测量声学材料复杨氏模量的传递函数方法

在噪声振动的隔离和阻尼处理中,测定声学材料,特别是粘弹性材料的动态杨氏模量和损耗因子具有重要意义．过去一般用悬臂梁或自由梁方法来测量,常用的仪器如Ｂ／Ｋ３９３０复模量仪、Ｎ－ＶＥＳ和Ｍｅｔｒａｖｉｂ粘弹谱仪等,这些方法各有特点,但都不能在频率域上连续测量．我们根据Ｐｒｉｔｚ原理［１］,新建了一套测量复杨氏模量的装置——传递函数法测量系统．本系统工作频率范围为６０ＨＺ至１０ｋＨｚ,在共振频率以?...     

拖曳线列阵管中校准方法研究

本文阐述了一种在长管中校准拖曳线列阵或其阵元组的方法,这种方法通过在线列阵上形成一个等效于其接收到一个任意角度入射的自由场平面坡时的声场分布来校准线列阵的复数灵敏度和远场指向性。在阐述了这种校准方法的基本原理以后。通过建立理论模型,用计算机模拟研究了该方法的可行性及校准声场偏差与各种参数之间的关系,并对其结论进行了实验验证。实验线列阵的方向性和灵敏度的测量结果表明,在低频情况下该方法是校准长线列阵的有效方法。     

阻抗复合消声器声学性能有限元预测方法及分析

为计算和分析具有复杂结构的阻抗复合式消声器的宽频消声性能,建立了一种高效声学有限元方法,给出了不同边界条件下的边界积分处理细节,得到有限元全局系数矩阵表达式,设计出计算程序框架以实现这些算法,其求解规模和计算速度与商业软件相比有优势。为计算阻抗复合式消声器的传递损失,通过阻抗管测量和数据拟合得到了吸声材料声学特性的经验公式。计算和测量了两通穿孔阻抗复合式消声器的传递损失,二者良好的吻合验证了声学有限元方法和计算程序的正确性。研究表明,插管长度影响消声器在中高频段的消声特性,右侧隔板上穿孔会消除共振峰,中高频消声性能随着出口管穿孔率的增加而提升。     

一种新的水声无源材料声学性能测量装置

阐述了一种新的水声无源材料声学性能实验室测量装置,测量频率范围10-100kHz,最大静水压至3.0MPa,被测材料样品典型尺寸为300×300mm²。装置应用多基元平面换能器基阵,大面积声透明PVDF薄膜水听器以及宽带窄脉冲信号和现代信号处理技术,在小型压力罐中建立近似的平面波自由声场,测量材料声学性能随频率、静水压的变化规律。测量参数包括复反射系数(口声降低)、复透射系数(插入损失)、衰减系数、复声阻抗和纵波声速。通过对多种不同性能材料样品的测量分析,验证了本装置的测量能力,装置的稳定性考核表明其反射测量扩展不确定度为1.2dB,透射测量扩展不确定度为0.8dB。     

基于压电材料的薄膜声学超材料隔声性能研究

针对低频噪声的隔离问题,设计了一种基于压电材料的可调控薄膜声学超材料,该材料由压电质量块嵌入弹性薄膜制成.建立了材料的有限元分析模型,并且计算了材料的各阶特征频率与20—1200 Hz频段的传输损失曲线,并通过实验验证了有限元计算的真实性.计算结果表明:此声学超材料在20—1200 Hz频段内隔声性能良好,存在两个50 dB以上的隔声峰与一个可调式的隔声峰.通过分析简单结构的首阶共振模态并构建其等效模型,从理论上探究了结构参数对薄膜声学超材料隔声性能的影响,并通过有限元计算验证了其等效模型的正确性;综合分析材料的特征频率与传输损失曲线,进一步讨论了结构的隔声机理,分析结果表明,在特征频率处,薄膜的"拍动"会导致声波在其后的传播过程中干涉相消,实现声波的衰减;通过Fano共振理论,探究了各共振点处传输损失曲线特征不同的原因;压电质量块与外接电路组成LC振荡电路,在电路的共振频率处,压电材料的振动可以吸收声波的能量从而造成一个隔声峰,同时可以改变外接电路的参数来调整电路的共振频率,从而实现对隔声性能的调控.最后,探究了压电质量块偏心量对材料性能的影响,并通过有限元计算验证了材料隔声性能的可调性.研究结果为可调式薄膜声学超材料的设计提供了理论参考.     

车用声学材料测量研究性教学实验设计

针对工科高等院校物理实验课设计了车用声学材料测量研究性教学实验.实验结合开设专业和选题自身特点,在传统研究性教学实验设计的基础上,将学生实验前的调研工作从时间、空间上拓展至课堂之外,并将科研工作中自行设计的车用声学材料数据库系统应用于教学,以期实现教学引导科研、科研促进教学,学研结合、教学相长.     

暗声学超材料及其性能

图中显示了所用的实验样品（下部）,计算得到的能量密度增强因子频谱（上左）,以及在薄膜中截面内的弹性势能密度分布函数（上右）．极高的弹性曲率能量聚集在铁片边界区域,且与声波辐射模式几乎没有耦合作用,这就形成了一个开放的共振腔,从而导致入射声波在100--1000Hz低频范围内的强烈吸收．     

光吸收法测量颗粒物方法的校准研究

鉴于目前大气悬浮颗粒物的排放日益严重,对全球气候、环境产生重要影响,由于大气悬浮颗粒在特定波长下的吸收和散射,气溶胶颗粒的吸收系数相对较小,因此不能消除光吸收系数测量的散射,难以精确测量吸收系数。本文用大气悬浮颗粒物吸收系数来衡量光在大气传播过程中的强弱,并利用大气悬浮颗粒物吸收系数来估计大气悬浮颗粒物的辐射强度,对如何准确测量悬浮颗粒物吸收系数进行了研究。本研究使用自行研制的自动连续黑碳气溶胶测量系统COSMOS进行测量,精确测量吸收系数。研究结果表明本论文提出的系统和校准方法测量的黑碳气溶胶浓度具有精度高,成本低的优点,其测量结果跟商品化仪器测量结果大致一样。     

用示波器测量阻抗的方法

利用J2458型教学示波器,可以测量在指定频率下的阻抗,方法如下: 所用的电路如图1所示。Z_X是被测阻抗。     

利用直接激发Rayleigh表面波的方法测量材料的声学非线性系数

提出了利用直接激发Rayleigh表面波的方法测量材料的声学非线性系数.采用专门的信号源,将压电传感器安装在试件边缘直接激发Rayleigh表面波,利用激光干涉仪测量系统采集试件表面的Rayleigh波信号.对采集到的Rayleigh波信号进行FFT变换,得到Rayleigh波信号中所包含的基频和高频成分,并据此进一步确定材料的声学非线性系数.对铝合金材料AA2024和AA6061的试验测量与分析结果表明,这种利用将压电传感器直接安装在试件边缘激发Rayleigh表面波的方法能够有效、准确地测量材料的声学非线性系数,可以为材料和结构早期力学性能退化的无损检测和评价提供一种有效的途径.     

Traveling wave tube measurements for low-frequency properties of underwater acoustic materials

A traveling wave tube measurement technique for measuring acoustic properties of underwater acoustic materials was developed.Water temperature and pressure environments of the ocean can be simulated in a water-filled tube,and the acoustic parameters of samples of underwater acoustic materials are measured in the range of low-frequency.A tested sample is located at central position of the tube.A pair of projectors is separately located at both ends of the tube.Using an active anechoic technique,the sound wave transmitting the tested sample is hardly reflected by the surface of secondary transducer.So the traveling sound field is built up in the tube.By separately calculating the transfer functions of every pair of double hydrophones in the sound fields from the both sides of the sample,its reflection coefficients and transmission coefficients are obtained.In the measurement system,the inside diameter of the tube isΦ208 mm,the working frequency range is from 100 to 4000 Hz,the maximum pressure is 5 MPa.The reflection coefficients and transmission coefficients of a water layer and a stainless steel layer samples are measured actually and calculated theoretically.The results show that the measured values are in good agreement with the values calculated,and the measurement uncertainty is not greater than 1.5 dB.     

水声材料低频声性能的行波管测量

发展了一种测量水声材料声学性能的行波管测量技术,能够在实验室充水管中模拟海洋水温水压环境,对样品的声学参数实施低频范围的测量。被测样品置于声管中央,声管两端配置一对发射器。应用主动消声技术使样品的透射声波在声管次发射器表面的反射可忽略,在管中建立起行波声场。然后,通过分别计算样品两边声场中每一对水听器的传递函数,得到样品的反射系数和透射系数。测量系统声管的内径为Φ208 mm,工作频率范围为100~4000 Hz,最高静水压为5 MPa。对水层和层状不锈钢样品的反射系数和透射系数进行了实际测量和理论计算,结果表明,测量值和计算值有较好的吻合,测量不确定度不大于1.5 dB。     

Evaluation of the acoustic and non-acoustic properties of sound absorbing materials using a three-microphone impedance tube

This paper presents a straightforward application of an indirect method based on a three-microphone impedance tube setup to determine the non-acoustic properties of a sound absorbing porous material. First, a three-microphone impedance tube technique is used to measure some acoustic properties of the material (i.e., sound absorption coefficient, sound transmission loss, effective density and effective bulk modulus) regarded here as an equivalent fluid. Second, an indirect characterization allows one to extract its non-acoustic properties (i.e., static airflow resistivity, tortuosity, viscous and thermal characteristic lengths) from the measured effective properties and the material open porosity. The procedure is applied to four different sound absorbing materials and results of the characterization are compared with existing direct and inverse methods. Predictions of the acoustic behavior using an equivalent fluid model and the found non-acoustic properties are in good agreement with impedance tube measurements.     

Investigation of sample size effects in impedance tube measurements

A series of careful impedance tube measurements using different sizes of glass fibre and felt samples have demonstrated that frame resonance effects result from slightly oversize samples. The appropriate size of a sample is investigated while also avoiding air leakage. Diameters of 0.5 or 1.0 mm less than the inner diameter of the tube are found to avoid these effects.     

Simple sound transmission loss measurements using a modified impedance tube technique

A method of comparing the sound transmission characteristics of various materials, and combinations of materials, is presented, using a modified impedance tube technique. The procedure proved to be relatively quick and inexpensive in comparison with standard reverberation suite tests, and is therefore particularly useful for the qualitative ranking of multiple samples.The limitations of the technique are discussed in some detail, and particular emphasis is given to the problems of small sample size and method of mounting in the apparatus.     

压力罐中水声材料声学特性的参量源测量法

设计了一种原波频率500 kHz、差频范围1~30 kHz的截断宽带参量阵,作为水声材料测量系统的声源。通过分析典型频率下的宽带参量源指向性理论计算和实际测量结果,发现两者结果的曲线基本吻合,证明计算模型是正确的。应用钟形短时脉冲实现水声材料声特性的宽带测量,有益于降低样品边缘衍射干扰。并建立了测量水声材料大面积板状样品声压反射系数、声压透射系数和吸声系数的压力罐测量系统,罐体内尺寸Φ4 m×12 m,最高静水压4.5 MPa,测量频率范围1~30 kHz。对标准样品(尺寸1m×1m)进行了测量实验,其测量结果和理论曲线有很好的吻合,参量源测量法得到了验证;之后,通过对一块橡胶板样品在不同静压力下的吸声性能进行了测量和有效评估,进一步确认了参量源测量法在压力罐这样有限水域中的潜在应用价值。     

The parametric source method for measuring characteristics of underwater acoustic materials in a pressure vessel

A truncated broadband parametric array with a primary frequency of 500 kHz and difference frequency range of 1 kHz to 30 kHz was designed as a sound source of the underwater acoustic material measurement system.By analyzing the theoretical calculation and actual measurement results in array directivity of the truncated broadband parametric source at typical frequencies,we observed that the curves of the two results were basically consistent,which proved that the calculation model was correct.App...     

A direct method for acoustic impedance measurement based on the measurement of electrical impedance of acoustic transmitter

A simple and straight forward method for acoustic impedance measurement is presented and evaluated. In this method a speaker is used as the signal source. The relationship between the electrical impedance of the speaker and its acoustical load is developed and studied. It is shown that the electrical current and voltage of the speaker relate to the acoustical pressure and volume velocity. The mechanical and acoustical impedances are therefore easily derived by measuring the electrical current and voltage of the circuit. The proposed method yield itself to the automatic computer measurement and can be used for the field and in situ measurements.Comparison of the measurement data with those from other methods proves the applicability and accuracy of the proposed method.