非离子型表面活性剂所组成微乳液的异常流变性

以非离子型表面活性剂所组成的微乳液为研究对象,通过测定流变性、粘度、电导和NMR等实验,研究其微观结构.实验表明:在不同水油比范围内有不同结构,在层状结构区也有异常流变性,对此现象有了进一步理解.     

以非离子型表面活性剂组成的W/O型微乳液的渗滤现象

通过电导现象研究以非离子型表面活性剂AEO~9、正己醇、煤油和水所组成的W/O型微乳液的微观结构。从渗滤作用来比较EMT、EMTDD和BW三种理论, 发现在水油比较低的情况下, 本体系符合EMT理论。这表明微乳液在电场下是独立球体, 不随电解质浓度和性质而变。还从研究不同温度下的电导而求得活化能, 发现为负值, 从中讨论了离子跃迁规律。     

pH和盐类对非离子型表面活性剂所组成微乳液的异常流变性影响

以非离子型表面活性剂AEO~9、正十六烷、正己醇和水所组成的微乳液为对象, 研究盐和pH值对其粘度和流变性的影响, 得出它们在pH值为7时最小, 以及二价盐影响最大的结论, 正好与离子型微乳液结果相反, 为此进行了讨论。并从热效应和电导对其微观结构作了初步探索。     

微量热法研究非离子型表面活性剂微乳液

用微量热法研究了由正十六烷／正己醇／水／烷基聚氧乙烯醚组成的微乳液中水的状态，对微乳液中水的模式对热效应的影响进行了解释。在微乳液具有异常流变性的水油比范围内，测定了体系在负触变性状态恢复期间的热效应。     

阴离子型表面活性剂所组成微乳液的异常流变性

对以正十六烷、油酸钾、正己醇和水所组成的微乳液进行研究,对其流变性和机理作了探讨.微乳液粘度和水油比变化的关系可用相转化来说明.层形结构区显示出有高粘度特征,并具有明显的负触变性现象.对此进行了讨论,并研究了pH值和盐类的影响.     

以非离子型表面活性剂形成微乳液的碳原子数相关性研究

由非离子型表面活性剂、助表面活性剂（醇）、水和油形成微乳液,用拟三角相图中微乳区的面积确定形成微乳液的最佳条件,实验证明,油的碳原子数加上醇的碳原子数等于表面活性剂的碳原子数对为微乳液形成最佳条件,也符合ＢＳＯ规律。     

水中非离子型表面活性剂的富集分离和高灵敏光度测定研究

用改性ＰＶＡ树脂，从水中富集痕量合成非离子型表面活性剂（ＳＮＳ），进一步用ＳＮＳ与钡盐和磷钼酸定量地形成难溶缔合物沉淀，使ＳＮＳ与共存物分离浓缩。用Ｍｏ－邻苯二酚紫－溴化十二烷基吡啶（ＤＰＢ）显色反应（表面摩尔吸光系数εｍａｘ值为３．１×１０＾５Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾＿１）体系分光光度测定与ＳＮＳ定量缔合的Ｍｏ，从而间接测定水中痕量ＳＮＳ。方法用于江，湖水中痕量ＳＮＳ的测定，获得较好结果。     

碳氟表面活性剂复配体系的中相微乳液研究

全氟辛酸钠(OBS)/十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)-正丁醇/正丙醇-油-盐水体系能形成多相微乳液, 本文应用正交试验设计寻找了最佳中相微乳液体系组成, 然后系统地研究了含盐量、表面活性剂总浓度, 醇总浓度, 油的种类对该体系中相微乳液的形成, 相态和其特性参数的影响。并且应用红外光谱对微乳液的微观结构进行了测定。最后还对碳氢表面活性剂和碳氢/碳氟表面活性剂复配体系进行了比较。本文结果对三次采油和日用化工等领域的应用以及对理论研究都具有重要的意义。     

盐类和温度对非离子型表面活性剂溶液粘度的影响

研究在各种盐类存在下,温度对非离子表面活性剂(OP类)溶液粘度的影响,发现相对粘度的对数值与1/T呈线性关系,从直线的斜率可得活化自由能ΔG′。由热力学关系式可计算粘性流体的活化焓ΔII′和活化熵ΔS′。用所得热力学函数对胶束型态的转化进行了讨论。     

非离子表面活性剂TWeen80相图的研究

本文研究了醇类（正丁醇、正戊醇、正辛醇和正癸醇）、油类（正十八烷、正十六烷、正十四烷、正十烷、正癸烷和正辛烷）、正十八烷含量以及NaCl浓度对Tween80／醇／油／水体系相图的影响。结果表明，NaCl浓度对Tween80／正辛醇／正十八烷／水体系相图的影响不明显；醇类随着炭原子数目的增加，O／W微乳液区面积增大，W／O微乳液区面积减小，微乳液区总面积增大；不同的油类形成的微乳液区面积由大到小的顺序是：正十六烷≈正十四烷＞正十二烷＞正癸烷＞正十八烷＞正辛烷；随着正十八烷含量的增加，微乳区面积减小。用2277热活性检测系统测定了石油菌B－2分别在非微乳液和助表面活性剂分别是正戊醇、正辛醇，油是正十八烷所形成的微乳液中生长的功率－时间曲线。结果表明微乳液培养基更适用于B－2利用高碳烷烃进行生长；正辛醇作助表面活性剂形成的微乳液培养基比正戊醇作助表面活性剂形成的微乳液培养更为有利；O／W型微乳液比W／O型微乳液对B－2的生长更为有利。     

Stabilization of nanodiamond dispersions with nonionic surfactant Igepal CA-630 in water and dimethyl sulfoxide

Nanodiamond dispersions in water and DMSO were stabilized with adsorbed layers of nonionic surfactant Igepal CA-630. Adsorption isotherms of Igepal CA-630 onto nanodiamonds from water and DMSO reveal the structure of the adsorbed layers. The stabilized aqueous dispersions retain their resistance to aggregation for at least 7 days, while the dispersions in DMSO are stable for 3 days.     

Emulsion copolymerization of styrene with a nonionic styrenic polymerizable surfactant

Among the variety of possible structures for polymerizable surfactants, it seems clear that the most interesting should be those with the reactive group located in the hydrophobic part of the molecule. We report here a study based on such a surfactant. Its general formula is A set of surfactants has been produced with m varying from 23 to 48 and n = 6 or 12. The compounds have been characterised by ¹H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), size exclusion chromatography, surface tension measurements and turbidimetry. These surfactants have been copolymerized with styrene in emulsion polymerization. The coagulum is rather important, except if m is large enough. Although the incorporation of the surfactant in the latex is rather high. Most of the anchored surfactant remains at the surface and is not too buried inside. The particle size decreases with both the amount of surfactant and the length of its hydrophilic part. The use of these polymerizable surfactants leads to an excellent stability of the latex against the addition of electrolytes, and also against freeze-thawing constraints.     

Palladium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of organic substrates by hypophosphite in water containing a nonionic surfactant

Palladium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of some organic substrates in water containing a nonionic surfactant was examined using sodium hypophosphite as a hydrogen source. Hydrogenation of organohalides such as polychloroarenes, alkenes, alkynes, nitro compounds, aromatic aldehydes, and O-benzyl and N-benzyl derivatives efficiently proceeded to give the corresponding reduction products. The addition of a nonionic surfactant, such as Tween 20, proved to be effective in obtaining satisfactory results in most cases.     

微乳胶粒的形成与表面活性剂的作用——粗粒化力场分子动力学模拟研究

从微观机理上研究表面活性剂对微乳胶粒形成的影响有利于推动微乳状液在各个领域的应用研究．本文采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了微乳胶粒的形成过程及表面活性剂对微乳胶粒形成的影响．正十二烷（C12H26）和十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）作为油分子和表面活性剂分子的模型,Martini粗粒化（coarse．grained,CG）力场描述分子间和分子内的相互作用,对含有不同浓度的正十二烷和表面活性剂的12个模型分别进行了100ns的分子动力学模拟．模拟结果显示,不含表面活性剂的体系迅速发生水油相分离,且分离过程伴随着势能的明显下降;含有表面活性剂的体系中,在相同时间内通过模拟得到了稳定的、表面活性剂分子包裹油分子的胶粒．对不同温度下模拟得到的数据分析发现,胶粒形成初期的动力学特征可以近似地表达为二级反应,聚集活化能为14．6kJ／mol．     

Microemulsion polymerization of styrene using a polymerizable nonionic surfactant and a cationic surfactant

High polymer/surfactant weight ratios (up to about 15:1) of polystyrene microlatexes have been successfully produced by microemulsion polymerization using a small amount of polymerizable surfactant, ω-methoxypoly(ethylene oxide)₄₀ undecyl α-methacrylate macromonomer (PEO-R-MA-40), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). After generating “seeding particles” in a ternary microemulsion containing only 0.2 wt% CTAB and 0.1 wt% styrene, the additional styrene containing less than 1 wt% PEO-R-MA-40 was added dropwise to the polymerized microemulsion for a period of about 4 h at room temperature. PEO-R-MA-40 copolymerized readily with styrene. The stable microlatexes were bluish-transparent at a lower polymer content and became bluish-opaque at a higher polymer content. Nearly monodisperse latex particles with diameters ranging from 50 to 80 nm and their molar masses ranging from 0.6 to 1.6 × 10⁶ g/mol could be obtained by varying the polymerization conditions. The dependence of the number of particles per milliliter of microlatex, the latex particle size and the copolymer molar mass on the polymerization time is discussed in conjunction with the effect of the macromonomer concentration. Received: 25 October/2000 Accepted: 2 February 2001     

Conductivities and spectroscopic studies on hyperbranched polyurethane electrolytes

Polymer electrolytes were prepared with hyperbranched polyurethane, linear polyurethane as the host polymer, and lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄) as the ion source. Fourier transform infrared spectra were used to analyze the bonding degree of Li⁺ with carbonyl and ether groups. Raman spectra were applied to analyze the aggregate degree of anion perchlorate ion (ClO). The spectra analysis indicated that the hyperbranched polyurethane could function as a “solvent” for the lithium salt. Also, the conductivity increased with increasing concentration of hyperbranched polymers in the host polymer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 120–126, 2003     

The time dependence of chitosan/nonionic surfactant solution viscosity

The measurement of the viscosity of semiconcentrated chitosan (0.08–0.14%) solutions in the system with octaethyleneglycolmonon-dodecylether (C₁₂E₈) was carried out using Cannon-Fenske capillary viscometer. The interaction was—as expected—very weak, vut when the time dependent hydrodynamic behaviour of the system was considered, the interaction has been established at particular surfactant concentrations. The most significant time dependence is shown in a form of sudden viscosity drop in a region close to and above CMC value of the surfactant, which implied existence of the interaction between chitosan and surfactant. At low surfactant concentrations viscosity values vere constant with increasing surfactant concentration, but solution also showed time dependent decrease in the viscosity which has been connected with well known time dependent viscosity of pure chitosan solution.The viscometry enabled monitoring of the extent of chitosan/surfactant association by establishing the viscosity decrease rate constant. The rate constant was derived from the first order constant of the quadratic polynomial curves used for the approximation of experimental values when these are presented in the form of viscosity-time profiles. This method showed the existence of critical surfactant concentration values (C ₁,C ₂ andC ₃). These values are closely connected with the proposed interaction model which is based on the assumption that spherical surfactant micelles are bound by chitosan molecule.On leave from Textile Engineering Dept., Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia     

The adsorption structure of nonionic surfactant on the sessile mercury electrode in a thin liquid film

In relation to a colloid stability, the adsorption structure of the Stern layer on a sessile mercury electrode in a thin liquid film of nonionic surfactant was investigated by measuring the double layer capacitance. The Stern capacitance on the electrode in the film could be detected when the measuring frequency used was low, for the resistance of the film was not extremely high but of the order of several thousand ohm. It was found that the adsorption structure of nonionic surfactant in the thin liquid film shows a stratification different from that of bulk.     

Mass transport in Triton X series nonionic surfactant solutions: a new approach to solute-solvent interactions

Densities, viscosities and tracer diffusion coefficients for solutions of the nonionic surfactants Triton X-45, X-114, X-100 and X-102 in water (except for Triton X-45) and methanol, and for Triton X-100 in three water-methanol mixtures have been measured at 298.15 K and 308.15 K. The activation energy for viscous flow and the contributions to it from solute and solvent have been calculated. Comparison of the Gibbs energies of these systems shows the roles of polyoxyethylene chains of Triton X molecules in the interactions between solute and solvent, and also the effects of solvents on the inter-actions for different solutes. The viscosityB coefficients are positive for all of the surfactant solutions, and the temperature coefficients ofB are negative. In the non-micellar solutions in methanol, values ofB are small and the temperature coefficient ofB is nearly zero. In water-methanol mixtures the critical micelle concentration becomes larger as the methanol content increases up to 40% w/w; micelles are not formed at higher methanol concentrations. TheB coefficient decreases with increasing proportion of methanol in the solvent, and the temperature coefficient ofB changes from a fairly large positive value at low methanol contents to a small negative value at 80% w/w methanol.