Spatiotemporal characteristics and water budget of water cycle elements in different seasons in northeast China

In this paper, we study the spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitable water, precipitation, evaporation, and water–vapor flux divergence in different seasons over northeast China and the water balance of that area. The data used in this paper is provided by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF). The results show that the spatial distributions of precipitable water, precipitation, and evaporation feature that the values of elements above in the southeastern area are larger than those in the northwestern area; in summer, much precipitation and evaporation occur in the Changbai Mountain region as a strong moisture convergence region; in spring and autumn, moisture divergence dominates the northeast of China; in winter, the moisture divergence and convergence are weak in this area. From 1979 to 2010, the total precipitation of summer and autumn in northeast China decreased significantly; especially from 1999 to 2010, the summer precipitation always demonstrated negative anomaly. Additionally, other elements in different seasons changed in a truly imperceptible way. In spring, the evaporation exceeded the precipitation in northeast China; in summer, the precipitation was more prominent; in autumn and winter, precipitation played a more dominating role than the evaporation in the northern part of northeast China, while the evaporation exceeded the precipitation in the southern part.The Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis(ERA-Interim) data have properly described the water balance of different seasons in northeast China. Based on ERA-Interim data, the moisture sinks computed through moisture convergence and moisture local variation are quite consistent with those computed through precipitation and evaporation, which proves that ERAInterim data can be used in the research of water balance in northeast China. On a seasonal scale, the moisture convergence has a greater influence than the local moisture variation on a moisture sink, and the latter is variable slightly, generally as a constant. Likewise, in different seasons, the total precipitation has a much greater influence than the evaporation on the moisture sink.     

Theoretical study of the trapping efficiency of an optical tweezers array system

Optical tweezers have been a valuable research tool since their invention in the 1980s. One of the most important developments in optical tweezers in recent years is the creation of two-dimensional arrays of optical traps. In this paper, a method based on interference is discussed to form gradient laser fields, which may cause the spatial modulation of particle concentration. The parameters related to the optical tweezers array are discussed in detail and simulated by the Matlab software to show the influence of important parameters on the distribution of particle concentration. The spatial redistribution of particles in a laser interference field can also be predicted according to the theoretical analysis.     

Dynamic behaviours of mix-game model and its application

In this paper a minority game (MG) is modified by adding into it some agents who play a majority game. Such a game is referred to as a mix-game. The highlight of this model is that the two groups of agents in the mix-game have different bounded abilities to deal with historical information and to count their own performance. Through simulations, it is found that the local volatilities change a lot by adding some agents who play the majority game into the MG, and the change of local volatilities greatly depends on different combinations of historical memories of the two groups. Furthermore, the analyses of the underlying mechanisms for this finding are made. The applications of mix-game mode are also given as an example.     

A modified explanation of cold nuclear matter effects on J/ψ production in p+A collisions

A modified explanation of the cold nuclear matter(CNM) effects on J/ψ production in p+A collisions is presented in this paper.The advantage of the modified explanation is that all the CNM effects implemented in this model have clear physical origins and are mostly centered on the idea of multiple parton scattering.With the CNM effects presented in this paper, we calculated the nuclear modification factor Rp A in J/ψ production under different collision energies.The results are compared with the corresponding experiment data and the factors calculated with classic nuclear effects.The factors calculated with CNM effects presented in this paper can accurately reproduce almost all existing J/ψ measurements in p-A collisions, which is much better than results obtained with the factors calculated with classic nuclear effects.The new model is therefore a more suitable approach to explain CNM effects in the hardproduction of quarkonium.     

A continuum thermal stress theory for crystals based on interatomic potentials

This paper presents a new continuum thermal stress theory for crystals based on interatomic potentials.The effect of finite temperature is taken into account via a harmonic model.An EAM potential for copper is adopted in this paper and verified by computing the effect of the temperature on the specific heat,coefficient of thermal expansion and lattice constant.Then we calculate the elastic constants of copper at finite temperature.The calculation results are in good agreement with experimental data.The thermal stress theory is applied to an anisotropic crystal graphite,in which the Brenner potential is employed.Temperature dependence of the thermodynamic properties,lattice constants and thermal strains for graphite is calculated.The calculation results are also in good agreement with experimental data.     

THE PRECISE BEARING METHOD OF DIGITAL SPLIT-BEAM ARRAY SYSTEM

The precise bearing problem of digital split-beam sonar is described in this paper.By using theprinciple of cross power spectrum method proposed by Piersol for estimating the time delay between twosignals,the relationship between signal incidental angle and the time delay of equivalent acousticcenters of line or circle array are derived.Based on these expression,the precise value of bearing anglefor the target can be directly calculated from the input data. The accuracy of the estimates which depends on the number of accumulation,the length of DFTand the sample period is given.We have also described the error due to the truncating for randomsignal.The methods of improving the estimation accuracy,such as the weighting for estimates,win-dowing for input data and choosing the suitable parameters for DFT are given. The block diagram and a part of results of system simulation are presented.The method proposedin this paper is available in the real-time tracking of multiple targets of digital sonar.     

Simulation Analysis of the Optimal Storage Resource Alloction for Large HENP Databases

Large High Energy and Nuclear Physics(HENP)databases are commonly stored on robotic tape systems because of cost considerations.Later,selected subsets of the data are cached into disk caches for analysis or data mining.Because of the relatively long time to mount,seek,and read a tape,it is important to minimize the number of times that data is cached into disk.Having too little disk cache will force files to be removed from disk prematurely,thus reducing the potential of their sharing with other users .Similarly,having too few tape drives will not make good use of a large disk cache,as the throughput from the tape system will form the bottleneck.Balancing the tape and disk resources is dependent on the patterns of the requests to the data.In this paper,we describe a simulation that characterizes such a system in terms of the rsources and the request patterns.We learn from the simulation which parameters affect the performance of the system the most.We also observe from the simulation that,there is a point beyond which it is not worth investing in additional resources as the benefit is too marginal.We call this point the “point-of -no-benefit“(or PNB),and show that using this concept we can more easily discover the relationship of various parameters to the performance of the system.     

The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references

This paper is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses, AME2012. From the results of a leastsquares calculation, described in Part I, for all accepted experimental data, we derive here tables and graphs to replace those of AME2003. The first table lists atomic masses. It is followed by a table of the influences of data on primary nuclides, a table of separation energies and reaction energies, and finally, a series of graphs of separation and decay energies. The last section in this paper lists all references to the input data used in Part I of this AME2012 and also to the data included in the NUBASE2012 evaluation (first paper in this issue).     

Mathematical concepts and their physical foundation in the nonstandard analysis theory of turbulence

Main mathematical concepts and their physical foundation in the nonstandard analysis theory of turbulence are presented and discussed. The underlying fact is that there does not exist the absolute zero fluid-volume. Therefore, the physical object corresponding to the absolute point is just the uniform fluid-particle. The fluid-particle, in general, corresponds to the monad. The uniform fluid-particle corresponds to the uniform monad, while the nonuniform fluid-particle to the nonuniform monad. There are two kinds of the differentiations, one is based on the absolute point, and the other based on the monad. The former is adopted in the Navier--Stokes equations, and the latter in the fundamental equations presented in this paper for the nonstandard analysis theory of turbulence. The continuity of fluid is elucidated by virtue of the concepts of the fluid-particle and fluid-particle at a lower level. Furthermore, the characters of the continuity in two cases, i.e. in the standard and nonstandard analyses, are presented in this paper. And the difference in discretization between the Navier--Stokes equations and the fundamental equations given herein is also pointed out.     

Automatic detection of the belt-like region in an image with variational PDE model

In this paper, we propose a novel method to automatically detect the belt-like object, such as highway, river, etc., in a given image based on Mumford-Shah function and the evolution of two phase curves. The method can automatically detect two curves that are the boundaries of the belt-like object. In fact, this is a partition problem and we model it as an energy minimization of a Mumford-Shah function based minimal partition problem like active contour model. With Eulerian formulation the partial differential equations (PDEs) of curve evolution are given and the two curves will stop on the desired boundary. The stop term does not depend on the gradient of the image and the initial curves can be anywhere in the image. We also give a numerical algorithm using finite differences and present various experimental results. Compared with other methods, our method can directly detect the boundaries of belt-like object as two continuous curves, even if the image is very noisy.     

基于概率密度分析长江三角洲降水随时间的演变规律

将长江三角洲旱涝等级资料转换成降水概率随时间的演化，揭示了长江三角洲降水概率随时间演变的各层次的分布特征。结果表明：长江三角洲降水存在明显的年际、年代际以及世纪以上时间尺度的准周期变化，而且都超过0.05的信度检验。在530年旱涝等级序列中，虽然长江三角洲各地区发生旱、涝的小概率事件的频数不太相同，但由气候态背景(世纪尺度)所激发的小概率事件频数相同；这一研究结果充分说明作为背景状态的气候演变对小概率事件（干旱、洪涝）的发生具有非常重要的影响，对气候预测理论与提高气候预测准确率具有积极的指导作用。     

长江中下游地区暴雨"积成效应"

采用1960–2011年中国740站日降水观测数据, 以长江中下游地区为切入点, 提出暴雨"积成效应"这一概念, 旨在将暴雨这一天气尺度强降水过程拓展为类似中长期天气尺度过程来考虑, 研究它对季节尺度降水的贡献及影响. 通过统计分析从持续时间(L_d)、控制面积(A_r)、降水贡献率(Q_s) 等三个角度建立暴雨"积成效应"概念及判定标准, 并进一步结合上述指标建立暴雨"积成效应"强度指数. 从这一角度出发, 探讨长江中下游地区暴雨"积成效应"与夏季降水的时空对应关系, 发现强度指数与同期夏季降水量的年际和年代际变化具有很好的一致性; 强弱指数年合成分布以及指数与中国东部夏季降水相关系数的空间分布呈现出类似于中国东部夏季雨带的分布形式; 而利用EOF分解对暴雨"积成效应"空间范围分类, 发现其与该地区夏季降水具有相似的4种空间型, 总体而言, 长江中下游地区暴雨"积成效应"造成的降水极大地影响甚至决定整个夏季降水的多寡及空间分布. 关键词： 长江中下游 暴雨 "积成效应" 夏季降水     

The two annual northward jumps of the West Pacific Subtropical High and their relationship with summer rainfall in Eastern China under global warming

The two northward jumps of summer West Pacific Subtropical High （WPSH） are defined based on the pentad-scale ridge data of the WPSH ridge in 1951 to 2012. The times of the northward jumps are found to have obvious inter-annual and decadal characteristics, i.e., the occurrence of the first northward jump of WPSH shows a ＂consistently early-consistently late＂ decadal pattern, with the transition around 1980; the occurrence of the second northward jump of WPSH shows a ＂consistently late-consistently early-consistently late＂ decadal pattern, with the transitions about 1955 and 1978, respec- tively, which is consistent with global warming. In the meantime, the times of the two northward jumps not only have a good correspondence to the beginning and ending dates of the rainy season, but also greatly influence the position of the main rain belt in Eastern China. When the first northward jump occurs early, the main rain belt is located from just north of 30~ N to the south of North China, while the opposite situation appears when the first jump occurs late. When the second jump occurs early, more rain falls over North China and South China, but less falls in the Yangtze River region, while the opposite situation appears when the second jump occurs late. In the four cases when abnormalities occur in the same year as early or late northward jumps, the position of the main rain belt can be considered as a superposition of isolated abnormal effects of the two northward jumps. Moreover, the prophase and synchronous forces of the sea surface temperature in the Pacific has great influence on the times of the northward jumps, and the driving forces of the two jumps differ.     

Detection and attribution of abrupt climate changes in the last one hundred years

Based on physical backgrounds, the four time series of the Guliya （Tibetan plateau） ice core （GIC） 5180, and three natural factors, i.e. the rotation rate of earth, sunspots, and E1 Nino-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） signals, are decomposed into two hierarchies, i.e. more and less than 10-year hierarchies respectively, and then the running t-test is used to reanalyse the data before and after filtering with the purpose of investigating the contribution of natural factors to the abrupt climate changes in the last one hundred years. The results show that the GIC 5180 evolved with a quasi-period of 7-9 years, and the abrupt climate changes in the early 1960s and in the period from the end of the 1970s to the beginning of the 1980s resulted from the joint effect of the two hierarchies, in other words, the two interdecadal abrupt changes of climate in the last one hundred years were global. The interannual variations of ENSO and sunspots were the important triggering factors for the abrupt climate changes in the last one hundred years. At the same time, the method of Information Transfer （IT） is employed to estimate the contributions of ENSO signals and sunspots activities to the abrupt climate changes, and it is found that the contribution of the interannual variation of ENSO signals is relatively large.     

黄土高原中部秋季干湿的年际和年代际环流异常特征及与海温的多尺度相关性研究

黄土高原地区作为气候敏感区和生态脆弱区地表干 湿状况的年际和年代际变化特征十分明显. 但以往主要是针对夏季进行分析, 而对黄土高原秋季干湿变化规律及大气环流机理的认识非常有限. 本文基于中国589站最近50 a (1961–2010年)月降水和气温月平均资料、NCEP/NCAR提供的再分析资料以及NOAA提供的海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST) 资料, 运用带通/低通滤波、小波分析、EOF/REOF和回归分析等方法, 在对中国秋季干湿时空演化分类的基础上, 通过研究秋季黄土高原中部干湿演变周期、大气环流特征及与海温的多尺度相关关系, 以揭示影响黄土高原中部秋季干湿变化的物理机理, 并确定影响该区域干湿状况的前兆信号. 小波功率谱分析表明, 黄土高原中部秋季干湿指数存在准4 a和准8 a的周期, 1970–1990年准8 a尺度周期振荡尤为明显. 年际(周期≤ 8 a) 尺度上偏湿年的大气环流特征是, 欧亚大陆中高纬呈“双阻型”, 200 hPa西风急流显著北移, 日本海-鄂霍茨克海受反气旋控制, 其底部的偏东水汽输送带将水汽输入研究区. 年代际(周期 > 8 a)尺度上偏湿年的大气环流特征是, 东亚大陆为一致的低值系统; 200 hPa东亚副热带西风急流减弱北移, 研究区主要水汽来源由经孟加拉湾在中南半岛转向的南风水汽输送及中纬度的西风水汽输送组成. 整个序列上, Nino3区SST指数(Nino3I)超前5个月与秋季干湿指数已呈显著的负相关关系, 而孟加拉湾–中国南海SST指数(BayI)则超前3个月与干湿指数呈现显著的负相关关系. 年际尺度上, 秋季Nino3I, BayI均与秋季干湿指数存在显著相关(准4 a, 4–6 a), 而年代际尺度上, 只有BayI与秋季干湿指数存在显著相关性(准10 a). 黄土高原中部秋季干湿的年际和年代际周期的确定、大气环流异常特征的认识及与海温的多尺度相关关系的建立, 不仅揭示了影响该区域干湿变化的物理机理, 也为干旱气候预测提供了重要的前兆信号. 关键词： 黄土高原中部 干湿特征 海表温度 小波分析     

MODIS多光谱研究攀西地区植被对气候变化响应

遥感方法定量监测植被与气候变化的关系已经成为全球变化研究的一个重要领域。攀西地区是我国长江上游重要的生态屏障,对维持四川乃至我国整体生态环境的稳定具有重要作用。基于攀西地区多年MODIS多光谱数据和气象数据对植被动态变化以及该变化与气候因子的关系进行了探讨。结果显示,NDVI变化和气温、降水呈正相关,其中降水是影响攀西地区植被生长的主要气候因子,NDVI变化与秋季降水量变化呈现出良好的一致性;研究区植被长势与气温和降水存在一定的时滞性,主要体现在前1个月气温和降水对植被长势的影响上。     

Isotopic characteristics of meteoric waters in the Belgrade region

The stable isotope composition of hydrogen (delta(2)H) and oxygen (delta(18)O) in monthly precipitation and river water (Sava River and Danube) samples in the Belgrade area gathered between 1992 and 2005 are determined. The local meteoric water line delta(2)H=7.8 (+/-0.2) delta(18)O+7.3(+/-1.6) (r(2)=0.98, n=60, sigma=0.52) for the whole period of observation is close to the global meteoric water line. The amount-weighted mean delta(2)H and delta(18)O values of precipitation were-65+/-27 per thousand and-9.4+/-3.4 per thousand, respectively. Good correlation between delta(18)O values (r approximately >0.67) and ambient temperature and relative humidity was obtained. Stream-water data ranged from-94 to-60 per thousand for delta(2)H and from-11.0 to approximately 5.7 per thousand for delta(18)O with highly statistically significant difference (p>0.01) between the Sava River and the Danube. In addition, the isotopic compositions of local precipitation and adjacent river water at monitoring sites were compared. Obtained data will give an opportunity to improve the knowledge of mixing stream water and local groundwater, and assessment of potential groundwater risks and pressures in the Belgrade basin.     

季风与极涡的异常配置下中国夏季大尺度旱涝分布

从冷暖系统配置的角度,选取东亚夏季风(EASM)和7月亚洲区极涡面积(APVA),分析了二者的气候特征与中国夏季降水分布之间的关系.在此基础上,将1951—2010年EASM和APVA的异常配置分为四种类型:A:季风强、极涡大;B:季风强、极涡小;C:季风弱、极涡大;D:季风弱、极涡小.研究发现,二者的异常配置下,中国夏季大尺度旱涝分布在季尺度上表现出多面性特征:A型年,夏季整体偏旱;B型年,夏季南涝北旱;C型年,夏季北涝南旱;D型年,夏季整体偏涝.由此可见,中国夏季旱涝总体分布除了与EASM有关外还与APVA密切相关,二者异常的不同配置下,夏季降水多寡和旱涝分布表现出了显著的差异和规律性,这对夏季降水总体趋势预测有一定的指示意义.此外,通过研究不同配置关系对应大气环流异常特征,并分析不同要素在夏季风和极涡关系变化中的作用,发现不同配置类型下夏季降水表现出的差异和规律性直接取决于环流场的整体配置,其中西太副高和中高纬阻塞形势起主导作用.     

20世纪90年代末东亚夏季降水年代际变化及其成因初探

基于1983—2011年月总降水量、环流和海温的再分析资料,给出了20世纪90年代末东亚夏季降水的年代际调整的区域特征,及其对应的大气环流内部过程和可能的海温外强迫的年代际变化.研究结果表明,在20世纪90年代末期东亚北部夏季降水比东亚南部夏季降水由湿向干的表现更为明显,东亚南部地区夏季降水则是在20世纪90年代初和21世纪初发生年代际的转折.此外,东亚地区夏季的500 h Pa高度场、850 h Pa风场、U200风场、水汽输送场和东亚太平洋遥相关型指数和东亚夏季风指数等在20世纪90年代末期也表现出明显的年代际变化特征.进而从大气内部过程的角度验证了20世纪90年代末东亚夏季降水发生的年代际调整.与此同时,北太平洋和西太平洋海表温度表现出由偏低向偏高的转变,这可能是导致20世纪90年代末期东亚夏季气候年代际变化的重要外部成因之一.     

Tracing the pathways of neotropical migratory shorebirds using stable isotopes: a pilot study

We evaluated the potential use of stable isotopes to establish linkages between the wintering grounds and the breeding grounds of the Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos), the White-rumped Sandpiper (Calidris fuscicollis), the Baird's Sandpiper (Calidris bairdii), and other Neotropical migratory shorebird species (e.g., Tringa spp.). These species molt their flight feathers on the wintering grounds and hence their flight feathers carry chemical signatures that are characteristic of their winter habitat. The objective of our pilot study was to assess the feasibility of identifying the winter origin of individual birds by: (1) collecting shorebird flight feathers from several widely separated Argentine sites and analyzing these for a suite of stable isotopes; and 2) analyzing the deuterium and 18O isotope data that were available from precipitation measurement stations in Argentina. Isotopic ratios (delta13C, delta15N and delta34S) of flight feathers were significantly different among three widely separated sites in Argentina during January 2001. In terms of relative importance in separating the sites, delta34S was most important, followed by delta15N, and then delta13C. In the complete discriminant analysis, the classification function correctly predicted group membership in 85% of the cases (jackknifed classification matrix). In a stepwise analysis delta13C was dropped from the solution, and site membership was correctly predicted in 92% of cases (jackknifed matrix). Analysis of precipitation data showed that both deltaD and delta18O were significantly related to both latitude and longitude on a countrywide scale (p < 0.001). Other variables, month, altitude, explained little additional variation in these isotope ratios. Several issues were identified that will likely constrain the degree of accuracy one can expect in predicting the geographic origin of birds from Argentina. There was unexplained variation in isotope ratios within and among the different wing feathers from individual birds. Such variation may indicate that birds are not faithful to a local site during their winter stay in Argentina. There was significant interannual variation in the deltaD and delta18O of precipitation. Hence, specific locations may not have a constant signature for some isotopes. Moreover, the fractionation that occurs in wetlands due to evaporation significantly skews local deltaD and delta18O values, which may undermine the strong large-scale gradients seen in the precipitation data. We are continuing the research with universities in Argentina with a focus on expanding the breadth of feather collection and attempting to resolve the identified issues.