PMR study of intramolecular motions in solid p-toluidine

Wide-line PMR studies on solid p-toluidine have been made in the temperature range 77–318 K at 7.5 MHz. Analysis of second moment data suggests a rigid and non-rotating state of the crystal lattice at 77 K. The molecular and crystal structure is confirmed. The second moment gradually decreases up to 240 K (a fall of 2.8 G²) which is indicative of quantum mechanical tunnelling of methyl protons. An observed abrupt fall in p.s.m. beyond 240 K is followed by a phase transition and is attributed to methyl and amino group reorientation upto the melting point. The potential barrier to the reorientation is found to be approximately 8.88 kcal mol^?1 in the solid phase.     

Photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer reactions within donor-acceptor linked compounds in solution and within donor-acceptor ion-pairs in crystal

Intramolecular electron transfer (ET) processes within donor-acceptor linked compounds in solution and donor-acceptor ion-pairs in crystal have been investigated by means of laser photolysis kinetic spectroscopy. An excited Ru(II)-moiety of donor-acceptor compounds undergoes intramolecular electron-transfer to either ruthenium(III) ion, rhodium(III) ion or a cobalt(III) ion, followed by back ET to regenerate the original reactant. An Arrhenius plot of the ET rate gave a straight line with an intercept (frequency factor) and a slope (activation energy) for the photoinduced ET and the back ET. Mixed-valence isomer states produced via photoinitiated ET rapidly decayed via back ET. A common and large frequency factor observed for Ru(II)-Rh(III) compounds is accounted for in terms of solvent-relaxation dynamics. For the back ET in the Ru(II)-Co(III) compounds, the frequency factors are reduced because of negative entropy change. ET within donor-acceptor ion-pair of Ru(bpy)₂³ and Co(CN)₃⁶ in crystal took place very rapidly compared with in water.     

The dynamics of the intramolecular and orientational motions of pinacyanol

The influence of viscosity on the electronic relaxation of pinacyanol in alcoholic solutions has been determined by recording, with picosecond and nanosecond resolution, the fluorescence decay at various temperatures. The results are interpreted with the aid of a model of electronic relaxation implying a molecular conformational change with no internal potential barrier and with a Boltzmann equilibrium distribution of the initial configuration. Furthermore, fluorescence depolarization analysis indicates that the reorientational relaxation of the molecule takes place on a time scale much greater than that characterizing the intramolecular geometrical change.     

Structural relaxations and energy effects of intramolecular motions inN,N-dimethylnitramine: A theoretical study

The equilibrium geometry of theN,N-dimethylnitramine molecule and changes in the energy and structural parameters due to the internal rotation of the nitro group and the inversion of the N atom in the amino fragment were calculated by the restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) method and at the second-order Møller-Plesset (MP2) level of perturbation theory with inclusion of electron correlation using the 6–31 G^* and 6–31 G^** basis sets. The one-dimensional potential functions of these motions calculated at the RHF/6–31 G^* level were approximated by a truncated Fourier and power series, respectively. The frequencies of torsional and inversion transitions were determined by solving direct vibrational problems for a non-rigid model,i.e., taking into account the molecular geometry relaxation. The equilibrium conformation of the molecular skeleton ofN,N-dimethylnitramine is nonplanar. Transition states of the internal rotation of the nitro group and inversion of the amine N atom are characterized by pronounced concerted changes in its bond angles and the length of the N?N bond. In the MP2/6–31 G^* approximation, the height of the barrier to internal rotation calculated taking into account the difference in the zero-point vibrational energies is equal to 9.7 kcal mol^?1. Inversion in the amino fragment is accompanied by a relatively small energy change at the barrier height of ?1.0 kcal mol^?1 calculated in the same approximation.     

Study of equilibrium in the presence of an intramolecular donor-acceptor interaction in ω-dialkylaminoalkylboron compounds by the NMR method

Russian Chemical Bulletin -     

DFt study of the regioselectivity of addition of sulfenylchloride to ethenes

The electrophilic addition reactions of methylsulfenyl chloride to the double bonds of functionalized ethenes have been studied theoretically. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been applied for starting species and ethene‐based sulfonium intermediates bearing substitutes at α‐carbon atom to study geometrical parameters and electronic states of plausible intermediate forms. The quantum chemical optimizations of intermediates indicate that the episulfonium ion is the most likely methyl‐ or carboxyl‐substituted ethane‐based intermediate. However, with phenyl substituents the intermediate is more like a carbonium than an episulfonium ion. The role of sulfur appears to be that of directing the stereochemistry of the addition reaction of chloride, forming the trans product upon nucleophilic attack on the C—C bond of the episulfonium ion. The regioselectivity features of the opening of the episulfonium ion by the chloride anion depend on the LUMO and LUMO+1 of the episulfonium ion and the approaching HOMO of chlorine. The results of the theoretical investigations are in agreement with experiment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:695–703, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/hc.20378     

MO study of flavin reduction

MINDO /3 calculations have been performed on semiquinone and fully reduced lumiflavins and on hydroperoxy adducts of lumiflavin. Frontier orbital indices were calculated. Reduction of the flavin was studied in bent and planar flavin rings. The results suggest that the planar reduced flavin has a smaller ionization potential than the bent reduced flavin. This could account for the low redox potential of protein-bound reduced flavins.     

Correlated atomic motions in liquid deuterium fluoride studied by coherent quasielastic neutron scattering

The collective dynamics of liquid deuterium fluoride are studied by means of high-resolution quasielastic and inelastic neutron scattering over a range of four decades in energy transfer. The spectra show a low-energy coherent quasielastic component which arises from correlated stochastic motions as well as a broad inelastic feature originating from overdamped density oscillations. While these results are at variance with previous works which report on the presence of propagating collective modes, they are fully consistent with neutron diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared/Raman experiments on this prototypical hydrogen-bonded fluid.     

Realizing high-efficiency carrier separation in 3D hierarchical carbon nitride nanosheets via intramolecular donor-acceptor motifs strategy

The insufficient visible light responsive region and fast charge recombination probability are still the key obstacles for designing high-performance photocatalytic system. Herein, a “One Stone, Two Birds” strategy was reported in three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanosheet with intramolecular donor-acceptor (D-A) motifs (3D CN) photocatalyst, which solved two urgent problems simultaneously. The 3D hierarchical nanosheets structure endowed 3D CN with abundantly exposed reaction active sites and cross-plane diffusion channels. The formation of internal D-A system facilitated the light absorption and accelerated the transfer and separation of charge carriers. Furthermore, the introducing of D-A motifs optimized the bandgap of g-C₃N₄ and negative-shifted conduction band position. The as-prepared 3D CN showed excellent visible-light photocatalytic H₂ performance, with H₂ evolution rate of 2521.2 μmol h^?1/g, which was six times higher than the pristine CN. This outstanding performance was ascribed to the synergistic effect of 3D hierarchical nanosheets structure and intramolecular D-A motifs. This current work provides a novel insight to design and construct of 3D hierarchical CN nanostructures with D-A motifs simultaneously, which can be further promising applications for clean and sustainable energy conversion.     

Mapping the intramolecular signal propagation pathways in protein using Bayesian change point analysis of atomic motions

We propose to use change points of atomic positions in the molecular dynamics trajectory as indicators of the propagating signals in protein. We designate these changes as signals because they can propagate within the molecule in the form of “perturbation wave”, transmit energy or information between different parts of protein, and serve as allosteric signals. We found that change points can distinguish between thermal fluctuations of atoms (noise) and signals in a protein despite the differences in the motility of amino acid residues. Clustering of the spatially close residues that were experiencing change points close in time, allowed us to map pathways of signal propagation in a protein at the atomic level of resolution. We propose a potential mechanism for the origin of the signal and its propagation that relies on the autonomic coherence resonance in atomic fluctuations. According to this mechanism, random synchronization of fluctuations of neighboring atoms results in a resonance, which increases amplitude of vibration of these atoms. This increase can be transmitted to the atoms colliding with the resonant atoms, leading to the propagating signal. The wavelet-based coherence analysis of the inter-atomic distances between carbon-alpha atoms and surrounding atoms for the residue pairs that belong to the same communication pathway allowed us to find time periods with temporarily locked phases, confirming the occurrence of conditions for resonance. Analysis of the mapped pathways demonstrated that they form a network that connects different regions of the protein.     

Photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer and S2 fluorescence in thiophene-pi-conjugated donor-acceptor systems: experimental and TDDFT studies

Experimental and theoretical methods were used to study newly synthesized thiophene-pi-conjugated donor-acceptor compounds, which were found to exhibit efficient intramolecular charge-transfer emission in polar solvents with relatively large Stokes shifts and strong solvatochromism. To gain insight into the solvatochromic behavior of these compounds, the dependence of the spectra on solvent polarity was studied on the basis of Lippert-Mataga models. We found that intramolecular charge transfer in these donor-acceptor systems is significantly dependent on the electron-withdrawing substituents at the thienyl 2-position. The dependence of the absorption and emission spectra of these compounds in methanol on the concentration of trifluoroacetic acid was used to confirm intramolecular charge-transfer emission. Moreover, the calculated absorption and emission energies, which are in accordance with the experimental values, suggested that fluorescence can be emitted from different geometric conformations. In addition, a novel S(2) fluorescence phenomenon for some of these compounds was also be observed. The fluorescence excitation spectra were used to confirm the S(2) fluorescence. We demonstrate that S(2) fluorescence can be explained by the calculated energy gap between the S(2) and S(1) states of these molecules. Furthermore, nonlinear optical behavior of the thiophene-pi-conjugated compound with diethylcyanomethylphosphonate substituents was predicted in theory.     

All-valence MO study of hydrogen bonding in water

Theoretical hydrogen bond energies and proton barriers for water dimer and trimer calculated by semiempirical all-valence MO methods have been compared. The results of CNDO/2 and INDO calculations are more adequate than those obtained by the MINDO/1 approach.     

Geometrical consequences of resonance-assisted intramolecular hydrogen-bond formation from Ab initio MO calculations on 2-nitroresorcinol

Ab initio orbital calculations on phenol, nitrobenzene, and 2-nitroresorcinol have been performed with the GAUSSIAN 92 series of programs. Initial RHF/6-31G^* and RHF/6-31G^** optimizations were followed by second-order MØller-Plesset MP2(FC)/6-31G^* optimizations. The general geometrical features of these molecules, and, in particular, the characteristic changes as going from phenol to 2-nitroresorcinol and from nitrobenzene to 2-nitroresorcinol are in good agreement with recent gas-phase electron diffraction studies and with the notion of resonance-assisted intramolecular hydrogen-bond formation in 2-nitroresorcinol.     

Gas chromatographic study of donor-acceptor complexes I. Theoretical study

Summary New general equations have been derived to calculate, by gas-liquid chromatography, the equilibrium constants for complexing reactions between a volatile solute and a non-volatile reagent dissolved in a stationary liquid phase. These equations, which are more general than the relationships usually accepted, take into account the differences in molecular sizes between the inert solvent and the complexing reagent and the activity coefficients of the various species in solution. An equation relating the reaction enthalpy, the dissolution enthalpy of the solute in the liquid stationary phase and the composition of this phase, is also given.

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Gas-chromatographische Untersuchung von Donator-Akzeptor-Komplexen. I. Theoretische Untersuchung

Zusammenfassung Es wurden neue Gleichungen entwickelt, mit deren Hilfe durch Daten der Gas-Flüssig-Chromatographie die Gleichgewichtskonstanten bei der Komplexbildung zwischen einem flüchtigen Gelösten und einem nicht flüchtigen Reagens, die in einer flüssigen stationären Phase gelöst sind, berechnet werden können. Diese Gleichungen sind allgemeiner als die üblicheweise verwendeten Beziehungen und berücksichtigen die Unterschiede in den Molekülgrößen zwischen dem inerten Lösungsmittel und dem Komplexbildner-Reagens, sowie die Aktivitäts-Koeffizienten der verschiedenen Spezies in Lösung. Es wird ebenfalls eine Gleichung angegeben, die die Reaktionsenthalpie, die Lösungsenthalphie des Gelösten in der flüssigen stationären Phase und die Zusammensetzung dieser Phase in Beziehung setzt.

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Etude par chromatographie en phase gazeuse des complexes donneur-accepteur. I-Etude théorique

Résumé De nouvelles équations ont été développées pour calculer, par chromatographie gaz-liquide, les constantes d'équilibres de formation de complexes entre un soluté volatil et un réactif non volatil dissous dans la phase fixe. Ces équations sont plus générales que celles, plus simples, habituellement utilisées. Elles tiennent compte des différences de taille des molécules de solvant et d'agent complexant et des coefficients d'activité des espèces en solution. Une relation entre l'enthalpie de la réaction, l'enthalpie de dissolution du soluté dans la phase stationnaire liquide et la composition de cette phase est aussi donnée.

     

PMR study of the intramolecular dynamics in glycide derivatives

A. M. Gor'kii Perm' State University. Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 133–136, May–June, 1990.     

Correlated motions analysis from molecular dynamics trajectories: Statistical accuracy on the determination of canonical correlation coefficients

A numerical study of the accuracy on the determination of a unique global canonical correlation coefficient C between two groups of random variables is presented as a function of the number of variables of both groups (n and m, respectively), of the sampling size N and of the actual level of correlation C between the groups. The method used to estimate C has been already described (Briki, F.; Genest, D. Biophys Chem 1994, 52, 35–43; and J Biomol Struct Dynam 1995, 12, 1063–1082), and is implemented in the home made program TECOR. To check the accuracy on the estimation of C for given values of n, m, N, and C, samples of the random variables are synthesized (with known C), then TECOR is used to get an estimated value M of the global canonical coefficient, which is compared to the actual value C. Special attention is paid to the application of the method to the analysis from molecular dynamics simulation trajectories of concerted motions of two groups of atoms (not larger than about 20 atoms) in the course of internal deformation of biopolymers. It is found that there is a good agreement between M and C for moderate and high correlation (C≥0.35), provided that at least about 2000 configurations are stored during the molecular dynamics simulation. If C is smaller than 0.35, the method can overestimate its value if the number of configurations is not increased, especially for larger groups. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 20: 1571–1576, 1999