带凸缘弯曲梁应力集中区内表面裂纹应力强度因子的研究

用三维光弹性冻结应力实验技术与修正的多点超定法相结合研究了带凸缘弯曲梁应力集中区内表面裂纹的应力强度因子。分析了不同过渡圆弧的应力集中对两种表面裂纹(半圆形表面裂纹与前缘直线表面裂纹)的影响。用实验方法得到了应力强度因子放大系数的数值.结果表明,应力集中对浅裂纹的影响是更大的,是不可忽视的,但放大系数随表面裂纹的几何形状变化很小。这些对管节点的断裂力学评估提供了有价值的实验依据.     

基于表面弹性理论的开裂椭圆孔断裂力学研究

研究纳米尺度时开裂椭圆孔的III型断裂性能。基于表面弹性理论和保角映射技术,利用复势函数理论获得了缺陷(裂纹和椭圆孔)周围应力场和裂纹尖端应力强度因子的闭合解答。所得结果具有一般性,许多已有和新的解答可由本文退化的特殊情形得到。利用解析结果讨论了缺陷的绝对尺寸、椭圆孔的形状比以及裂纹的相对尺寸对应力强度因子的影响。结果表明：考虑表面效应且缺陷尺寸在纳米尺度时,应力强度因子具有显著的尺寸依赖效应;应力强度因子随椭圆孔形状比的变化规律受缺陷表面常数的影响;缺陷表面效应的影响取决于椭圆孔的形状比,非常大的形状比屏蔽了表面效应的影响;裂纹相对尺寸非常小时表面效应影响较弱,裂纹相对尺寸较大时表面效应较为明显。     

反应堆压力容器防断裂设计的规范法和分析法比较

针对AP1000反应堆压力容器的上封头部分,采用规范法计算了反应堆启动和停堆瞬态下表面椭圆形裂纹前沿的应力强度因子.计算结果表明在反应堆启动过程中,上封头外表面裂纹比内表面裂纹更加危险;而停堆过程中,内表面裂纹比外表面裂纹危险.对于远离结构不连续区,环向和径向裂纹前沿的应力强度因子相差不大.但是对于临近结构不连续处,反应堆启动过程中环向裂纹比径向裂纹危险;而停堆过程中,径向裂纹比环向裂纹危险.经评价表明该缺陷符合ASME安全设计的要求.同时建立含真实裂纹的三维有限元模型进行了防断裂分析评价.通过两种方法的对比表明,传统的规范法比有限元方法偏保守.     

焊接残余应力平板多个共面表面裂纹的应力强度因子

采用线弹簧模型求解含焊接残余应力平板多个共面任意分布表面裂纹的应力强度因子.利用边裂纹权函数给出了裂纹表面上沿厚度非线性分布的残余应力向线性分布的转化公式.基于Reissner板理论和连续分布位错思想,将含多个共面任意分布表面裂纹的无限平板问题归结为一组Cauchy型奇异积分方程,并采用Gauss-Chebyshev方法获得了奇异积分方程的数值解.以三共面表面裂纹为例,计算了表面裂纹的应力强度因子,并讨论了裂纹间距、裂纹几何形状等因素对应力强度因子的影响.     

基于子模型法的带有表面裂纹钢丝应力强度因子研究

钢丝裂纹应力强度因子是进行钢丝疲劳断裂寿命评估、疲劳裂纹扩展分析和钢丝断裂强度评估等工作的重要参数。本文首先介绍了裂纹扩展分析软件FRANC3D,然后基于子模型法模拟研究了拉伸荷载作用下带有表面裂纹钢丝的应力强度因子,裂纹种类包括直线形裂纹和半圆形裂纹,最后拟合得到拉伸荷载作用下带表面裂纹钢丝的应力强度因子形状修正系数表达式,分析了利用该公式进行承载力评估时产生误差的原因。研究结果表明,利用子模型模拟分析拉伸荷载作用下带有表面裂纹的钢丝应力强度因子时计算精度高,计算速度快,对计算机硬件要求低;利用该方法得到的钢丝裂纹应力强度因子,在进行索承式桥梁吊索安全性能评估时,评估结果更精确。     

表面裂纹疲劳扩展形状演化预测

应用新的应力强度因子经验公式预测了拉伸和纯弯曲载荷下疲劳扩展过程中表面裂纹形状的演化,并与Newman和Raju的经验公式以及实验结果进行了比较。结果表明:虽然对应力强度因子估算有一定差别,但两者对裂纹形状演化的预测有很好的一致性,预测结果与实验结果也比较吻合,从而表明所提出的经验公式能够用于预测疲劳扩展过程中表面裂纹形状演化。     

弯载下中长圆柱壳表面裂纹的线弹簧模型解

针对含环向表面裂纹的中长圆柱壳,基于薄壳半膜力理论和线弹簧模型,导出了其在弯载作用下的解析解,并给出了相应的表面裂纹前缘的应力强度因子的计算公式以及表面裂纹存在对整个圆柱壳柔度的影响的表达式。研究表明,对于中长圆柱壳中的较长裂纹,裂纹前缘最深点处的应力强度因子对裂纹前缘的形状并不敏感;相应的数值计算结果表明,本文的解与有限元结果的误差不超过3%。     

考虑闭合效应和三维应力约束的表面裂纹扩展模拟

假定承受Ⅰ型常幅载荷下的表面裂纹在扩展中的形状保持为半椭圆,利用Newman半椭圆表面裂纹应力强度因子公式计算应力强度因子。提出了等效厚度的概念,利用穿透直裂纹的研究结果,考虑表面裂纹扩展中塑性致闭和三维应力约束效应。基于Elber模型建立了三维表面裂纹扩展模型。数值模拟了表面裂纹扩展过程,研究了裂纹形状变化及规律,计算了裂纹扩展寿命。将计算结果与有关试验结果进行了对比,吻合较好。     

轮轨相互作用下钢轨焊接接头表面裂纹扩展分析

为了分析列车通过钢轨焊接接头时产生的轮轨动态冲击力对钢轨焊接接头表面裂纹扩展特性的影响,首先采用车辆-轨道耦合动力学数值模型计算轮轨垂向力,并建立带表面裂纹的轮轨接触有限元模型;然后将轮轨垂向力结果加载到有限元模型中分析其对裂纹扩展特性的影响。结果表明：在轮轨动态相互作用下,钢轨焊接接头处表面斜裂纹的扩展以剪切模式为主导,裂纹应力强度因子 KI 和应力强度因子范围ΔKII 随着列车速度的增大而增大;裂纹长度和裂纹面摩擦系数对应力强度因子范围ΔKII 影响较大,当裂纹长度从3mm 增加到10mm 时,其ΔKII 增大了204.2%,当裂纹面摩擦系数从0.1增加到0.6时,其ΔKII 减小了153.4%。     

含轴向表面裂纹海洋管道的应力强度因子分析

基于权函数方法,对表面含有轴向裂纹的海洋管道进行分析,给出了计算裂纹前端应力强度因子的积分表达式,进一步导出了满足工程精度要求的应力强度因子的实用计算公式.研究了具有此类裂纹的海洋管道在内压作用下,裂纹最深点和表面点的应力强度因子随裂纹深度和裂纹纵横比的变化规律,并对其可靠度进行了评估.数值结果表明:含轴向裂纹海洋管道的应力强度因子随裂纹长度和深度的增加而增加;当裂纹长度和深度、管道壁厚和半径以及荷载为随机变量时,其可靠度随压力均值的增大而减少.该方法为海底管道的断裂计算和可靠性分析提供了参考依据.     

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采用有限元方法对表面含有两个不同大小半椭圆裂纹的有限厚矩形板在拉伸载荷作用下 进行参数化求解，得到两裂纹取不同尺寸和位置坐标时附属裂纹(尺寸较小裂纹)对主 导裂纹(尺寸较大裂纹)前沿参考点($\theta= 0, \pi/2, \pi $)处的应力强 度因子的影响系数$\beta$, 然后结合神经网络技术建立了相邻裂纹尺寸和位置参 数到主导裂纹前沿点处$\beta$的多变量非线性映射关系.     

Surface cracks in a plate of finite width under extension or bending

In this paper the problem of a finite plate containing collinear surface cracks is considered. The problem is solved by using the line spring model with plane elasticity and Reissner's plate theory. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of interaction between two cracks or between cracks and stress-free plate boundaries on the stress intensity factors and to provide extensive numerical results which may be useful in applications. First, some sample results are obtained and are compared with the existing finite element results. Then the problem is solved for a single (internal) crack, two collinear cracks and two corner cracks for wide range of relative dimensions. Particularly in corner cracks the agreement with the finite element solution is surprisingly very good. The results are obtained for semielliptic and rectangular crack profiles which may, in practice, correspond to two limiting cases of the actual profile of a subcritically growing surface crack.     

含广布腐蚀坑结构寿命评估方法

为了定量评估含广布腐蚀损伤老龄化飞机结构的剩余强度, 采用等效裂纹方法将腐蚀坑沿垂 直于外界最大主应力方向进行投影处理, 使其转化为具有相同寿命的等效初始表面裂纹, 然 后采用参数化有限元方法,求解等效裂纹前沿的应力强度因子、裂纹扩展方向和裂纹扩展增量, 建立并应用应力强度因子变化历程, 采用循环接循环的损伤累积方法对含广布等效表面裂纹 在疲劳载荷作用下的寿命进行了预测. 预测结果为复杂环境中含广布腐蚀坑的飞机结构寿命 预测提供了参考.     

利用无网格方法分析斜拉破坏钢筋混凝土梁

从传统的混凝土分离裂缝模型和弥散裂缝模型出发，使用不同的模型模拟不同发展阶段的混凝土裂缝，并利用无网格方法可以灵活布置节点和边界的优点，使分离裂缝模型的使用得到很大的简化。通过在宏观裂缝表面布置基于试验结果的混凝土与混凝土界面单元，正确地模拟了裂缝表面抗剪能力的变化。算例表明，使用本文方法可以准确模拟斜拉破坏混凝土梁的破坏过程，且精度和数值稳定性要高于传统的有限元弥散裂缝方法。     

Automated numerical simulation of the propagation of multiple cracks in a finite plane using the distributed dislocation method

In this paper, an automated numerical simulation of the propagation of multiple cracks in a finite elastic plane by the distributed dislocation method is developed. Firstly, a solution to the problem of a two-dimensional finite elastic plane containing multiple straight cracks and kinked cracks is presented. A serial of distributed dislocations in an infinite plane are used to model all the cracks and the boundary of the finite plane. The mixed-mode stress intensity factors of all the cracks can be calculated by solving a system of singular integral equations with the Gauss–Chebyshev quadrature method. Based on the solution, the propagation of multiple cracks is modeled according to the maximum circumferential stress criterion and Paris' law. Several numerical examples are presented to show the accuracy and efficiency of this method for the simulation of multiple cracks in a 2D finite plane.     

Transient dynamic responses of a cracked solid subjected to in-plane loadings

Transient dynamic responses of an elastic cracked solid subjected to in-plane surface loadings are investigated in this study. Two vertical cracks, a surface-breaking crack and a sub-surface crack, are considered. The frequency responses of the plane strain problem are calculated by the computational mechanics combining the finite element method with the boundary integral equation. The finite element method is used for the near-field enclosing the crack, while the boundary integral equation is applied for the far-field to satisfy the Sommerfeld radiation condition. The transient responses are then obtained using fast Fourier transform. Surface displacements, crack opening displacements, and dynamic stress intensity factors are presented to show the significant effects of the cracks. The interaction between the elastic waves and the cracks as well as the mode conversion phenomena can be observed and understood through the numerical simulations.     

Closed-form weight function for edge crack problems

An accurate crack surface opening displacement formula for edge cracks in finite bodies has been derived, and was subsequently used to develop wide-range closed-form weight functions for edge cracks. The analytical weight function is general and can be easily used to determine accurate stress intensity factors and crack surface opening displacements for arbitrarily loaded edge cracks with high efficiency. Examples have been given for problems of edge crack(s) with a number of typical load conditions for illustration.     

Elastoplastic cracks moving in orthotropic crystals

The stress field, crack-tip plastic zones and total plastic displacement created around an infinite row of collinear elastoplastic constant width Griffith-type strip cracks moving within an orthotropic crystal are considered using the powerful method of dislocation layers. The method is applied with the BCS modelled elastoplastic cracks moving under mode III loading at constant crack-tip velocity, according to the Yoffe model. Simultaneously the analysis provides solutions for a corresponding single crack moving similarly within a finite orthotropic plate and a finite plate containing a surface crack. Analogous results for the corresponding mode I, mode II and purely elastic cracks can be deduced.     

The generalised weight function method for crack problems with mixed boundary conditions

The generalised weight function method for determination of stress intensity factors for crack problems with mixed boundary conditions is presented. The method is based on the application of Betti's reciprocal theorem to equivalent crack problems with special boundary conditions, which are converted from the original problems by the principle of superposition. Expressions of stress intensity factors for center cracks subjected to arbitrary stresses in finite plates with various boundary conditions are derived. Examples of practical interest are given. The results reveal the important roles of the boundary displacement constraint and finite dimensions in the crack parameter evaluation.     

连铸板坯热轧中角部裂纹变化的研究

采用有限元方法对轧件角部横向和纵向裂纹在多道次立-平轧制过程中变形行为进行了模拟,分析了裂纹的闭合与扩展行为．结果表明:采用平立辊,裂纹很好闭合,但变形程度大,可能延伸和往轧件顶面移动,对角部横向裂纹,裂纹尖端节点往外扩散,对三角形横向和纵向裂纹,裂纹可能发生折叠;采用孔型立辊,立轧后,轧件裂纹很好地闭合,平轧后,横向和侧面纵向裂纹可能被拉开,顶面纵向裂纹闭合较好,只有三角形横向裂纹可能发生折叠．