水性涂料中半挥发性化合物的非靶向筛查及其潜在危害评估

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)对3种水性涂料中的半挥发性物质进行非靶向筛查。以甲醇为溶剂超声辅助提取3种自然干燥水性涂料中的化合物后,结合MS-DIAL软件、保留指数和NIST质谱库进行非靶向定性分析,初步得到包括芳香烃、羰基化合物、酯基化合物等63种半挥发性化合物。丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸异辛酯和甲基丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯是样品涂料中的聚合单体,并在3种样品中识别出不同含量的添加助剂,例如三乙二醇单丁醚、2,4,7,9-四甲基-5-癸炔-4,7-二醇等,以及包括2-乙基己醇、月桂醇、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯等疑似非有意添加物质(NIAS)。利用T. E. S. T(Toxicity Estimation Software Tool)软件和VEGA QSAR软件分别预测评估其急性毒性、发育毒性、致癌致突变性和Cramer等级。结果显示,水性涂料的安全风险主要来源于含有Cl、N和Si元素的NIAS,以及2-乙基己醇、苯乙烯、丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯等物质,因此需重点关注,而其余有意添加物质(IAS)的潜在毒性危害均较低。     

液液分散微萃取/GC-MS法测定婴幼儿一次性用品中5种致敏原物质

建立了同时测定婴幼儿一次性用品中5种致敏原物质(柠檬烯、沉香醇、柠檬醛、乙酸苄酯和肉桂醛)的分散液液微萃取/气相色谱-质谱(DLLME/GC-MS)检测方法。样品经乙腈浸泡提取、水分散和盐析后用四氯化碳萃取浓缩,采用GC-MS测定,外标法定量。目标物在0.01~10 mg/kg范围内线性关系良好,相关系数在0.99以上。方法检出限为0.01~0.1 mg/kg。加标回收率为78.7%~106%,相对标准偏差为2.4%~11.3%。该方法前处理简单,灵敏度高,可满足纸尿裤、婴儿专用湿巾等一次性婴幼儿用品中5种致敏原物质的检测要求。     

气相色谱-质谱联用分析中适用载气的研究

在气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用分析中,除氦气外,迄今尚未见到有用其他气体作载气的报道。本实验对氢气替换氦气作为气相色谱-质谱联用仪的载气情况进行了考察。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定地下水中多氯萘

建立了地下水中1-氯萘、2-氯萘、1,4-二氯萘、1,2,3,4-四氯萘、1,3,5,7-四氯萘、1,2,3,5,7-五氯萘、1,2,3,5,6,7-六氯萘、1,2,3,4,5,6,7-七氯萘和八氯萘9种多氯萘(PCNs)的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析方法。对比研究了液液萃取(LLE)和固相萃取(SPE)萃取地下水中PCNs的提取效率,优选二氯甲烷-液液萃取为PCNs检测的前处理方法。在优化条件下,9种PCNs的线性范围为5~100μg/L,各组分的相关系数(r)大于0.995,方法检出限(S/N=3)为4.21~7.41 ng/L,地下水的平均加标回收率为70.7%~112%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)均小于9.9%。该方法已用于地下水样中多氯萘的检测。     

基于GC-MS和化学计量法探究边角料添加比例对食品接触用再生PE薄膜的影响

对含不同比例边角料再生聚乙烯(PE)薄膜的颜色、总迁移量进行测定,基于气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对其中的挥发性物质进行筛查,并结合化学计量法分析差异性物质。结果表明：边角料的加入对单层再生薄膜颜色的影响可忽略,且原生和再生PE薄膜在4种食品模拟物的总迁移量均小于安全限量10 mg/dm²。GC-MS共检出90种挥发性有机化合物,主要为脂肪烃、添加剂及其降解产物和杂质等。通过主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘-判别分析(OPLS-DA)模型将再生PE薄膜分为3类,边角料含量低于10%时与原生薄膜相似,10%～50%时需进一步评估,高于50%时需重点关注。并构建V-plot筛选出26种造成样品差异的特征成分,主要为脂肪烃,其次为添加剂及其降解产物,如十二酰胺、壬醛和抗氧剂1010的降解产物等。该研究可为食品接触用领域边角料“膜对膜”同级回收的应用提供借鉴。     

减压提取与常压提取柴胡挥发油品质比较

对比减压和常压条件下提取的柴胡挥发油在成分、含量及药效方面的差异,考察挥发油的品质,优选提取方法.采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法分析柴胡挥发油成分及其相对含量,再采用气相色谱法建立挥发油中己醛、庚醛、正辛醛和反式-2,4-癸二烯醛的含量检测方法,测定不同压力下提取的柴胡挥发油有效成分含量,通过背部皮下注射酵母混...     

微波辅助-微固相在线萃取/气相色谱质谱联用法对污泥中19种多氯联苯的测定

建立了微波辅助-微固相在线萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)测定污泥中19种多氯联苯(PCBs)含量的分析方法。对微波辅助-微固相在线萃取条件进行优化,得出最优萃取条件为:萃取温度60℃,萃取时间25 min,解吸溶剂为乙酸乙酯,解吸剂用量150μL,解吸时间25 min。在优化条件下,方法的检出限为0.2~2.5 ng/g,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于14%,回收率为81.4%~102.1%。与传统的微波萃取、微固相萃取、超声萃取等方法相比,该方法集萃取、净化和浓缩于一体,极大地缩短了分析时间,适合于复杂环境样品体系中痕量PCBs的分析检测。     

固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定燕窝中挥发性成分

该文以印尼产的燕窝为材料,使用固相微萃取(SPME)技术萃取燕窝中挥发性成分并以气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用仪进行测定。考察了萃取头类型、萃取温度、萃取时间和解吸时间对固相微萃取(SPME)在燕窝挥发性成分测定中的影响。结果表明:以65μm聚二甲基硅氧烷/二乙烯基苯(PDMS/DVB)萃取头、在60℃下萃取60 min,解吸2 min的条件下,SPME/GC-MS技术可检出燕窝中挥发性成分醇、烃、醛、酯、醚类等化合物共82种。该方法具有操作简便、快速、重复性好和灵敏度高的特点,适用于燕窝中挥发性成分的测定。     

细支卷烟中5种树苔香味物质的气相色谱-质谱法测定

为了评价细支卷烟中树苔香味物质从烟丝向烟气的迁移情况,建立了气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)选择离子法测定卷烟烟丝和烟气中苔黑酚单甲醚、苔黑酚、β-苔黑酚羧酸甲酯、苔黑酚羧酸乙酯和十六酸乙酯的检测方法。考察了萃取溶剂、萃取时间和基质效应对分析结果的影响,最终确定以乙酸乙酯作为萃取溶剂,并使用基质匹配标准溶液进行外标法定量。5个目标物在0. 02～2. 0 mg/L的质量浓度范围内线性关系良好(r~2 0. 996)。在烟丝中,检出限(S/N=3)和定量下限(S/N=10)分别为0. 79～3. 0 ng/m L和2. 6～10. 0 ng/m L,平均加标回收率为90. 5%～103%,相对标准偏差(RSDs,n=6)为2. 3%～12%;在烟气中,检出限(S/N=3)和定量下限(S/N=10)分别为0. 60～2. 9 ng/m L和2. 0～9. 6 ng/m L,平均加标回收率为85. 6%～104%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1. 6%～9. 3%。结果表明,该方法简便、灵敏、线性关系好,能满足卷烟烟丝和烟气中5种目标物质的测定要求。运用该方法对烟丝和烟气中5种树苔成分的含量进行测定,并评价了其由细支卷烟的烟丝向烟气的迁移率。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法研究蛇油中腥味物质成分

采用真空-挥发-平衡的方法将蛇油挥发组分进行有效的收集,然后利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)的手段对蛇油中的异味或腥味物质进行了分离腚和鉴定,并对除异味处理前后的蛇油挥发组分进行了对比.实验结果发现,蛇油中的腥味物质主要是中碳链的饱和与不饱和的低沸点的醛类、烯醛和烯醇类.质谱检索的结果为己醛、庚醛、2-辛烯醇、2-壬烯醇、2-壬烯醛、2-癸烯醛等,此分析方法的建立对蛇油的深度开发利用很有意义.     

密胺餐具中重金属铅、镉的风险评估研究

以密胺餐具为研究对象,模拟研究密胺餐具中重金属铅、镉的迁移规律,对密胺餐具中的铅、镉进行安全风险评估研究,并提出密胺餐具中铅、镉的安全卫生标准建议值.     

Characterization of Inorganic Components in Plastic Materials

Plastic products may contain high levels of trace elements, which, upon final incineration, may affect the environment. In the case of packing material, may affect food quality. In this work, instrumental neutron activation analysis was applied to the determination of As, Ba, Br, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Sb, Sc, Se, Ti and Zn in plastic materials originated from household and hospital wastes. Toxic elements such as Cd and Sb were found at the levels of mg·kg^–1 in some food containers and also high levels of Ti were found in opaque packages. The accuracy and the precision of results were also evaluated by interlaboratory comparison.     

Research on Fires of Plastic Building Materials

Research on fire, smoke, and toxic products generated in building fires carried out by QMC Industrial Research is described. The approach to real fire problems combines model studies by laboratory analysis or computer modeling with large-scale testing of components.     

塑料及其复合材料的摩擦学

综述了近年来国内外塑料及其复合材料的摩擦学研究的新进展,涉及到PTFE、PEEK、UHMWPE的合金以及塑料复合材料的重点研究领域,指出基于现代材料设计的摩擦学材料设计、塑料在热和应力作用下的蠕变和长期稳定性、塑料梯度功能材料和环保的绿色材料的摩擦学等方面是未来的发展方向。     

一次性聚苯乙烯发泡塑料餐具解禁事件及其对化学教学的启示

“一次性聚苯乙烯发泡塑料餐具”在禁用14年之后,近期被国家发展和改革委员会“解禁”,并引起社会的广泛关注和争论。“一次性发泡塑料餐具”问题也是化学教学中经常涉及的“热点”问题之一,因此“解禁”事件也必然会影响到化学教学。结合“一次性发泡塑料餐具”生产的化学工艺流程,分析了其“解禁”原因,探讨了“解禁”事件对化学教学的几点启示。     

Disposable Bismuth Oxide Screen Printed Electrodes for the High Throughput Screening of Heavy Metals

We present a simplified approach for the trace screening of toxic heavy metals utilizing bismuth oxide screen printed electrodes. The use of bismuth oxide instead of toxic mercury films facilitates the reliable sensing of lead(II), cadmium(II) and zinc(II). A linear range over 5 to 150 μg L^?1 with detection limits of 2.5 and 5 μg L^?1 are readily observed for cadmium and lead in 0.1 M HCl, respectively. Conducting a simultaneous multi‐elemental voltammetric detection of zinc, cadmium and lead in a higher pH medium (0.1 M sodium acetate solution) exhibited a linear range between 10 and 150 μg L^?1 with detection limits of 5, 10 and 30 μg L^?1 for cadmium, lead and zinc respectively. The sensor is greatly simplified over those recently reported such as bismuth nanoparticle modified electrodes and bismuth film coated screen printed electrodes. The scope of applications of this sensor with the inherent advances in electroanalysis coupled with the negliable toxicity of bismuth is extensive allowing high throughput electroanalysis.     

重视陶瓷食具容器铅浸出量的问题

陶瓷食具是盛放食物的容器，与人体健康休戚相关。但在陶瓷坯表面上有一层极薄的釉，制釉原料中含有铅的化合物，若在陶瓷餐具中放置果汁，醋等酸性食物，游离铅便会溶入食物中进入体内。     

The Use of Miniature Disc Bend Tests with Plastic Materials

The use of miniaturised disc bend tests, a method that is commonly used with metallic materials, is assessed for use with polymeric materials. The test method uses the indention force/displacement characteristics for a hemispherical-ended punch forced onto a small disc of the test material. Characterisation tests were performed using acetal, PMMA and polypropylene, under a range of different test rates and temperatures. These were compared with conventional tensile tests under the same conditions. Although no quantitative comparison between the two methods has been formulated, good qualitative agreement was found for all materials, including a wider comparison with nine materials. The advantages of the disc bend test are that smaller amounts of material are needed, the sample preparation is easier, the test is often easier to perform, it shows ductile–brittle transitions more sharply and is a very convenient method of performing environmental stress cracking tests.     

食品塑料包装材料中邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯的测定

建立了用正己烷超声提取食品塑料包装材料中的邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯,经滤纸过滤,浓缩定容后采用选择离子模式对其进行气相色谱-质谱联机分析,外标法定量.方法对食品塑料包装材料中的邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯的检测限为10.0μg/kg,检测浓度范围为10～500μg/L,样品的加标回收率为80％～110％,可满足食品塑料包装材料中邻苯二...     

Highly Selective All‐Plastic,Disposable, Cu2+‐Selective Electrodes

Conducting polymers (CP) remain a promising material to construct stable potential all‐solid‐state ion‐selective potentiometric electrodes. The unique properties of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(4‐styrenesulfonate) ions, PEDOT‐PSS: high CP stability and affinity of doping anions towards Cu²⁺ ions, make it highly attractive for construction of all‐solid‐state copper(II)‐selective electrodes with outstanding selectivity. The additional benefits can arise from solution processability of commercially available PEDOT‐PSS system. This material was highly promising for a new sensor arrangement, i.e. to obtain disposable, planar and flexible all‐plastic Cu²⁺‐selective electrodes. These sensors can be obtained by casting a commercially available dispersion of PEDOT‐PSS (Baytron P) on a plastic, non‐conducting support material. The CP being both electrical lead and ion‐to‐electron transducer, was covered with plastic, solvent polymeric Cu²⁺ selective membrane. This extremely simple arrangement, after conditioning in dilute Cu²⁺ solution, was characterized with linear Nernstian responses within the activities range from: 0.1 to 10^?4 M, followed by super‐Nernstian responses for lower activities. The latter result points to effective elimination of primary ions leakage from the plastic membrane / transducer phase and has resulted in significantly improved selectivities. Obtained log K values were equal to ?7.6 for Co²⁺, ?7.4 for Zn²⁺, ?7.2 for Ca²⁺ and ?6.8 for Na⁺, respectively.