高压CO2条件下粗状假丝酵母催化苯乙酮不对称还原合成α-苯乙醇

 研究了在高压CO2条件下利用粗状假丝酵母Candida valida CICC1444活性细胞催化苯乙酮不对称还原合成(R)-α-苯乙醇. 高压CO2条件可对粗状假丝酵母细胞的活性产生一定的影响,但反应的选择性反而有所提高,证实了高压CO2作为该反应环境是可行的. 考察了底物浓度、细胞用量、反应温度和压力等因素对反应的影响. 结果表明,这些因素对反应产率有很大的影响,在最佳反应条件下,反应底物苯乙酮的转化率和产物α-苯乙醇的产率均可达90%以上,对映体过量值(ee)保持在80%左右. 与常压静置条件下的反应相比,高压CO2条件下粗状假丝酵母催化苯乙酮不对称还原反应的转化率和产率分别提高了20%和40%左右,对映体选择性也提高了5%～10%.     

培养基碳源对固定化酵母细胞催化乙酰基三甲基硅烷不对称还原反应的影响

 尽管含芳香基等较大取代基团的底物能被生物转化为高对映体纯手性有机硅醇,但生物催化其他底物还原反应的产物收率及对映体选择性均较低. 作者筛选到一株能高效催化羰基/羟基不对称转化的酵母菌株,探讨了用固定化酵母细胞高效催化乙酰基三甲基硅烷不对称还原制1-三甲基硅乙醇的可能性,系统研究了培养基碳源及其浓度对该反应的影响. 发现在水/正己烷两相体系中,固定化酵母细胞能催化乙酰基三甲基硅烷不对称还原成1-三甲基硅乙醇. 可通过调节培养基碳源的种类及其浓度在一定程度上控制反应的产物收率及对映体选择性. 以最适碳源(3.0%麦芽汁)培养的酵母细胞催化该反应的产物收率和对映体过量值分别为91.3%和72.8%,远高于文献报道值.     

酵母细胞催化芳香酮的不对称还原反应

 研究了酵母细胞催化芳香酮的不对称还原反应,采用正交试验综合考察了反应温度、反应时间、底物浓度和酵母浓度等因素对底物苯乙酮转化率和产物(S)-1-苯基乙醇对映选择性的影响. 结果表明,影响苯乙酮转化率的因素依次为底物浓度、反应时间、反应温度和酵母浓度,影响(S)-1-苯基乙醇对映选择性的因素依次为反应温度、底物浓度、酵母浓度和反应时间. 同时考察了芳香酮结构对产物对映选择性的影响,发现对映选择性的变化规律符合Prelog规则,与羰基相连的两个基团体积差异越大,对映选择性越好,最高的对映体过量值达到了96.4%.     

水相中酵母细胞催化4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯不对称还原反应

 利用活性酵母细胞催化4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯(COBE)的不对称还原可以直接合成具有光学活性的4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯(CHBE). 实验发现,在水相体系中主要生成D-(S)-型产物,COBE的转化率及CHBE的收率和光学选择性都比较高. 考察了底物和产物的浓度、辅助底物的种类和浓度、体系的pH和温度以及菌体培养条件等因素对反应的影响. 结果表明,在较低COBE浓度下R型产物占优,在高浓度下主要是S型产物; 较高的反应温度有利于S型产物的生成,pH≈8.0时可获得较高的S型产物选择性; 产物CHBE对COBE的还原反应具有一定的抑制作用. 在酵母催化COBE还原的同时需要一定的辅助底物来再生辅酶NAD(P)H,利用乙醇、异丙醇和仲丁醇作辅助底物可获得较高的立体选择性. 对数生长期和厌氧条件培养的细胞对生成S型产物较有利.     

类球红杆菌羰基还原酶不对称催化还原性能与底物结构的关系

 将类球红杆菌 (Rhodobacter sphaeroides) 全细胞及其分离得到的羰基还原酶用于不对称催化还原多种潜手性酮类化合物, 通过比较产物的收率、ee 值、酶活力以及酶学动力学常数 Km, 探讨了类球红杆菌的催化还原性质与底物结构的关系. 结果表明, 对于类球红杆菌全细胞不对称催化还原苯乙酮衍生物, 产物 ee 值的变化遵循 Prelg 规则, 产物收率与底物苯环及侧链上取代基团的性质有关; 对于脂肪酮催化还原, 产物收率随底物链长的增加和分子量的增大而降低, 随支链数目的增加而升高, 产物 ee 值的变化也遵循 Prelg 规则. 利用羰基还原酶不对称催化还原潜手性酮类化合物发现, 对于芳香酮类化合物, 酶对 α 位为强电负性基团的底物专一性较强; 对于脂肪酮类化合物, 酶对五碳脂肪酮的专一性较高. 利用酶直接催化还原反应产物的 ee 值均为 99% 左右, 表明酶较全细胞有更高的立体选择性.     

树脂吸附对红酵母催化苯乙酮不对称还原反应的促进作用

以红酵母静息细胞催化苯乙酮不对称还原合成(S)-α-苯乙醇为模型反应, 研究了在反应体系中加入吸附树脂对反应的影响. 结果表明, 水相中较高浓度(＞50 mmol/L)的苯乙酮对红酵母细胞具有显著毒性; 加入适量的吸附树脂可以降低水相中苯乙酮的浓度从而减小对细胞的毒害作用. 考察了3种不同极性的吸附树脂(HZ-801, HZ-806和HZ-816)对底物和产物的吸附能力, 发现在3种树脂中疏水性最强的HZ-816树脂对反应底物和产物具有相对较高的吸附能力. 进一步研究结果表明, 当底物浓度为100 mmol/L, 细胞湿重为500 g/L时, 与不加树脂的对照实验相比, 加入100 g/L HZ-816树脂后, 使得48 h的反应转化率从54%提高到91%, 与此同时细胞的死亡率从99%下降为10%. 含有产物的树脂经乙醇解吸后即可循环使用.     

水/有机两相体系中钌膦配合物催化苯乙酮及其衍生物的不对称加氢反应

 将手性二胺(1S,2S)-1,2-二苯基乙二胺二磺酸钠((1S,2S)-DPENDS)修饰的钌膦配合物用于催化水/有机两相体系中苯乙酮的不对称加氢. 结果表明, (1S,2S)-DPENDS和KOH的浓度对反应有很大影响,二者的协同作用使配合物的催化活性和产物的对映选择性大大提高. 对温度、压力、底物/钌的摩尔比和膦配体/钌摩尔比等反应条件进行优化后,以［RuCl2-(TPPTS)2］2为催化剂前体催化苯乙酮不对称加氢时,产物的ee值可达66.4%, 催化剂经过简单的相分离即可循环使用.     

影响硼烷对酮不对称还原对映选择性的因素研究

手性邻氨基醇催化的硼烷对酮的不对称还原是制备手性二级醇的重要方法之一,特别是Corey等发展的(S)-α,α-二苯基脯氨醇为非常有效的手性配体,也得到了广泛的应用,然而,研究表明,该反应的对映选择性受多种因素,如硼烷的用量、温度、溶剂、底物酮中的杂原子等的影响.最近我们系统研究了在该还原体系中影响产物对映选择性的因素,找到了适合不同类型催化剂和底物酮的最佳还原条件.结果表明催化剂和底物酮中的杂原子、底物酮中的电子效应、还原体系中的阴离子等对还原产物的对映选择性均有明显的影响,其中底物酮的电子效应的影响符合Hammett线性自由能.通过该研究,不仅提高了对该反应的认识,也可以为其他不对称催化反应条件的优化提供借鉴.     

手性二胺修饰的镍配合物催化苯乙酮及其衍生物的不对称加氢反应

本文研究了由手性修饰剂(S,S)D-DPEN(DPEN:1,2一二苯基乙二胺)在反应条件下与NiCl2(PPh3)2原位生成的手性催化剂对苯乙酮及其衍生物不对称加氢反应的催化性能,考察了反应温度、反应压力、(S,S)-DPEN浓度等变化因素对催化活性和对映选择性的影响。结果表明,在15℃,氢气压力为8.0MPa,乙醇作溶剂时,苯乙酮加氢产物(R)-苯乙醇的对映选择性达到了77.2%e.e。     

不同反应体系中(S)-1-(4-甲氧基)-苯基乙醇的不对称生物合成

在不同反应体系中,研究了固定化红酵母细胞催化对甲氧基苯乙酮不对称还原合成(S)-1-(4-甲氧基)-苯基乙醇的反应.结果表明,在含离子液体的混合反应体系和双相反应体系中,该不对称还原反应的效率得到了不同程度的提高.此外,离子液体中阴阳离子类型对该反应的影响较大,特定阴阳离子间的匹配对同定化红酵母细胞发挥最佳催化效果至关...     

介体型乙醇生物传感器的研制及应用

本文报道了电流型乙醇生物传感器的研制与应用。该传感器以健合型耐尔蓝修饰浸蜡石墨电极为基体电极，将乙醇脱氢酶及ＮＡＤ＾＋固定在人造丝网上，成为一种无试剂的乙醇生物传感器。在ｐＨ８．８的Ｔｒｉｓ／ＨＣｌ介质中，该传感器的响应电流与乙醇浓度在０．１０－１．０ｍｍｏｌ／ｌ范围内有良好的线性关系。     

Theoretical investigation on the reaction mechanisms of O2-initiated gas-phase oxidation of lignin model compounds

Transforming renewable lignin into high value-added chemicals is a forward-looking strategy to address the resource waste caused by insufficient utilization of biomass resources. On this basis, studying the efficient conversion of lignin to aldehydes/acids and their reaction mechanisms has become an attractive topic. A systematic investigation of the gas-phase oxidation reaction mechanisms of the three model compounds initiated by O₂ was carried out at the atomic and molecular levels by using density functional theory (DFT). Further revealing of oxidation behavior on two reaction sites of phenolic hydroxyl group and hydroxymethyl group were accomplished in detail. The potential energy surface information of 21 possible reaction channels of two pathways were obtained at B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. The influence of substituent effects on the reaction energy barrier was estimated. The calculation results showed that the reactivity of phenolic hydroxyl group is stronger than that of hydroxymethyl group, because the reaction Gibbs potential barriers are lower by about 4.9–8.7 kcal/mol. The reaction energy barriers on phenolic hydroxyl group site and hydroxymethyl group site decrease with the increase of the number of methoxy groups. Revealing the oxidation processes of lignin model compounds will provide a deeper understanding on the reaction mechanism and provide theoretical support for further experimental research on the conversion of lignin into high value-added chemicals.     

Regioselective dehydroxytrifluoromethylthiolation of allylic and propargylic alcohols with AgSCF3

The reaction of easily available Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) alcohols with AgSCF₃ in the presence of n-Bu₄NI and KI affords primary allylic SCF₃ products in high yields and excellent regioselectivities. This regioselective dehydroxytrifluoromethylthiolation protocol could also be extended to propargylic alcohols for the preparation of the primary propargylic SCF₃ products.     

镝促进下醛、酮与炔丙基溴及苯基炔丙基溴的高 选择性反应

在金属镝的促进下,醛、酮可与炔丙基溴反应,高选择性高产率地得到相应的高炔丙醇,没有发现连二烯醇的存在。当用苯基炔丙基溴代替炔丙基溴与醛、酮反应时,主要得到了相应的连二烯醇,而没有发现高炔丙醇的存在,由此提出了六元环过渡态的反应机理。     

On the PdCl2-catalyzed synthesis of allylic azides and allylic sulfonamides from homoallylic alcohols

According to experimental and literature data, the one-pot formation of allylic azides or sulfonamides from catalytic amounts of PdCl₂, homoallylic alcohols and TMSN₃ or TsNH₂ occurs through CC migration followed by regioselective nucleophilic addition on the Pd^II-activated CC bond and β-OH elimination.     

Indium-mediated Barbier-type allylation of aldehydes as a convenient method for the highly enantioselective synthesis of homoallylic alcohols

We report a general method for the indium-mediated Barbier-type enantioselective allylation of both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes using commercially available (1S,2R)-(+)-2-amino-1,2-diphenylethanol as a chiral auxiliary. Using only two equivalents of allyl bromide, excellent yields and very good to excellent enantioselectivities are obtained. To our knowledge, the enantioselectivities reported herein are the highest obtained for indium-promoted allylations of carbonyl compounds.     

Schiff-base Amino Alcohol-zinc Complex for Enantioselective Addition of Phenylacetylene to Aromatic Ketones

A complete study of the asymmetric addition of phenylacetylene to ketones catalyzed by Schiff-base amino alcohol-Zn complex is reported in this article. The Schiff-base amino alcohols were easily prepared from amino acids in three steps. When the amount of ligand was 1%（molar fraction）, an e.e. value up to 94% was obtained. A series of practical chiral ligands were applied in the enantioselective addition of phenylacetylene to ketones without adding another stronger Lewis acid except zinc.     

磷钼酸盐作为反应控制相转移催化剂催化氧化醇

以磷钼酸盐[C₇H₇N(CH₃)₃]₃{PO₄[MoO(O₂)₂]₄}为反应控制相转移催化剂, 用过氧化氢水溶液为氧化剂, 在液相选择性氧化醇制备醛的反应中, 发现该催化剂具有良好的催化活性. 在H₂O₂与醇的物质的量比为0.75的条件下, 产物中未检测到任何副产物, 基于H₂O₂的醇转化率最高达到95.2%. 反应结束时, 催化剂以沉淀的形式析出, 回收率不低于78%. 以苯甲醇的氧化为探针反应, 详细考察催化剂的反荷阳离子和溶剂种类对反应控制相转移现象和催化活性的影响. 结果表明, 选择 [C₇H₇N(CH₃)₃]^＋作为反荷阳离子和乙腈为溶剂, 体系出现了反应控制相转移催化的特征. 催化剂循环使用三次, 在保持较高回收率的同时其催化活性无明显降低, 说明该催化剂具有良好的稳定性.     

Modeling Postmortem Ethanol Production/Insights into the Origin of Higher Alcohols

The forensic toxicologist is challenged to provide scientific evidence to distinguish the source of ethanol (antemortem ingestion or microbial production) determined in the postmortem blood and to properly interpret the relevant blood alcohol concentration (BAC) results, in regard to ethanol levels at death and subsequent behavioral impairment of the person at the time of death. Higher alcohols (1-propanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol (isoamyl-alcohol), and 3-methyl-2-butanol (amyl-alcohol)) are among the volatile compounds that are often detected in postmortem specimens and have been correlated with putrefaction and microbial activity. This brief review investigates the role of the higher alcohols as biomarkers of postmortem, microbial ethanol production, notably, regarding the modeling of postmortem ethanol production. Main conclusions of this contribution are, firstly, that the higher alcohols are qualitative and quantitative indicators of microbial ethanol production, and, secondly that the respective models of microbial ethanol production are tools offering additional data to interpret properly the origin of the ethanol concentrations measured in postmortem cases. More studies are needed to clarify current uncertainties about the origin of higher alcohols in postmortem specimens.     

Facile and practical enantioselective synthesis of propargylic alcohols by direct addition of alkynes to aldehydes catalyzed by chiral disulfide–oxazolidine ligands

The enantioselective alkynylation reaction of aldehydes with alkynes and diethylzinc, catalyzed by chiral disulfide–oxazolidine ligands, provides a simple, practical and inexpensive method to access chiral propargylic alcohols in good yields and satisfactory ee's.