扑翼柔性及其对气动特性的影响

以往对扑翼气动特性的研究基本上都是基于简单的匀速刚性模型,但是通过大量观察不同飞鸟的扑翼动作发现,该模型与鸟翼的实际扑动还有很大差别。鸟翼不但上扑段和下扑段所需时间不同,而且在扑动过程中,鸟翼的形状无论沿弦向或展向都存在着相当大的柔性变形。本文在原有匀速刚性模型的基础上,加入了扑动速率变化和形状变化的影响,得出新的变速柔性扑翼分析模型,使之更接近鸟翼柔性扑动的真实情况。通过对比计算发现,柔性变形对扑翼的升力与推力都有着显著影响,如果控制得当,柔性变形能大大改善扑翼的气动性能。     

扑翼飞行器带翼刀机翼气动特性实验研究

通过进行微型扑翼飞行器低速风洞试验,研究了带弯度机翼下翼面翼刀对扑翼飞行器升阻特性的影响。文中进行了带翼刀机翼和不带翼刀机翼在不同迎角下的风洞吹风试验。试验结果表明,带翼刀机翼升力系数大于不带翼刀机翼升力系数,从而证明了翼刀可以阻止机翼下表面气流展向流动,起到增加机翼升力的作用。当扑翼在小迎角飞行时,带翼刀机翼可以有效地提高扑翼的气动效率,改善扑翼的飞行性能。研究结果可为带翼刀机翼在扑翼飞行器上的应用提供技术支持。     

膜扑翼飞行器的变形研究

最近昆虫翼的变形成了研究热点,而扑翼飞行器的变形力学研究却几乎无人问津.然而,无论昆虫、鸟类还是扑翼飞行器在飞行时,翼的变形都是存在的,要精确计算翼扑动产生的气动力,必须考虑其变形.本文比较了导致变形产生的膜扑翼飞行器的惯性力和气动力在一个周期中的变化情况,发现它们的峰值比值为2左右,然后提出了在随体坐标系中的固支边界条件,采用有限元法计算了惯性力和气动力分别对变形的影响,发现扑翼飞行器的气动力对变形的影响是不可忽略的重要因素,而惯性力与气动力的合力引起的最大正变形发生在下扑初始阶段,最大负变形发生在上扑初始阶段.本文为扑翼飞行器的设计提供了力学分析基础.     

前后双扑翼水平距离及相位差对其气动性能的影响

通过在动态网格上求解Navier-Stokes方程,对前后双扑翼的非定常粘性流场进行了数值模拟和气动干扰分析,考察了前后翼不同水平距离和不同相位差对其气动力和气动效率的影响。结果表明,扑动前翼和静止后翼间的气动干扰在各种不同水平距离下都有利于气动特性的改善,但气动干扰的作用随着前后翼水平距离的增大而减弱;前后双翼扑动的相位差是影响气动性能的重要参数,两翼间的气动干扰是否有利则与相位差和水平距离有直接联系。     

基于三路舵机驱动的扑翼飞行模型气动特性研究

扑动而形成非定常气动现象是扑翼飞行过程中产生高升力的主要原因。本文以Ellington实验的鹰蛾翅膀为原形,设计扑翼实验及数值计算模型。通过压差传感器对翅膀模型上翼面固定位置进行测压,分析前缘涡的产生及脱落情况(考虑动压效应)。测量上下翼面固定位置处的压差,揭示扑翼飞行中产生高升力的主要原因。利用烟风洞观察扑翼模型周围流场结构及特殊涡产生变化情况。另外,根据Ellington提供的升力关系式估算了扑翼模型在一个周期内的平均升力。最后,基于三维欧拉方程对扑翼飞行气动特性进行数值模拟,计算结果与实验吻合良好。     

N-S方程数值研究翼型对微型扑翼气动特性的影响

首先基于嵌套网格发展了一套适用于三维扑翼研究的非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程数值模拟方法.为了解决微型扑翼在低马赫数下的收敛问题,使用了预处理方法,湍流模型为BL模型.在该方法的基础上,保持状态参数和扑翼表面形状一定的情况下,分别研究了一系列不同厚度、不同弯度的翼型对于微型扑翼气动特性的影响....     

扑翼飞行器的凸轮摇杆型扑动机构设计与气动力学分析

为了提高扑翼飞行器的飞行性能,借鉴大型鸟类的飞行运动特征,设计了一种以凸轮摇杆为扑动机构的新型扑翼飞行器,建立了扑动机构的运动学和气动力学模型.结果表明:通过大型鸟类翅翼扑动规律对凸轮机构进行优化设计,得到了扑翼下扑占据整个扑动行程的60％左右;而提出的凸轮摇杆扑动机构的运动学模型,能够求解扑翼飞行器的相关运动参数.基...     

仿生扑翼飞行机器人翅型的研制与实验研究

模仿昆虫和小鸟飞行的扑翼飞行机器人将举升、悬停和推进功能集于一个扑翼系统,与固定翼和旋翼完全不同,因此研究只能从生物仿生开始。生物飞行的极端复杂性使得进行完整和精确的扑翼飞行分析非常复杂,因此本文在仿生学进展基础上,通过一些合适的假设和简化,建立了仿生翅运动学和空气动力学模型,并以此为基础研制了多种翅型。研制了气动力测量实验平台,对各种翅型进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,研制的翅型都能产生一定的升力,其中柔性翅具有较好的运动性能和气动性能,并且拍动频率和拍动幅度对升力有较大影响。     

一种用于研究鹰蛾悬停飞行的扑翼实验装置

研制了一套新型的能够在空气中模拟鹰蛾悬停飞行的扑翼模型实验装置。装置由模型翼面和主体、舵机驱动单元、运动控制与检测、测力天平和采集系统等五部分构成。模型在计算机的控制下按照鹰蛾悬停飞行的活体观测数据完成扑翼运动。与此同时,系统采集得到扑翼的实际运动曲线以及模型所受到的非定常气动力。实验结果表明,模型扑翼运动能很好地复现鹰蛾悬停飞行的动态过程;所测得的气动升力与鹰蛾的悬停条件相一致;由模型实验的升阻力数据所得的挥拍面前倾角也与活体观测结果相吻合。该模拟实验装置运动调节灵活,执行便捷,操控可靠,且能够测量空气中的微小非定常气动力,这为进一步深入研究扑翼运动的机理提供了方便的手段。     

个体水平间距对群组中扑翼气动性能的影响

研究群组中个体之间的非定常流动机理,可以为仿生飞行器集群运动提供理论基础。采用基于有限元的计算流体力学方法,对前飞状态的扑翼群组个体之间水平间距对气动性能的影响进行研究。研究发现,水平间距对扑翼气动性能具有显著影响。在一定的垂直间距下,群组中扑翼可以在较小的水平间距下获得最佳的推力性能,在较大的水平间距下可以获得最佳的升力性能。扑翼气动性能的变化主要与群组中前翼和后翼的脱落涡相互作用密切相关。     

Aerodynamic Coefficients and Deformation Measurements on Flexible Micro Air Vehicle Wings

This paper documents the elastic deformations and corresponding aerodynamic coefficients of flexible wings used for micro air vehicles (MAVs). These low-aspect ratio wings, developed and fabricated at the University of Florida, incorporate an elastic latex membrane skin covering a thin carbon fiber skeleton. The wings were tested in a unique low-speed wind tunnel facility integrating a visual image correlation (VIC) system with a six-component strain gauge sting balance. Model characteristics are presented, along with the appropriate specimen preparation techniques and wind tunnel instrumentation. The static response characteristics, including full-field displacements and plane strain measurements, for three distinct MAV wing designs are presented. The full-field deformation results show how passive wing flexibility preferably affects aerodynamic performance when compared to a rigid model of similar geometry.     

Aerodynamic optimization of 3D wing based on iSIGHT

A method for combining the CFD software,Fluent,with the iSIGHT design platform is presented to optimize a three-dimensional wing to ameliorate its aerodynamics performance.In the optimization design,two kinds of genetic algorithms,the Neighborhood Cultivation Genetic Algorithm（NCGA）and the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm（NSGAII）,are employed and the Navier-Stoke（N-S）equations are adopted to derive the aerodynamics functions of the 3D wing.The aerodynamic performance of the optimized wing has been significantly improved,which shows that the approach can be extended and employed in other cases.     

Three-dimensional effects on the translational locomotion of a passive heaving wing

This study was carried out on a three-dimensional wing with a freedom in translational direction under a prescribed up and down heaving motion. The investigation focused on how the system kinematics and structural parameters affect the dynamic response of a wing with a relatively small span length. The induced wing motion is a result of the system stability breakdown, which has only been observed by previous researches in the two-dimensional case. The results obtained indicate that the evolution of the wing locomotion is controlled not only by the flapping frequency but also influenced by the system inertia as well as the wing aspect ratio and density ratio. Moreover, initial perturbation effect on wings flexibility plays a role in the evolution development.     

局部粗糙机翼表面气动特性影响研究

采用柱型粗糙元,以尖劈和机翼外形为基础,利用CFD数值模拟方法,研究机翼表面局部粗糙区域对其周围气动特性的影响。研究相同粗糙元高度下,粗糙元位于尖劈表面不同位置时局部边界层和气动特性的变化情况;基于流动分区理论,采用空气动力学理论分析与数值模拟结合的方法,分析F16机翼可接受的局部粗糙元高度;根据分析结果,在改进平板外形基础上,验证不同粗糙元高度对改进目标块区域气动特性的影响程度,并给出流经局部粗糙区域的流体发展状况。为了验证数值结果的准确性,采用S-A与SST湍流模型进行对比求解。本文工作对复杂大气环境引起的飞行器局部粗糙表面区域气动特性变化的研究具有指导意义。     

Analogy between a flapping wing and a wind turbine with a vertical axis of revolution

Based on an analysis of available experimental data, the hypothesis about an analogy between a flapping wing and a wind turbine of the Darrieus rotor type is justified. It is demonstrated that the torque on the shaft of the Darrieus rotor is generated by thrust forces acting on the blades in a pulsed flow. A conclusion is drawn that it is necessary to perform aerodynamic calculations of blades on the basis of the nonlinear theory of the wing in an unsteady flow with allowance for the airfoil thickness. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 152–155, March–April, 2009.     

Effects of a dynamic trailing-edge flap on the aerodynamic performance and flow structures in hovering flight

To examine the effects of wing morphing on unsteady aerodynamics, deformable flapping plates are numerically studied in a low-Reynolds-number flow. Simulations are carried out using an in-house immersed-boundary-method-based direct numerical simulation (DNS) solver. In current work, chord-wise camber is modeled by a hinge connecting two rigid components. The leading portion is driven by a biological hovering motion along a horizontal stroke plane. The hinged trailing-edge flap (TEF) is controlled by a prescribed harmonic deflection motion. The effects of TEF deflection amplitude, deflection phase difference, hinge location, and Reynolds number on the aerodynamic performance and flow structures are investigated. The results show that the unsteady aerodynamic performance of deformable flapping plates is dominated by the TEF deflection phase difference, which directly affects the strength of the leading-edge vortex (LEV) and thus influences the entire vortex shedding process. The overall lift enhancement can reach up to 26% by tailoring the deflection amplitude and deflection phase difference. It is also found that the role of the dynamic TEF played in the flapping flight is consistent over a range of hinge locations and Reynolds numbers. Results from a low aspect-ratio (AR=2) deformable plate show the same trend as those of 2-D cases despite the effect of the three-dimensionality.