件进行Cramer分级,PET环状寡聚体及酰胺类润滑剂均被分为Cramer Ⅲ级,毒性均高于线性寡聚体,应在rPET加工过程中引起关注。     

塑料食品接触材料样品前处理与检测技术研究进展

塑料食品接触材料是食品接触材料类别中最常见的一种材料,其本身可能含有的潜在化学危害物质在与食品接触过程中发生吸收、溶解、扩散等迁移行为,进而造成食品污染,危害食品质量安全。采用适宜的样品前处理和检测技术对迁移物进行鉴别分析是塑料食品接触材料安全所面临的巨大挑战。该文就塑料食品接触材料的样品前处理技术和仪器分析技术进行了综述,并展望了其发展趋势和应用前景,旨在为从事塑料食品接触材料质量安全研究和检测的技术人员提供技术参考。     

超高效液相色谱/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法同时测定塑料食品接触材料中光稳定剂和抗氧化剂的特定迁移量

建立了超高效液相色谱/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱同时测定塑料食品接触材料中多种光稳定剂和抗氧化剂特定迁移量的方法。采用30 g/L乙酸、体积分数分别为10%、20%、50%的乙醇和油类模拟物(异辛烷)这5种食品模拟物对塑料食品接触材料进行处理,对处理液进行超高效液相色谱/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱分析,外标法定量。该方法测定的40种目标化合物在相应的范围内均具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.998,定量限为0.01~1.00μg/L。考察了上述5种食品模拟物中光稳定剂和抗氧化剂的特定迁移量,平均加标回收率为81.46%~94.53%,相对标准偏差为3.25%~9.99%。应用该方法对市售塑料食品接触材料进行了测定,结果在部分样品中检出了不同含量的光稳定剂和抗氧化剂。该方法灵敏度高,定量限低,满足塑料食品接触材料中光稳定剂和抗氧化剂特定迁移量的检测要求。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.