An improved synthesis of a ketone catalyst for asymmetric epoxidation of olefins

An efficient synthesis of a ketone catalyst for asymmetric epoxidation of olefins from D-glucose in six steps is described.     

Exploring structural effects of ketone catalysts on asymmetric epoxidation of olefins

Several ketone catalysts containing spiro ethers and lactones have been investigated for the asymmetric epoxidation of olefins. The results showed that substituents on the spiro ring of the ketone catalysts have profound effects on enantioselectivity. Results also suggested that the high enantioselectivities previously observed for conjugated cis-olefins with oxazolidinone containing ketones could be partially due to attractive interactions between the R_π group of the olefin and the carbonyl group of the oxazolidinone. In addition, nonbonding interactions such as van der Waals forces and/or hydrophobic interactions between the olefin substituents and the nitrogen substituents of the oxazolidinone may also be involved in stereodifferentiation. The information gained provides additional understanding of factors important for ketone catalyzed epoxidations.     

A practical synthesis of N-aryl-substituted oxazolidinone-containing ketone catalysts for asymmetric epoxidation

N-Aryl-substituted oxazolidinone-containing ketone catalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation of olefins can be efficiently prepared from d-glucose and anilines.     

A peptide-embedded trifluoromethyl ketone catalyst for enantioselective epoxidation

The development of peptide-based oxidation catalysts that use a transiently generated dioxirane as the chemically active species is reported. The active catalyst is a chiral trifluoromethyl ketone (Tfk) with a pendant carboxylic acid that can be readily incorporated into a peptide. These peptides were capable of epoxidizing alkenes in high yield (up to 89%) and enantiomeric ratios (er) ranging from 69.0:31.0 to 91.0:9.0, depending on the alkene substitution pattern.     

Practical synthesis of Shi's diester fructose derivative for catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of alkenes

[reaction: see text] A practical synthesis of Shi's diester 3 for catalytic asymmetric epoxidations has been developed. The catalyst has been prepared in multigram quantities from D-fructose in four steps with a 66% overall yield. Efficiency, cost, and selectivity aspects of the reagents involved for its preparation have been taken care of during its preparation. The workup procedures have been simplified to the bare minimum, rendering a very practical preparation method. The well-known high efficiency of this catalyst 3 in the epoxidation of alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds has also proved to be high in unfunctionalized alkenes.     

简单烯烃不对称环氧化的手性金属配合物催化剂

介绍了多类简单烯烃不对称环氧化反应的手性过渡金属配合物催化剂系统的催化效果。论述了配体结构与配合物作为环氧化反应催化剂的活性，稳定性，催化效率的关系。从配合物的电子和立体因素，几何构型与过渡态的构象和非对映异构体的能量差别探讨对不对称诱导效果的影响。同时陈述机理的研究情况。     

A simple method for epoxidation of olefins using sodium chlorite as an oxidant without a catalyst

[Reaction: see text]. Sodium chlorite has been demonstrated to be capable of epoxidizing a variety of olefins at 55-65 degrees C (oil bath). Chlorine dioxide is believed to be the pivotal epoxidizing agent in the reaction on the basis of the mechanistic studies.     

An improved catalyst for the asymmetric arylation of ketone enolates

A new catalyst system for the enantioselective alpha-arylation of ketones is reported. This catalyst, prepared from Pd(2)(dba)(3) and a bulky dialkylphosphino-binaphthyl ligand, is able to effect the asymmetric arylation of ketone enolates with aryl bromides utilizing NaO(t)()Bu as base. These new catalysts enjoy much higher reactivity than previous systems; arylation reactions could be effected at room temperature with only 2 mol % of the Pd catalyst. The coupling of alpha-alkyl-alpha'-protected cyclopentanones proceeded in high yield, and the resulting quaternary stereogenic center was installed in up to 94% ee.     

Electronic probing of ketone catalysts for asymmetric epoxidation. Search for more robust catalysts

[structure: see text]. Ketones with a fused oxazolidinone were synthesized and investigated to determine the electronic effect of the substituents at alpha-positions of ketone catalysts on the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation and catalytic properties for asymmetric epoxidation. These new ketones give high yields and ee's with only 1-5 mol % catalyst. The current studies further show that the electronic effect is very important for the ketone-catalyzed epoxidation.     

A unique binaphthyl strapped iron-porphyrin catalyst for the enantioselective epoxidation of terminal olefins

A new chiral binaphthyl-strapped iron-porphyrin 4 b that exhibits unprecedented catalytic activity toward the enantioselective epoxidation of terminal olefins was synthesized. Typical enantiomeric excesses (ee) of 90 % were measured with a maximum of 97 % for the epoxidation of styrene, whereas the turnover numbers (TON) averaged 16000.     

Designing new chiral ketone catalysts. Asymmetric epoxidation of cis-olefins and terminal olefins

This paper describes a new class of chiral oxazolidinone ketone catalyst for asymmetric epoxidation. High ee values have been obtained for a number of cyclic and acyclic cis-olefins. The epoxidation was stereospecific with no isomerization observed in the epoxidation of acyclic systems. Encouragingly high ee values have also been obtained for a number of terminal olefins. Mechanistic studies show that electronic interactions play an important role in stereodifferentiation.     

Enantioselective synthesis of 2-alkyl-2-aryl cyclopentanones by asymmetric epoxidation of tetrasubstituted cyclobutylidene olefins and epoxide rearrangement

This letter describes a highly enantioselective epoxidation of tetrasubstituted benzylidenecyclobutanes using glucose-derived ketone as catalyst and oxone as oxidant. The Et₂AlCl promoted rearrangement of the resulting epoxides provides 2-alkyl-2-aryl cyclopentanones with high ees.     

Design of a highly efficient catalyst for the oxaziridinium-mediated epoxidation of olefins by Oxone

2,3,3-Trimethyl-7-nitro-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium tetrafluoroborate is a highly efficient catalyst for the oxaziridinium-mediated epoxidation of a variety of olefins, including monosubstituted ones.     

A chiral primary-tertiary-1,2-diamine as an efficient catalyst in asymmetric aldehyde–ketone or ketone–ketone aldol reactions

A novel chiral 1,2-diaminocyclohexane derivative, (1R,2R)-N¹-n-pentyl, N¹-benzyl-1,2-cyclohexanediamine, was designed, synthesized and applied as a catalyst in a number of aldol reactions between ketones and aryl aldehydes. Reactions between acetone and aryl aldehydes gave aldol products with moderate to good yields and with excellent enantioselectivity (up to yield 85%, ee 98%), while reactions between cyclohexanone and aryl aldehydes provided anti-β-hydroxyketone products with excellent yields, diastereoselectivity and with enantioselectivity (up to 82% yield, anti/syn ratio 99:1, ee 99%). The aldol reactions between acetone and isatins were investigated, which afforded excellent yields and enantioselectivity (up to 95% yield, 98% ee). The (R)- and (S)-isomers of convolutamydine A were obtained with 95% yield and 96% ee, and 95% yield and 94% ee, respectively.     

胺基修饰的ZnPS-PVPA固载手性salen Mn(Ⅲ)高效催化非功能化烯烃不对称环氧化反应

手性环氧化物是用途很广的中间体,通过区域和立体选择性开环反应,手性环氧化物能转化为多种对映纯的手性化合物.烯烃不对称环氧化反应是制备光学活性环氧化物的重要途径,在医药、农药和香料等精细化学品合成中具有非常重要的意义.由于salen Mn(Ⅲ)化合物在非官能团化烯烃的不对称环氧化反应中表现出高的催化活性和对映选择性,以及相对于均相手性催化,非均相手性催化具有产品易于分离和催化剂可重复利用等优点,因而成为手性催化领域的研究热点.近年来关于手性salenMn(Ⅲ)化合物的固载化研究受到广泛关注.虽然均相Mn(salen)催化剂在不对称环氧化反应方面已取得很大进展,但是在反应后处理、催化剂分离回收以及产品纯化方面也存在一定缺陷.多相salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化体系与均相催化体系相比,具有催化剂易分离回收、环境友好、产物易纯化、操作成本低和可以使用连续流反应器以及大规模生产等优点.因为在均相催化体系中,Mn(salen)Cl可能形成无活性的μ-oxo-Mn(Ⅳ)二聚体,而将salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂固载后则可以抑制这种二聚体的形成,并且将salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂多相化之后还可以促使活性位点的分离,进而增加催化剂的稳定性和保持单催化活性中心的高催化活性.本课题组近年来探索了磷酸锆与聚苯乙烯这类典型的有机功能高分子的复合,制备了一系列有机-无机杂化材料如聚(苯乙烯-异丙烯膦酸)-磷酸氢锆(ZPS-IPPA)和聚(苯乙烯-苯乙烯基膦酸)-磷酸氢锆(ZPS-PVPA),以这一系列材料为载体,通过对载体中的苯环进行氯甲基化,再接枝磺烃基、胺基或苯氧基等连接基团制备了多种非均相手性salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂.所制备的这些多相催化剂在催化活性、稳定性和循环使用性等方面显示出优良性能.本文在上述研究基础上,在ZnPS-PVPA的苯环上引入氯甲基,然后通过接枝芳香二胺和脂肪二胺最后轴向配位固载手性salen Mn(Ⅲ),实现了手性salen-Mn(Ⅲ)均相催化剂的多相化.并运用FT-IR,UV-Vis,XRD,TG,TEM,SEM和N2吸附-脱附等测试手段对多相催化剂进行了表征.分别以NaClO、m-CPBA和NaIO4为氧化体系考察了固载手性salen-Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂催化苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯及茚的不对称环氧化反应的性能,对不同的氧化体系存有选择性;同时考察了温度、时间及溶剂等因素对催化性能的影响.考察了不同连接基团修饰的ZnPS-PVPA固载的手性salen-Mn(Ⅲ)在催化烯烃环氧化方面是否具有很好的催化性能和对映选择性.考察了助催化剂在不同的氧化体系中是否扮演着不同的角色.催化数据显示,助催化剂NMO和咪唑在催化反应中起着不同的作用.在m-CPBA氧化体系中,添加助催化剂NMO不但不能改善催化性能反而降低催化活性;在NaIO4氧化体系中,添加助催化剂咪唑略微改善了催化性能.选择催化效果最好的催化剂在m-CPBA催化体系中考察其重复使用性能,结果表明,多相催化剂经过9次循环使用,仍然显示出较好的催化性能.选择催化性能最好的多相催化剂进行环氧化反应的放大反应,结果显示,当放大倍数达到100倍时仍显示出与实验计量相当的催化性能,其转化率和ee值最高均可超过99％,具有潜在的工业应用价值.     

Enantioselective synthesis of 3-demethoxyaranciamycinone via asymmetric epoxidation

The tetracyclic olefin 1 was enantioselectively epoxidized using a molybdenum(VI)- oxodiperoxo complex containing a chiral lactamide. Conversion to the glycosides 8 and 9 showed the epoxide 2 to be the predominant (3 : 1) enantiomer.     

A metallocene-pyrrolidinopyridine nucleophilic catalyst for asymmetric synthesis

[reaction: see text] A highly active chiral 4-aminopyridine nucleophilic catalyst, available in three steps from (S,S)-hexane-2,5-diol, was applied to the asymmetric Steglich rearrangement of O-aceylated azlactones (1 mol % loading, up to 76% ee).     

Catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins with recyclable osmate-exchanged chloroapatite catalyst

An osmate-exchanged chloroapatite (CAP-OsO₄) catalyst was prepared by an ion-exchange technique. CAP-OsO₄ efficiently catalyses asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins including α,β-unsaturated esters and amides to afford the corresponding diols in high yields and enantioselectivities. The catalyst was reused for several cycles with consistent activity.     

Practical asymmetric synthesis of aklavinone

A practical synthesis of( + )-aklavinone, the aglycone of antitumor antibiotic aclacinomycin A, is achieved by using the asymmetric aldol reaction of 6a to 10a as the key step.