Frequency-stabilized high-power violet laser diode with an ytterbium hollow-cathode lamp

We have demonstrated in an ytterbium laser cooling and trapping experiment a high-power violet extendedcavity diode laser (ECDL) stabilized to the Yb resonant transition at 398.9 nm in an Yb hollow-cathode lamp. A frequency-dispersion signal, which we obtained by applying a modulation-free dichroic-atomic-vapor laser lock technique, allowed us to stabilize the violet ECDL at a frequency stability below 1 MHz at 1-s average time and a useful output power of 15 mW.     

Laser cooling of calcium ions by use of ultraviolet laser diodes: significant induction of electron-shelving transitions

Calcium ions are laser cooled in a Paul trap by use of a grating-stabilized UV laser diode. Unusual quantum jumps or fluctuations in the fluorescence signal are observed without application of any shelving lasers. It has become clear that such phenomena can be ascribed to shelving transitions induced by background 393-nm spontaneous photons emitted from the laser medium. Shelving transitions are suppressed by use of an interference filter, and the ions are successfully cooled to crystallization temperature with sufficient reproducibility.     

Laser cooling and trapping of ytterbium atoms

The experiments on the laser cooling and trapping of ytterbium atoms are reported, including the two-dimensional transversal cooling, longitudinal velocity Zeeman deceleration, and a magneto-optical trap with a broadband transition at a wavelength of 399 nm. The magnetic field distributions along the axis of a Zeeman slower were measured and in a good agreement with the calculated results. Cold ytterbium atoms were produced with a number of about 10⁷ and a temperature of a few milli-Kelvin. In addition, using a 556-nm laser, the excitations of cold ytterbium atoms at ¹S₀-³P₁ transition were observed. The ytterbium atoms will be further cooled in a 556-nm magneto-optical trap and loaded into a three-dimensional optical lattice to make an ytterbium optical clock.      

Laser cooling of trapped Yb+

¹⁷²Yb⁺ ions in an rf trap have been laser cooled for the first time by driving the ² S _1/2–² P _1/2 transition at 369.5 nm. It was necessary to irradiate the ions with 2.438 m infra-red radiation to depopulate the metastable ² D _3/2 state. An upper limit on ion energies was determined by observing the size of the trapped cloud and corresponds to a temperature below 2 K. Cooled ion lineshapes were compared with simulations and coherence nulls were observed in the infra-red frequency scans.     

Quantum feedback cooling of two trapped ions

We present a sub-Doppler cooling scheme of a two-trapped-ion crystal by quantum feedback control method. In the scheme, we obtain the motional information by continuously measuring the spontaneous emission photons from one single ion of the crystal, and then apply a feedback force to cool the whole chain down.We derive the cooling dynamics of the cooling scheme using quantum feedback theory and quantum regression theorem. The result shows that with experimentally achievable parameters, our scheme can achieve lower temperature and faster cooling rate than Doppler cooling.     

Laser cooling with electromagnetically induced transparency: application to trapped samples of ions or neutral atoms

A novel method of ground-state laser cooling of trapped atoms utilizes the absorption profile of a three- (or multi-) level system that is tailored by a quantum interference. With cooling rates comparable to conventional sideband cooling, lower final temperatures may be achieved. The method was experimentally implemented to cool a single Ca⁺ ion to its vibrational ground state. Since a broad band of vibrational frequencies can be cooled simultaneously, the technique will be particularly useful for the cooling of larger ion strings, thereby being of great practical importance for initializing a quantum register based on trapped ions. We also discuss its application to different level schemes and for ground-state cooling of neutral atoms trapped by a far-detuned standing wave laser field. Received: 10 July 2001 / Published online: 23 November 2001     

Light-pressure cooling of trapped ions in three dimensions

We formulate a Fokker-Planck theory for the three-dimensional cooling of a trapped ion by means of a single laser beam. Both the steady state and the dynamics of the cooling are discussed, and the correlations between the vibrational modes due to the light pressure are elucidated. A few comments on the actual experiments are presented.     

Effective damping in the Raman cooling of trapped ions

We present a method of treating the interaction of a single three-level ion with two laser beams. The idea is to apply a unitary transformation such that the exact transformed Hamiltonian has one of the three levels decoupled for all values of the detunings. When one takes into account damping, the evolution of the system is governed by a master equation usually obtained via adiabatic approximation under the assumption of far-detuned lasers. To go around the drawbacks of this technique, we use the same unitary transformation to get an effective master equation.     

高功率二极管激光器喷雾冷却实验研究

通过以液氨为制冷工质的开式喷雾冷却系统,在相同实验条件下研究了二极管激光器（DL）热沉喷雾表面分别为光滑表面、均匀密排微孔、深孔和多孔表面结构时的冷却效果,实验结果表明：在热流密度达到300 W/cm2时,冷却表面温度均保持在28 ℃以内,适用于高热流密度下的DL热管理问题;喷雾表面均布微结构能显著强化喷雾冷却性能,当采用均匀密排多孔表面时,散热功率达511.5 W/cm2,对流传热系数为346 701.1 W/(m2℃),传热系数较光滑表面时提高了83.9%。     

基于相变冷却的大功率二极管激光器技术

 设计了一种基于相变冷却方式工作的大功率二极管激光器,该激光器的散热器是基于节流式喷射微槽道相变冷却的原理,使冷却液在微槽中的气化率达到了70%,大幅度提高了冷却效果,减小了冷却液流量,在同样制冷功率条件下,冷却液流量仅为水冷方式的1/10。利用相变冷却器进行了背冷式半导体激光器叠阵封装工艺的研究,采用复合热沉与AuSn硬焊料结合的新型封装工艺,完成了准连续3 kW叠阵的封装。实验测试表明,单元叠阵的输出功率达到3.01 kW,占空比10%,封装间距为1.3 mm,光谱宽度小于3.5 nm。最大功率输出时所需R134a冷却液的流量仅为110 mL/min。     

高功率二极管激光器喷雾冷却实验研究

通过以液氨为制冷工质的开式喷雾冷却系统,在相同实验条件下研究了二极管激光器(DL)热沉喷雾表面分别为光滑表面、均匀密排微孔、深孔和多孔表面结构时的冷却效果,实验结果表明:在热流密度达到300W/cm2时,冷却表面温度均保持在28℃以内,适用于高热流密度下的DL热管理问题;喷雾表面均布微结构能显著强化喷雾冷却性能,当采用均匀密排多孔表面时,散热功率达511.5 W/cm2,对流传热系数为346 701.1W/(m2·℃),传热系数较光滑表面时提高了83.9%。     

基于相变冷却的大功率二极管激光器技术

设计了一种基于相变冷却方式工作的大功率二极管激光器,该激光器的散热器是基于节流式喷射微槽道相变冷却的原理,使冷却液在微槽中的气化率达到了70%,大幅度提高了冷却效果,减小了冷却液流量,在同样制冷功率条件下,冷却液流量仅为水冷方式的1/10。利用相变冷却器进行了背冷式半导体激光器叠阵封装工艺的研究,采用复合热沉与AuSn硬焊料结合的新型封装工艺,完成了准连续3 kW叠阵的封装。实验测试表明,单元叠阵的输出功率达到3.01 kW,占空比10%,封装间距为1.3 mm,光谱宽度小于3.5 nm。最大功率输出时所需R134a冷却液的流量仅为110 mL/min。     

Numerical investigations on resistive cooling of trapped highly charged ions

The investigation of simple atomic systems in extreme electromagnetic fields with highest precision demands intense beams of heavy and highly charged ions to be decelerated and cooled to extremely low energies for long-time observation. Resistive cooling, i.e., the electronic dissipation of energy of a stored ion cloud on an external impedance, seems to be a good candidate for in-trap cooling of highly charged ions and has been chosen for the upcoming HITRAP (Highly charged Ion TRAP) facility at GSI, Darmstadt. Nevertheless, resistive cooling of large ensembles of ions confined in a Penning trap has never been thoroughly studied until now and the understanding of this highly nonlinear phenomenon is far from complete. Through the use of systematic simulations we give a proof of the feasibility of resistive cooling of large numbers of highly charged ions as well as the interpretation of some specific features observed experimentally.     

囚禁N2+离子的冷却实验

在Paul 阱中,开展了N2+离子电阻冷却和缓冲气体冷却实验。用抛出检测法精确测量离子信号的变化,提高了测量电阻冷却效果的灵敏度;用改变囚禁势的方法,测出了冷却离子的温度,观察到冷却离子的囚禁时间增加和速度分布范围减小的现象。     

White light emission from ultraviolet laser diode

A phosphor-conversion white light using an InGaN laser diode that emits 405 nm near-ultraviolet (n-UV) light and phosphors that emit in the red/green/blue region when excited by the n-UV light was fabricated. The relationship of the luminous flux and the luminous efficacy of the white light with injection current were discussed. Based on the evaluation method for luminous efficacy of light sources established by the Commission International de I’Eclairage (CIE) and the phosphor used in this experiment, a theoretical analysis of the experiment results and the maximum luminous efficacy of this white light fabrication method were also presented.     

Laser controlled quantum motion of two Paul trapped ions

We investigate the quantum motion of two ions stored in a Paul trap and interacting with a time-periodic laser field. In the pseudopotential approximation and large detuning condition, we find that the relative motion is independent of the laser field, but the exact centre-of-mass motion is closely related to the laser field. By adjusting the laser intensity and frequency, we can well control the quantum motion of the centre-of-mass. We illustrate some physical properties described by the centre-of-mass states, such as the squeezed coherent property, the widths and heights of the wavepackets of probability density, the classical-quantum correspondence, the resonance ladders of expectation energy and the transition probabilities between time-dependent quantum levels.     

Blackbody-radiation-assisted laser cooling of molecular ions

The translational motion of molecular ions can be effectively cooled sympathetically to temperatures below 100 mK in ion traps through Coulomb interactions with laser-cooled atomic ions. The distribution of internal rovibrational states, however, gets in thermal equilibrium with the typically much higher temperature of the environment within tens of seconds. We consider a concept for rotational cooling of such internally hot, but translationally cold, heteronuclear diatomic molecular ions. The scheme relies on a combination of optical pumping from a few specific rotational levels into a "dark state" with redistribution of rotational populations mediated by blackbody radiation.     

High-power broad-area diode lasers for laser cooling

Received: 1 April 1996/Revised version: 24 September 1996     

Laser cooling of trapped particles III: The Lamb-Dicke limit

In this paper we consider the laser cooling of a trapped particle when the discrete nature of the quantum levels must be taken into account. We particularize the equations to the Lamb-Dicke limit when the oscillational, amplitude is much less than the optical wavelength. Then the quantum levels are coupled only to the neighbouring ones, and we can also find a small parameter to use for adiabatic elimination of rapidly varying terms. There emerges one rate equation for the probability distribution over the quantum states. The ultimate distribution is found to be of the Planckian type independently of the initial one. We solve the equation, generally and obtain the time evolution for an arbitrary initial distribution. In particular we look at an initially thermal, Poisson, or pure state distribution. For the thermal one we find that its shape is preserved during the cooling. The results are discussed.