风沙跃移运动发展过程及静电力影响的数值模拟

建立了描述风沙跃移运动发展过程以及风场一沙粒互馈机制的风沙跃移运动数值模型,模型中考虑了风场一沙粒之间酌耦合作用以及静电力的影响,同时风场是随时间变化的．模拟了风沙跃移运动从起始阶段至风沙流达到自平衡状态的整个发展过程所需的时间,起沙率与单宽输沙率随时间变化曲线,以及达到稳定后的单位面积输沙率沿高度分布以及贴地风速廓线的影响．计算结果表明,当沙粒平均带电量为60μC／kg时,计算所得的单宽输沙率以及输沙率沿高度分布与实验结果吻合得较好．     

风沙运动力学机理研究的历史、进展与趋势

回顾了风沙运动力学机理研究历史,阐述了中国在风沙运动力学机理研究方面所取得的最新进展,提出了目前存在的问题和今后发展的趋势.     

风沙运动的研究进展和发展趋势

对风沙运动的研究给出较为全面、系统的总结和介绍，对现有的各种理论模型进行对比和评介，并提出了自己的观点。最后，对风沙运动研究的发展趋势作了展望和预测。     

风沙冲击作用下涂层与基体界面应力、位移及破坏机理研究

应用界面力学镜像点法及断裂力学理论分析了风沙冲击作用下钢结构表面涂层与基体的界面问题。分析结果表明:冲击角度一定时,界面应力随着冲击速度的增大而增大;冲击速度一定时,界面正应力在冲击点附近较大,在冲击角度为45°时最大;界面切应力在冲击角度为30°时达到最大;冲击角度一定时界面位移随着冲击速度的增大而增大,界面水平位移在冲击角度为30°时最大,冲击速度一定时界面垂直位移随着冲击角度的增大而增大。界面破坏机理是因为界面存在应力集中现象,易发生破坏,切向破坏较为严重。     

热障涂层的冲蚀破坏机理研究进展

耐高温、高隔热的热障涂层(thermal barrier coatings, TBCs) 技术因为能降低基底的工作温度, 提高 发动机的性能与热效率, 已经成为了航空发动机的关键热防护技术. 航空发动机在飞行过程中, 将不可避免地 受到燃烧室内各种杂质及外来颗粒的撞击, 从而发生冲蚀失效, 这一失效已成为制约TBCs 服役性能及其安 全应用的关键问题. 本文介绍了TBCs 冲蚀破坏机理的实验研究、有限元模拟、理论分析、试验模拟系统以及 实验检测技术方面的最新成果, 展望了TBCs 冲蚀机理研究的重点.      

水平互层围岩隧道破坏机理及其范围预测模型

水平互层围岩因其显著的层理构造, 导致其破坏形式相较于均质围岩有较大区别. 目前针对水平互层围岩的研究集中在单一破坏模式, 未考虑破坏形式的多样性. 为探究水平互层围岩的破坏范围, 首先按其层理面划分为单层围岩进行分析, 将围岩破坏分为拉破坏、楔形剪切破坏和拱形剪切破坏3种典型模式, 分别建立了岩梁受拉分析模型和拱形关键块剪切分析模型进行分析, 提出了相应的破坏准则, 并引入塌落系数和临界高度对不同破坏模式的孕育条件进行研究, 将此方法应用于矿井巷道和隧道工程实例中, 与既有方法进行比较, 验证了单层围岩破坏机理模型的可靠性, 同时代入离层破坏算例中验证其实用性. 并以此为基础, 结合破坏范围层间连续条件和破坏休止条件建立水平互层围岩破坏预测模型, 将上述水平互层围岩破坏模型应用于补连塔矿巷道实例. 结果表明本文预测的水平互层围岩破坏范围与数值模拟结果、真实塌落情况吻合较好. 研究成果可为水平互层围岩隧道支护方案设计提供理论基础.      

基于序列图像的鱼游运动机理分析

自上世纪60年代起,鱼游运动机理分析一直是研究的热点之一。本文提出了一种基于序列图像的鱼游运动机理分析方法,从图像处理的角度来分析鱼游运动机理问题。该方法首先通过图像差分得到鱼体的轮廓,然后利用能量函数自动抽取游动鱼体的体干曲线。在此基础上,通过样条曲线参数拟合进一步得到鱼体游动时体干曲线形变的准确数据和各种运动学参数。以黑鳍鲨稳态游动为例,本文还建立了鲹科模式游动的运动学参数模型并讨论了模型中参数对鱼体游动的影响。实验表明,相比于传统方法,本文所提出的方法无需对实验环境和对象加以限制,可以自动获得鱼类游动时的体干曲线形变的准确数据,从而据此建立更加真实有效的鱼游运动学参数模型。     

清江隔河岩水库蓄水后茅坪滑坡的变形机理及其发展趋势研究

茅坪滑坡位于清江隔河岩水库左岸,下距隔河岩坝址66Km,是隔河岩水库中最大的一个基岩古滑坡,体积约2350×10⁴m³。自1993年4月10日水库下闸蓄水以来,该滑坡发生了持续的缓慢变形,至目前为止,最大位移达2100mm,且仍在变形过程中。     

高机动飞行器非指令运动及其控制的研究进展

高机动飞行器往往都是通过大攻角飞行来实现高机动科目的, 在发展高机动飞行器的过程中, 其非指令运动是伴随着大攻角飞行而常常出现的运动形态. 为此, 应在飞行器设计的早期阶段, 充分研究所设计布局的大攻角流动性态及其相应的非指令运动的形态;揭示这类运动形态的主控流动;在此基础上形成和发展流动控制新技术, 以达到抑制非指令运动的目的. 由于大攻角前体非对称涡往往与非指令运动密切相关, 为此本文首先指出前体非对称涡流动对头部微扰动十分敏感, 以致长期以来让人们误认为这类流动具有不确定性. 研究表明, 通过设置人工微扰动可使前体非对称涡流动具有可重复性, 并揭示该流动随扰动周向角变化的响应、演化规律. 通过利用大、小后掠翼两类翼身组合体的典型布局形式, 研究它们所呈现的摇滚运动形态, 揭示其摇滚运动的不同主控流动机理, 在此基础上分别发展了抑制小、大后掠翼身组合体摇滚运动的流动控制技术: 快速旋转头部扰动和适当设置扰动位使翼、身的两对非对称涡处于反相. 在抑制非指令运动的研究中, 深入理解和揭示头部微扰动对非对称涡流动的响应、演化机理是至关重要的, 应予以特别关注.     

聚苯胺体系电流变流体的阻尼机理及阻尼模型研究

对聚苯胺体系电流变流体在正弦信号作用下的阻尼力响应及其频谱特性进行了理论和实验研究.提出电流变流体的非线性阻尼力的频谱是由基频和频率为基频奇数倍的高次谐波分量组成.建立了由粘性阻尼和迟滞阻尼组成的电流变流体阻尼模型,通过对模型的傅立叶变换及数值仿真,验证了理论分析及阻尼模型的正确性.     

Effect of thermal diffusion and electrostatic force on evolution of wind-blown sand flow

A theoretical model is suggested to mathematically describe the effect of thermal diffusion from a sand-bed on evolution of a wind-blown sand flow.An upward wind field is engendered by the thermal diffusion and the coupling interaction among the horizontal and upward wind flow,saltating grains,and a kind of electrostatic force exerted on the grains are considered in this theoretical model.The numerical results show that the effect of the thermal diffusion on the evolution process of wind-blown grain flow is quite obvious and very similar to the effect of the electrostatic force on the evolution.Not only the time for the entire system to reach a steady state(called the duration time),the transport rate of grains,the mass-flux profiles and the trajectory of saltating grains are affected by the thermal diffusion and the electrostatic force exerted on saltating grains, but also the wind profiles and the temperature profiles at the steady state are affected by the wind-blown sand flow.     

Study on cyclic deformation and fatigue of thermal and magnetic shape memory alloys

形状记忆合金(包括热致和磁致形状记忆合金)由于其特有的超弹性和形状记忆效应, 一直以来受到学者和工程界人士广泛关注, 且已有诸多成功的工程应用案例.为了进一步拓展该类合金的工程应用范围, 对其热--力和磁--力耦合循环变形和疲劳失效行为的宏微观实验观察和理论模型研究成果进行了综述. 总结了NiTi和NiTiX两类合金材料的温度诱发(即热致)的热--力耦合循环变形和疲劳失效行为研究的最新成果; 对以NiMnGa合金为代表的磁场诱发(即磁致)的磁--力耦合循环变形和疲劳失效行为的研究现状进行了评述; 提出并预测了未来的研究方向及发展趋势.     

浅层水中爆炸冲击波对混凝土墩斜碰撞作用试验研究

通过含铝炸药JHL-3的实爆试验,得到混凝土墩在单个装药浅层水中爆炸、两个装药浅层水中对称及不对称设置同步起爆爆炸作用下、混凝土墩迎爆面上的冲击波压力响应数据;获得了迎爆面中心反射压力峰值计算模型;分析了两个装药浅层水中爆炸冲击波对混凝土墩绕射及透射作用效应。     

冰雪路面汽车轮胎摩擦特性研究进展

简要总结了中、高模量材料同冰雪之间的摩擦机理及相关理论，系统分析了影响冰雪路面上橡胶块和轮胎摩擦行为的因素；指出在一定工作条件下，轮胎性能和设计参数，包括胎面胶的低温模量、轮胎结构和胎面花纹等是影响轮胎摩擦牵引力的重要因素，其影响程度取决于运行条件；并就轮胎摩擦特性、全天候轮胎研制及轮胎力主动控制等方面的研究方向和热点提出了建议．     

Numerical investigation of Dufour and Soret effects on unsteady MHD natural convection flow past vertical plate embedded in non-Darcy porous medium

The Dufour and Soret effects on the unsteady two-dimensional magnetohydro-dynamics(MHD) double-diffusive free convective flow of an electrically conducting fluidpast a vertical plate embedded in a non-Darcy porous medium are investigated numeri-cally.The governing non-linear dimensionless equations are solved by an implicit finitedifference scheme of the Crank-Nicolson type with a tridiagonal matrix manipulation.The effects of various parameters entering into the problem on the unsteady dimension-less velocity,temperature,and concentration profiles are studied in detail.Furthermore,the time variation of the skin friction coefficient,the Nusselt number,and the Sherwoodnumber is presented and analyzed.The results show that the unsteady velocity,tem-perature,and concentration profiles are substantially influenced by the Dufour and Soreteffects.When the Dufour number increases or the Soret number decreases,both the skinfriction and the Sherwood number decrease,while the Nusselt number increases.It isfound that,when the magnetic parameter increases,the velocity and the temperaturedecrease in the boundary layer.     

基于红外辐射的爆炸火焰温度补偿测算技术

应用辐射测温法进行爆炸火焰温度测试时,火焰发射率取经验定值的方法与火焰燃烧机理存在较大的偏差,同时测点距离与环境温湿度也会导致不同程度的热辐射衰减,从而影响爆炸火焰温度的测量精度。本文针对上述两个问题,基于大气辐射理论与光学传播规律,提出了辐射路径衰减补偿模型,结合由红外热像仪和比色测温仪测量的爆炸火焰动态发射率,对爆炸场火焰真温进行联合反演,并将测算结果与比色测温仪测得的火焰表面温度进行对比,得到了反演温度误差范围。试验结果表明,利用本文所提出的补偿模型测算得到的爆炸火焰温度,误差由补偿前的55.699%～89.847%降低到11.292%～59.077%,有效提高了外场爆炸瞬态火焰温度的测算精度。     

Experimental and numerical investigation on heat transfer characteristics of supercritical R1234ze(E) cooled in horizontal tubes

The heat transfer characteristics of supercritical fluids in tubes have been considered indispensable for the design and optimization of the heat exchanger and the energy conversion system. Specifically the cooling heat transfer of supercritical R1234ze(E) in horizontal tubes is a promising heat-power conversion technology; however, there is a scarcity of conducted research in available literature. The present work, the first-ever study in this direction, aims to thoroughly investigate the heat transfer characteristics of supercritical R1234ze(E) which is cooled in horizontal tubes. Experimental work was performed to thoroughly explore and inspect the heat transfer characteristics of supercritical R1234ze(E) passing through the tube of 4.12 mm diameter at 4–5 MPa pressure and 240–400 kg/m² s mass flux. Furthermore, the simulation study, supporting the experimental investigation under the same conditions of pressure and mass flux, extended the range of tube diameter up to 9.44 mm. The effects of pressure, mass flux and tube diameter on the heat transfer coefficient were carefully analyzed in the present research work. Based on the simulation results and experimental results, heat transfer correlations were newly developed by separating the region above and below the pseudo-critical temperature. The average absolute deviation between the calculated Nusselt numbers by the numerical correlation and the simulation results was found 2.87%; the average absolute deviation between the calculated Nusselt numbers by the experimental correlation and the experimental results was found 5.3%.     

A study on the measurement of mean velocity and its convergence in molecular dynamics simulations

In many particle‐based simulations, measurement of local mean flow velocity and other continuum‐based properties are of utmost importance. Macroscopic quantities, such as mean flow velocity, temperature, and density, can be estimated by averaging the corresponding microscopic behavior of the particles. The two main subjects that should be considered in the averaging over the particles in a specific problem are spatial and temporal behaviors of them. In this paper, we study the latter. Because of the chaotic nature of the collisions among the molecules and consequently their random path, extracted macroscopic values fluctuate about their average values causing statistical errors. In this paper, an averaging method called SAM‐Modified‐CAM (SMC) will be proposed for the measurement of mean velocity that reduces statistical errors in its calculation. This proposal is based on the study conducted here on the implementations of two common averaging methods, sample‐averaged measurement (SAM) and cumulative average measurement (CAM) in molecular dynamics. In addition, convergence of mean flow velocity measurement is thoroughly discussed, and a convergence criterion is proposed for this purpose. Implementation of the proposed method in different test cases has approved its reliable performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical investigation of variable viscosities and thermal stratification effects on MHD mixed convective heat and mass transfer past a porous wedge in the presence of a chemical reaction

An analysis is presented to investigate the effects of variable viscosities and thermal stratification on the MHD mixed convective heat and mass transfer of a viscous, incompressible, and electrically conducting fluid past a porous wedge in the presence of a chemical reaction. The wall of the wedge is embedded in a uniform nonDarcian porous medium in order to allow for possible fluid wall suction or injection. The governing boundary layer equations are written into a dimensionless form by similarity transformations. The transformed coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved numerically with finite difference methods. Numerical calculations up to the thirdorder level of truncation are carried out for different values of dimensionless parameters. The results are presented graphically, and show that the flow field and other quantities of physical interest are significantly influenced by these parameters. The results are compared with those available in literature, and show excellent agreement.     

二硫化钼溅射膜在潮湿空气中贮存后润滑性能的退化与失效机理

为了探讨ＭｏＳ＿２溅射膜在潮湿空气中贮存期间所发生的化学变化这个长期争议未了的问题，以空间机械常用的９Ｃｒ１８轴承钢为底材，利用ｒｆ溅射法沉积ＭｏＳ＿２薄膜，并且利用Ｘ射线光电子能谱仪、俄歇电子能谱仪和Ｘ射线衍射仪等对这种薄膜在室温（１１－１５℃）下于相对湿度为１００％的潮湿空气中贮存不同时间后的组成、元素价态和晶体结构进行了分析，考察了它在潮湿贮存过程中所发生的化学变化及其润滑性能的退化与失效机理，检测发现，ＭｏＳ＿２溅射膜经潮湿贮存一天就有少量的Ｍｏ￣（４＋）氧化生成了Ｍｏ￣（６＋），在潮湿贮存５天时又发现有少量的ＳＯ生成，随着贮存时间的延长，不仅膜中Ｍｏ￣（６＋）／Ｍｏ￣（４＋）之比在不断地增大，表明有更多的Ｍｏ￣（４＋）发生了深度氧化，而且Ｓ￣（２－）发生氧化生成的ＳＯ之含量也越来越大。由此可见，ＭｏＳ＿２溅射膜在室温下于潮湿空气中贮存期间与氧和水发生了化学反应，生成物是ＭｏＯ＿３和Ｈ＿２ＳＯ＿４．Ｈ＿２ＳＯ＿４的生成致使薄膜表面的凝聚水呈现出ｐＨ值为１．５－２．０的强酸性，从而造成了金属底材的腐蚀。ＭｏＳ＿２的深度氧化和金属底材的腐蚀是导致ＭｏＳ＿２溅射膜在潮湿环境中润滑性能退化与失效的主要原因。