动态固定化方法制备微酶反应器研究初探

以固定化人工膜为固定相,胰蛋白酶为固定靶蛋白,利用生物功能化色谱的方法,制备固定化微酶反应器,并与HPLC-MS/MS技术联用,检测目标蛋白牛血清白蛋白、肌红蛋白和细胞色素C的酶解效率.实验初步证明,所制备的新型微柱酶解器具有活性高、稳定性高、催化效率高、酶活性持久、快速再生及操作简单等优点.     

复合纤维素膜固定化胰蛋白酶反应器及其应用于蛋白质酶解

合成了甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯-纤维素复合膜,并以此膜为基质共价键合固定化胰蛋白酶,以N-苯甲酰-L-精氨酰乙酯(BAEE)为底物,应用高效液相色谱系统测定了酶固定化膜柱的催化反应特性。研究结果表明:温度、pH值、离子强度、有机溶剂及蛋白变性剂等都对固定化酶的活力有一定的影响。在最适条件下,固定化胰蛋白酶的活力为17800U/g干膜,蛋白载量为3.6mg/g(≈0.15μmol/g)干膜,活性回收率达到52%.固定化酶表现出较高的使用和储藏稳定性,在40℃下,水解BAEE底物24h活力无显着变化。固定化酶膜柱在4℃冷藏保存100d仍保存90%以上的水解活力。固定化酶反应器被应用于蛋白质酶解的肽谱实验。     

壳聚糖固定化胰蛋白酶的研究

以壳聚糖为载体，戊二醛为交联剂，采用两种方法制备了固定化胰蛋白酶。考察了固定化反应中pH值，戊二醛的浓度，以及给酶量对固定化胰蛋白酶活力的影响，并研究了这两种固定化胰蛋白酶的性质。实验结果表明，以戊二醛预交联的网状壳聚糖为载体制备的固定化胰蛋白酶具有更加优良的性能，在最佳固定化反应条件下，酶的活性加收率可达56％。此固定化胰蛋白酶的最适pH为7．0－8．5，最适温度为60℃，Km值为2．52mol/L，固定化胰蛋白酶表现出较好的热稳定性，pH贮存稳定性，以及在乙醇水溶液中的稳定性。     

聚酰胺-胺树状大分子修饰硅胶固定化胰蛋白酶的研究

以聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM)树状大分子修饰的硅胶为载体,胰蛋白酶为模型,考察了PAMAM的代数和固定化条件对酶的固载量及活力的影响.实验结果表明:选用3.0代PAMAM树状大分子修饰硅胶为载体固定化胰蛋白酶,酶促反应最适pH值为9.0,最适温度为60℃,对酪蛋白表现米氏常数K<,m>为7.76mg/mL,固定化胰蛋白酶表...     

醋酸纤维素膜固定化脲酶的研究

酶固定膜反应器兼具有反应和分离两种功能,是酶工程领域中较活跃的研究课题.随着酶固定化技术和水平的提高,各种固定化酶生物反应器不断涌现,其中以采用固定化脲酶技术制作的人工肾最为成功.     

溶胶凝胶膜包埋的胰蛋白酶用于高通量蛋白质肽谱分析

采用溶胶凝胶包埋法在96孔板中固定胰蛋白酶,制备高通量的酶解反应器。考察了四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)与甲基三甲氧基硅烷(MTMS)的不同比例对凝胶膜的成胶速度、机械强度、透明度、固定酶的活性及稳定性的影响。以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为目标蛋白,比较了溶胶凝胶固定化酶与溶液态酶的稳定性和催化活性,用HPLC对BSA的酶解产物进行了肽谱分析,比较了二者的酶解效率。结果表明,TEOS与MTMS比例为1∶1时,凝胶膜有很好的成胶速度、机械强度、透明度;包埋态酶有很高的活性和稳定性。HPLC对肽段的分析结果表明,固定化酶的酶解效率优于溶液态酶。     

固定化胰蛋白酶整体小柱的制备及其用于微量蛋白质的快速酶解

发展了一种光引发聚合法制备固定化胰蛋白酶整体小柱的方法,以用于微量蛋白质的快速酶解。整体小柱由功能单体4-戊烯酸琥珀酰亚胺酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯,交联剂季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯和三元致孔剂二甲基亚砜、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、十二醇在20 μL的移液器吸头尖端原位聚合而成。形成整体柱后,胰蛋白酶分子通过氨基与琥珀酰亚胺酯反应实现固定化。系统研究了聚合溶液中活性酯含量与柱床体积对胰蛋白酶固载量的影响,评价了固定化酶整体小柱对标准蛋白细胞色素C和牛血清白蛋白的酶解效率,以及整体小柱的稳定性和重复性。结果表明,在离心辅助下,酶解过程可在10 min内完成,批次间具有良好的重复性。最后将固定化酶整体小柱应用于1×10⁵个人急性早幼粒白血病（NB4）细胞与人急性T细胞白血病（Jurkat T）细胞的快速酶解,经纳升级液相色谱与高分辨质谱联用分析后鉴定得到2489个和2572个蛋白质。相比于溶液状态下的酶解,分别提高了2.2%和6.1%的蛋白鉴定数量,展现了其在蛋白组学研究中的应用潜力。     

聚丙烯腈分离膜表面的酶固定化研究进展

总结了近30年来围绕聚丙烯腈分离膜表面酶固定化的实现、酶活性的保持及其应用研究等相关问题的进展,并对今后的发展前景予以展望。     

利用卵壳膜固定化葡萄糖氧化酶制备酶电极

报道了以卵壳膜为载体，用戊二醛将葡萄糖氧化酶固定于膜上，并探讨了酶膜制备过程的各种影响因素。在固定过程中，当戊二醛浓度为０．１％，酶用量为２０ＵＩ时，酶回收率为１７％。渗透性是影响酶膜重现的主因。以此酶膜制备的葡萄糖电极，线性范围为１．０×１０５～１．６×１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ检测限为５×１０－６ｍｏ１／Ｌ，寿命两个月。     

膜亲和色谱用于胰蛋白酶抑制剂的分离

分别采用酰化-胺化和氯甲基化-胺化对聚砜进行化学修饰,用相转化法制成平均孔径为450nm的超滤膜,经重氮化反应,共价键合上具有活性的胰蛋白酶。其相对活力可达10200 u/g。每克化学改性聚砜膜上可固载化上15 mg胰蛋白酶。用此酶膜对胰蛋白酶抑制剂进行了亲和分离,一次可得6.5mg纯胰蛋白酶抑制剂。     

Supramolecular-mediated Immobilization of Trypsin on Cyclodextrin-modified Gold Nanospheres

Bovine pancreatic trypsin was immobilized on β- and γ-cyclodextrin coated gold nanospheres via supramolecular associations. The enzyme retained 100%–120% of its catalytic activity and its thermal stability at 50°C was 2–2.5 fold increased in the presence of the β- and γ-cyclodextrin modified metal nanoparticles, respectively. The influence of these immobilization processes on the conformational properties of the enzyme was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. These results open a new perspective to the possible application of cyclodextrin-modified gold nanospheres as water-soluble carriers for enzyme immobilization.     

氨基酸分子改性的SiO2杂化材料用于胰蛋白酶固定化

为改善二氧化硅载体材料本身的生物相容性和疏水性,维持包埋生物分子的活性,本文对水解前驱体3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷进行氨基酸分子改性。具体过程包括N-Fmoc-L-缬氨酸和氯化亚砜反应生成N-Fmoc-L-缬氨酰氯,再和3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷反应生成N-（3-三甲氧基硅基）丙基-N′-Fmoc-L-缬氨酰胺后。然后去除Fmoc,得到N-（3-三甲氧基硅基）丙基-L-缬氨酰胺作为氨基酸修饰的硅源前驱体。通过IR、MS、1H-NMR等分析测试手段对合成得到的各个化合物的结构进行了表征。利用正硅酸甲酯（TMOS）和N-（3-三甲氧基硅基）丙基-L-缬氨酰胺为复合硅源,经过溶胶-凝胶过程来包埋了胰蛋白酶,研究得到最适的固定化条件为,N-（3-三甲氧基硅基）丙基-L-缬氨酰胺的含量为15mol%。在该条件下,固定化胰蛋白酶活力的绝对值是199U,游离酶的酶活力的绝对值是103U, 四甲氧基硅烷直接包埋的固定化酶活力的活性是38 U。在该条件下,杂化硅源得到的固定化酶的活性是以四甲氧基硅烷水解前驱体的固定化酶活性的5倍,杂化硅源固定化胰蛋白酶的最相比游离酶,酶的最高活力提高的几乎2倍。这些结果表明氨基酸分子对水解前驱体修饰以后,水解产生的固定化载体具有良好的生物相容性。通过改性载体制备的固定化酶,对甲醇变性剂的稳定性,对酸碱的抵抗性及热稳定性也有明显地提高。     

Immobilization ofAzacrown Ligand onto a Fluorophore

Geometric immobilization of azacrown ligand onto a fluorophore is expected to change their binding properties toward ion discrimination. An immobilized azacrown ligand 1 onto anthracene fluorophore senses Al(III), Cu(II) and Ga(III) in ethanol among the metal ions examined. In 100% aqueous solution, ligand 1 shows large CHEF effects with Al(III) and Ga(III) and large CHEQ effect with Hg(II). By comparison, non-immobilized azacrown ligand 2 showed large CHEF effects with Al(III), Ce(III), Ga(III), La(III) and Zn(II) in ethanol.     

Immobilization of amyloglucosidase onto granular chicken bone

Amyloglucosidase was immobilized onto granular chicken bone (BIOBONE?) by noncovalent interactions. The amount of activity bound relative to an equal amount of free enzyme was 13.6 ?0.4%. The estimated specific activity for amyloglucosidase decreased from 75.3?0.8 to 43.5 ?9.6 U/mg protein upon immobilization. TheKm value of the bone-immobilized enzyme using glycogen as substrate increased from 3.04?0.38 mg/mL (free) to 9.04? 1.51 mg/mL (immobilized), butKm showed no change upon immobilization when starches were used as substrates. A decrease in V_max values occurred upon enzyme immobilization for all substrates, but this largely reflected the percentage of enzyme initially bound to the bone. Immobilization also improved enzyme stability in the presence of various additives (e.g., detergent, KC1, and ethanol) or under low or high pH reaction conditions. Bound amyloglucosidase maintained high activity (>90%) following five cycles of continuous use at moderate (23 ?C) and high (55?C) temperatures. Data derived from Lineweaver-Burk and Arrhenius plots indicated that substrate and product diffusion limitation were minimal.     

Immobilization of hexokinase onto chitosan decorated particles

Chitosan (CH) decorated polystyrene (PS) particles were synthesized within complexes of CH, a polycation under acid conditions, and tiny amounts of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). Particle characterization was performed by means of dynamic light scattering, zeta potential measurements, and transmission electron microscopy. All dispersions were stable in the ionic strength of 2.0 mol L-1 NaCl during 2 months. The outstanding colloidal stability was attributed to the presence of a hydrated CH layer around the particles. CH decorated PS particles were attached to atomic force microscopy cantilevers and probed against Si wafers in water and in NaCl 0.01 mol/L. The mean thickness of CH layer amounted to 35 +/- 11 and 16 +/- 6 nm, when the medium was water and NaCl 0.01 mol/L, respectively. Adsorption isotherm of hexokinase (HK) onto PS/CH particles studied by means of spectrophotometry showed three regions: an initial step; adsorption plateau and multilayer formation. Enzymatic activity of free HK and immobilized HK was monitored by means of spectrophotometry as a function of storing time and reuse. After 3 days, storing HK free in solution dramatically lost its catalytic properties. On the contrary, HK-covered PS/CH particles retained enzymatic activity over 1 month. Moreover, HK-covered PS/CH particles could be reused in the determination of glucose two times consecutively, without losing activity. These interesting findings were discussed in light of the role of water in enzyme conformation.     

胰蛋白酶定向固定化亲和配基的理性设计

在胰蛋白酶三维(3D)结构的基础上, 首先利用分子对接从ZINC 数据库中筛选获得了与胰蛋白酶具有较高亲和性的小分子配基2-硝基苯基-β-D-葡糖苷, 并分析了该配基与蛋白质之间的相互作用力主要为范德华和氢键相互作用. 并利用分子动力学模拟进一步验证了2-硝基苯基-β-D-葡糖苷与胰蛋白酶之间具有较强的亲和作用. 分子动力学(MD)模拟结果表明, 配基-目标蛋白质之间形成稳定的复合物且它们之间的距离基本没有变化. 此外, 一个水分子通过氢键在配基和目标蛋白质的结合腔之间架桥. 最后制备了偶联有该配基的亲和载体, 进行了胰蛋白酶的定向固定化, 并考察了该固定化酶的活性. 研究结果表明, 利用修饰2-硝基苯基-β-D-葡糖苷配基的亲和载体固定化胰蛋白酶的酶活达到340.8 U·g^-1, 比活达到300.3 U·mg^-1, 分别是未修饰亲和配基载体的10倍和5倍, 具有明显的优势. 上述结论证明了结合分子对接和分子动力学模拟理性设计定向固定化亲和配基的方法是可行的, 具有一定的理论和实用价值.     

Confocal Microscopy Studies of Trypsin Immobilization on Porous Glycidyl Methacrylate Beads

The immobilization of trypsin on porous glycidyl methacrylate (GMA–GDMA) beads has been investigated. In particular, the distribution within the beads of trypsin and of dextran used for hydrophilizing the bead surface prior to protein immobilization was investigated with confocal microscopy. For the system investigated, the fluorescence intensity profiles obtained when using borate buffer as an ambient solution displayed a distinct minimum at the center of the beads, irrespective of the observation depth. However, by reduction of the refractive index difference between the solution and the beads through the addition of glucose to the aqueous solution, artifacts relating to optical length differences could be reduced. For both low molecular weight fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), FITC-labeled trypsin, and FITC-labeled dextran, an essentially homogeneous distribution throughout the beads was observed. This simple “contrast matching” method seems therefore to be an interesting tool when investigating the distribution of immobilized protein in porous chromatography media.     

Immobilization of glucose isomerase onto granular chicken bone

Glucose isomerase was immobilized onto granular chicken bone (BIOBONE?) by adsorption. The amount of activity bound relative to an equal amount of free enzyme was 32?1%, with the estimated specific activity decreasing from ll.l?0.7 to 3.9?0.5 U/mg protein with immobilization. Compared with the free enzyme, immobilized glucose isomerase showed a threefold increase in theKm for fructose and a fivefold decrease in V_max. High operating temperatures were possible (>55?C), but continuous use and long-term storage studies showed gradual losses of activity. Both the binding and the activity of the bone-immobilized enzyme were highly resistant to treatments with detergent, ethanol, and KC1. Studies to determine mass transfer limitation effects on immobilized glucose isomerase showed that these were insignificant for this system.