高温超导制冷机直接冷却中界面热阻的辨识与实验研究

本文给出了三种提高YBCO块材在外磁场中悬浮力的方法 .第一种方法是增强外磁场 ,对于此方法 ,本文研究了一块直径为 30mm的圆柱状YBCO块材分别在圆柱状NdFeB永磁体和NdFeB永磁导轨上的悬浮力 .测量结果表明在 77K温度下YBCO块在圆柱状NdFeB永磁体上的最大悬浮力为 5 0N ,在NdFeB永磁导轨上的最大悬浮力为 10 3.0N .第二种方法是提高YBCO块材自身的性能 ,包括临界电流密度、俘获磁通和块材尺寸 ,对于此方法 ,本文仅研究了块材尺寸对悬浮力的影响 .三块直径分别为 30mm、35mm、4 0mm的圆柱状YBCO块材在NdFeB永磁导轨上的悬浮力被测量 ,77K温度下 5mm悬浮间距时的悬浮力分别为 10 3.0N、134.5N、175 .0N .第三方法是将YBCO块材变成准永久磁体 ,此种情况下 ,直径为 4 0mm的圆柱状YBCO块材在 77K温度下 5mm悬浮间距时的悬浮力高达 2 18.3N .高温超导材料和低温技术的发展 ,促进了制冷机直接冷却高温超导磁体的发展 .在高温超导直接冷却系统中 ,减小和控制界面热阻成了实现超导直接冷却的关键 .界面热阻机制相当复杂 ,虽然可以用公式进行预测 ,但是最可靠的还是通过实验进行测量 .本文介绍了界面热阻测量的基本原理和实验装置 ,提出一种基于导热反问题的参数辩识方法 ,并用这种方法处理了氮化铝 (AlN)与高温超     

NdFeB永磁导轨上YBaCuO块材悬浮力与磁场和磁场梯度关系的研究

本文研究熔融织构法YBaCuO块材在NdFeB永磁导轨上的悬浮力与悬浮间距、外磁场及磁场梯度间的关系。永磁导轨的表面磁感应强度高达1．2T。实验结果表明悬浮力随悬浮间距的减小呈指数增长，而与导轨中心的磁场及磁场梯度基本成线性关系，因为测量磁场比测量磁场梯度更容易，所以该实验结果为熔融织构法YBaCuO块材与NdFeB永磁导轨间的悬浮力估算提供了一种可能的新方法，同时对永磁导轨的设计具有指导意义。     

永磁导轨上组合与单块YBCO的悬浮力关系研究

受现有块材尺寸与性能的限制,实际应用中总是将许多超导块组合以满足实际需求.因此,研究组合样品与单个样品悬浮力之间的关系对设计磁悬浮系统具有实际意义.本文研究了永磁导轨上组合样品与单块样品悬浮力之间的关系.组合样品由3块矩形融熔织构YBCO块材组成,实验分两种方式进行,即组合样品平行于永磁导轨和垂直于永磁导轨两种情况.两种情况的实验结果均表明,组合样品的悬浮力与单个样品悬浮力的总和相当,平行时的最大悬浮力偏差为14.0N,垂直时的最大悬浮力偏差为4.9N.30mm悬浮间距内的最大悬浮力偏差百分比不超过6%.因此,我们可以根据单个样品的悬浮力来估算各种组合情况时的悬浮力.     

应用场结构对YBCO块材悬浮性能的影响

永磁轨道是高温超导磁悬浮车的重要组成部分之一,对YBCO块材在两种应用场:单峰永磁轨道和双峰永磁轨道上的磁悬浮性能进行了数值和实验研究。通过对比两种轨道上方的切向和法向分量的磁场分布,对实验结果进行了分析。实验发现YBCO块材在双峰轨道上方,悬浮力和导向力均大于单峰轨道,双峰轨道在磁利用率方面高于单峰轨道。     

垂向磁场变化量对高温超导块材悬浮力特性的影响

高温超导体因其无源自稳定的特性,受到许多学者的重视,具有广阔的应用前景.目前针对高温超导块材悬浮性能的研究主要集中于由永磁体产生的低磁场环境.本文基于超导磁体平台提供的强磁场环境,通过改变高温超导块材不同的场冷高度,实验研究了高温超导块材悬浮力与垂向磁场变化量的关系.研究结果表明随着垂向磁场变化量的增加,高温超导块材的悬浮力增长趋缓,并最终出现悬浮力饱和的现象.本文还对比了YBCO和GdBCO两种不同材料超导块材的悬浮性能,结果发现GdBCO的悬浮力在强磁场环境中表现出更大的潜力.这为高温超导磁浮在强磁场中的应用奠定了基础,通过更加合理地调节磁场的分布,可以更好地发挥高温超导块材的悬浮性能潜力.     

YBCO高温超导块悬浮力性能研究

本文利用排布在液氮低温容器底部的多块超导块以测试其悬浮特性.结果表明:YBCO块材在永磁导轨上的悬浮力与二者间距的变化过程有关;不同的变化过程会在相同的悬浮间隙位置得到不同的悬浮力.这一研究结果对磁悬浮列车的优化设计有着重要的意义.     

永磁导轨上高温超导块材排布方式与悬浮力关系的研究

本文研究了YBCO块材排布方式与其在永磁导轨上悬浮力的关系.实验结果表明:悬浮力与随悬浮间距成指数关系.而YBCO块材在导轨上方排列方式的不同,导致沿轨道横截面方向,每块超导块获得的悬浮力平均值差异较大.当超导块集中分布于轨道上方磁场强度最大的区域时,超导块平均悬浮力最大.这意味着,与其他排布方式相比,在获得同等悬浮力情况下,这种排布方法的超导块用量最少.这一结果对于超导磁悬浮系统的设计具有指导意义。     

直径53 mm熔融织构单畴YBCO块材制备研究

实验表明:通过对Y123/Y211前驱粉体粒度的调整以及采用Y123∶Y211=1∶0.3摩尔比的配制方案,在顶部籽晶诱导熔融织构生长条件下,可以提高单畴YBCO块材的起始生长温度Ts,从而有效地抑制了大尺寸单畴高温超导块材生长过程中的非籽晶成核现象. 利用这一技术,我们成功地生长出多块直径53 mm、厚18mm单畴YBCO高温超导块材,其中最大磁浮力达到302牛顿,最小为274牛顿,平均磁浮力密度达到12.9 N/cm2(77K、0.55T),达到和超过了该类材料的实用化国际标准.从宏观形貌上看,样品沿径向呈完全织构生长状态,沿轴向也基本呈完全生长状态. XRD和极图分析结果显示,整块样品具有较理想的织构化程度.这一结果意味着近期有望实现更大直径单畴YBCO超导块材的织构生长.     

TSPMP法制备的单畴GdBaCuO块材的磁悬浮力和捕获磁通的特性研究

本文对φ20mm,φ30mm的GdBaCuO超导块材在液氮温区的磁悬浮特性及捕获磁通进行了研究,77K零场冷条件下,GdBaCuO超导块材磁悬浮力密度在2～10N/cm2.对不同Gd211含量的GdBaCuO超导块材的磁悬浮力和捕获磁通性能进行了对比,发现对φ30mm的样品,40%molGd211(Gd1.8)的GdBaCuO超导块材捕获磁通性能最高.同时对比了GdBaCuO和YBCO超导块材的磁悬浮力和捕获磁通性能,结果表明GdBaCuO与YBCO超导块材在相同的磁悬浮力性能下,捕获磁通性能大于YBCO超导块材.     

低温容器中超导块材悬浮与导向性能研究

本文主要研究超导磁悬浮系统中超导块材与永磁导轨之间的相互作用力,通过浸于低温容器中的超导块材与三磁峰轨道之间不同排布方式的实验,测试不同悬浮间距的悬浮力,以及在一定场冷距离下超导块材在三磁峰轨道上方不同水平位移段的导向力。结果表明,悬浮间隙越大,超导块材中心与三磁峰轨道中心水平偏移越小,悬浮力越大;在一定悬浮间距下,超导块材与三磁峰轨道之间水平位移越大,导向力越大。     

批量化制备高性能单畴YBCO超导块

用顶部籽晶熔融织构生长法（TSMTG）批量制备了30mm直径的YBCO单畴超导块材，使用一种六面控温的箱式炉和一台改进的坩埚炉进行晶体生长，采用了高压氧化退火工艺对生长出的YBCO晶体进行后处理，与流动氧化工艺相比，在保持样品超导性能不变的情况下高压氧化大大节约了用氧量，缩短了氧化退火时间，提高了生产效率，大多数单畴超导块在77k和0.5T的磁场下的磁悬浮力超过10N/cm^2，其中最高值达到了15N/cm^2，目前我们巳具备了年生产1000块30mm直径优质单畴导块的能力。     

NdFeB永磁轨道上方YBaCuO块材的悬浮稳定性与场冷位置间关系

如何获得稳定悬浮是高温超导磁悬浮系统的一个重大问题.高温超导体在外磁场中所受的悬浮力和导向力是两个衡量系统悬浮稳定性的重要参数.本文实验研究了场冷情况下NdFeB永磁轨道上方YBaCuO块材在竖直运动和水平运动时所受悬浮力和导向力的情况,并且根据Bean模型开发了数值计算程序用于悬浮力和导向力的计算分析.不同竖直场冷高度下计算值和实验值获得了较好的一致性.实验结果和计算结果都显示出永磁轨道场中高温超导体所受的两个力与其场冷历史有着密切的关系,也就是说超导体的悬浮稳定性受场冷历史影响程度较大.不同的竖直场冷高度,其最大悬浮力的变化趋势和最大导向力的变化趋势相反.较小的水平场冷位置导致了较大的导向力和较大的磁滞.根据上述结果,为了获得较优的悬浮稳定性,本文推荐了可行的场冷高度范围和有效的高温超导体组合方式.     

Influence of maglev force relaxation on the forces of bulk HTSC subjected to different lateral displacements above the NdFeB guideway

This paper studied the influence of maglev force relaxation on the force (both levitation and guidance forces) of bulk high-temperature superconductor (HTSC) subjected to different lateral displacements above a NdFeB guideway. Firstly, the maglev forces relaxation property of bulk HTSC above the permanent-magnet guideway (PMG) was studied experimentally, then the levitation and guidance forces were measured by SCML-2 measurement system synchronously at different lateral displacements, some times later(after relaxation), the forces were measured again as the same way. Compared to the two measured results, it was found that the change of the levitation force was larger compared to the case without relaxation, while the change of the guidance force was smaller. In addition, the rate of change of levitation force and guidance force was different for different maximum lateral displacements. This work provided a scientific analysis for the practical application of the bulk HTS.     

Trapped field and levitation force in melt-textured YBCO doped with Ni and Li

Trapped magnetic fields and levitation forces at 77 K have been studied in bulk melt-textured YBCO with single grains of 26 mm, doped with different content of Li and Ni. Li dopant results in higher trapped field than Ni indicating that Li additions are more effective in increasing pinning capabilities.     

Effective method to control the levitation force and levitation height in a superconducting maglev system

The influence of the width of the middle magnet in the permanent magnet guideways(PMGs) on the levitation force and the levitation height of single-domain yttrium barium copper oxide(YBCO) bulks has been investigated at 77 K under the zero field cooled(ZFC) state. It is found that the largest levitation force can be obtained in the system with the width of the middle magnet of the PMG equal to the size of the YBCO bulk when the gap between the YBCO bulk and PMG is small.Both larger levitation force and higher levitation height can be obtained in the system with the width of the middle magnet of the PMG larger than the size of the YBCO bulk. The stiffness of the levitation force between the PMG and the YBCO bulk is higher in the system with a smaller width of the middle magnet in the PMG. These results provide an effective way to control the levitation force and the levitation height for the superconducting maglev design and applications.     

空心圆柱形永磁体内径对单畴GdBCO超导块材磁悬浮力的影响

通过对空心圆柱形永磁体与单畴GdBCO超导体磁悬浮力的实验测量,研究了空心圆柱形永磁体内径(d)的变化对超导体磁悬浮力的影响.结果发现,当空心圆柱形永磁体内径从0 mm增加到26 mm时,超导磁悬浮力大小与空心圆柱形永磁体内径有着密切关系(最小测量间距Z=2 mm),所有超导磁悬浮力曲线都存在磁滞现象.随着空心圆柱形永磁体内径的增大,最小间距处超导磁悬浮力逐渐减小,从d=0 mm时的14.8 N减小为d=26 mm时的-0.1 N,d≥20 mm时,最小间距处超导磁悬浮力出现负值;当0 mm≤d5 mm时,超导体最大磁悬浮力出现在最小间距处,d≥5 mm时,超导磁悬浮力先增大后减小,最大超导磁悬浮力产生的位置随着内径的增大而变大.研究表明:只有科学合理地设计永磁体结构参数,才能获得较大的磁场强度,提高超导磁悬浮力特性.该结果对设计并优化磁悬浮轴承系统、环形轨道和超导体的实际应用具有一定的指导意义.     

Levitation force relaxation under reloading in a HTS Maglev system

The loading capacity of the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) Maglev vehicle is an important parameter in the practical application. It is closely related to the levitation force of the HTS bulk. Many papers reported that the levitation force showed the relaxation characteristic. Because different loads cause different levitation gaps and different applied magnetic fields, the levitation force relaxations under the different loads are not the same. In terms of cylindrical YBCO bulk levitated over the permanent magnetic guideway, the relationship between the levitation force relaxation and the reloading is investigated experimentally in this paper. The decrement, the decrement rate and the relaxation rate of the levitation force are calculated, respectively. This work might be helpful for studying the loading capacity of the HTS Maglev vehicle.     

Batch production of high-quality-customized-shaped-monolithic HTSC

Customized-shaped-monolithic YBaCuO (YBCO) were produced applying the top-seeded-melt-growth (TSMG) method. These high-temperature superconductors (HTSCs) are single-domain monoliths according to optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, as well as Hall probe measurements. The trapped magnetic induction of such a single-domain monolith at 77 K usually well exceeds 600 mT. An external scan of the remanent induction of a 17 mm×17 mm×8 mm large-single-domain sample at 77 K yields a record value of 865 mT. The zero-field-cooled (zfc) levitation forces of standard samples (38 mm×38 mm×12 mm) at 77 K typically amount to 60–70 N. Actually, 16 units with these standard sizes of the quality described can be produced in one batch. Furthermore, YBCO monoliths with diameters up to 130 mm were successfully melt-textured.     

The attenuation of the levitation force of HTS bulk exposed to AC magnetic field on the above NdFeB guideway

In the present High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) maglev vehicle system, the air gaps between the adjacent permanent magnets make the magnetic fields above the NdFeB guideway non-uniform. So it is required to study the characteristics of levitation force of the HTS bulk affected by the non-uniform applied magnetic fields along the moving direction. In this paper, we have studied the characteristics of the levitation force relaxation by an experiment in which AC magnetic field generated by an electromagnet is used to simulate the time-varying magnetic field caused by the inhomogeneity of the NdFeB guideway. From the experiment results, it is found that the levitation force is attenuated with the application of the AC field, and the attenuation is increased with the amplitude of the AC field, but the attenuation is almost independent of the frequency the AC magnetic field.