Thermal stresses in box-type laser packages

The effect of Au coating on thermally induced stresses in box-type semiconductor laser packages was investigated by a finite-element method (FEM). The simulated results showed that Invar–Invar joints with Au coating have maximum stresses two times higher than joints without Au coating. This is due to the different coefficients of the thermal expansion (CTE) between dissimilar materials of Invar and Au, resulting in higher stresses. Maximum stresses were also found to be increased as the Au thickness increased. This effect is attributed to the increase in the thermal gradient in the welded region provided by the increased thermal conduction of the thicker Au coating layer. These results suggest that both the difference in CTE between dissimilar materials and higher thermal conduction of Au coating layer have an important impact on thermally induced stresses for optoelectronic packages having laser-welded Au coated materials.     

Vibration of scanning near-field optical microscope probe with laser-induced thermal effect using Timoshenko beam theory

The Timoshenko beam theory, including the effects of rotary inertia and shear deformation, is used to analyze the resonant frequency of lateral vibration of scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) tapered probe with a laser-induced thermal effect. In the analysis, the thermal effect can be considered as an axial force and is dependent of temperature distribution of the probe. The Rayleigh–Ritz method is used to solve the vibration problem of the probe. According to the analysis, the frequencies of the first three vibration modes increase when the thermal effect is taken into account. The effects of shear deformation and rotary inertia on the frequency ratio of a Timoshenko beam to an Euler beam increase when the mode number increases and the contact stiffness decreases. In addition, the frequency of mode 1 increases with increasing taper angle and coating thickness of the probe. Comparison of the frequency of a SNOM probe coated with Al, Ag, or Au, the highest is with Al coating, and the lowest is with Au coating.     

激光辐照热障涂层中平面应变问题的热弹性变分分析

 针对激光辐照热障涂层材料的平面应变问题，提出热障涂层热弹性分析的基本方程，对定常温度场给出级数形式解析解，并用最小余能原理和变分法分析了结构的热弹性应力场，研究了最大应力和界面应力的分布特征，并就一些物理参数的影响进行了讨论。结果表明，热障涂层的主要破坏因素为表面拉伸应力，界面应力相对较小，但在自由边界有集中现象，剥落应力大于剪切应力，是导致涂层破坏的重要原因。涂层厚度增加会改变厚度方向上的应力分布，界面应力向中心集中。     

Study of thermal diffusivity of nanofluids with bimetallic nanoparticles with Au(core)/Ag(shell) structure

The thermal diffusivity of Au/Ag nanoparticles with core/shell structure, at different compositions (Au/Ag = 3/1, 1/1, 1/3, 1/6), was measured by using the mismatched mode of the dual-beam thermal lens (TL) technique. This study determines the effect of the bimetallic composition on the thermal diffusivity of the nanofluids. In these results we find a lineal increment of the nanofluid it thermal diffusivity when the Ag shell thickness is increased. Our results show that the nanoparticle structure is an important parameter to improve the heat transport in composites and nanofluids. These results could have importance for applications in therapies and photothermal deliberation of drugs. Complementary measurements with UV-vis spectroscopy and TEM, were used to characterize the Au(core)/Ag(shell) nanoparticles.     

激光辐射致热单层薄膜温度响应

用热传导方程计算了在脉宽10ns、波长1.06μm的激光辐射下,TiO_2单层膜的温度场分布.结果表明:膜层的热参数增大,其峰值温度明显降低,而基板热参数变化对膜层温度响应影响很小,温度场分布由电场分布决定,1/4波长薄膜的峰值温度低于半波长薄膜的峰值温度.     

Effect of nanofluids on thin film evaporation in microchannels

A thin film evaporation model based on the augmented Young–Laplace equation and kinetic theories was developed to describe the nanofluid effects on the extended evaporating meniscus in a microchannel. The nanofluid effects include the structural disjoining pressure, a thin porous coating layer at the surface formed by the nanoparticle deposition and the thermophysical property variations compared with the base fluid. The results show that the nanofluid thermal conductivity enhancement mainly due to the Brownian motion tends to greatly increase the liquid film thickness and the thin film heat transfer. The structural disjoining pressure effect tends to enhance the nanofluid spreading capability and the thin film evaporation. The nanoparticle-deposited porous coating layer improves the surface wettability while significantly reducing the thin film evaporation with increasing layer thickness due to the thermal resistance across this layer. The nanofluid thermal conductivity enhancement together with the structural disjoining pressure effect can not counteract the thermal resistance effects of the porous coating layer when the coating layer thickness is sufficiently large.     

Effects of pre-placed coating thickness on thermal fatigue resistance of cast iron with biomimetic non-smooth surface treated by laser alloying

In order to enhance the thermal fatigue resistance of gray cast iron with biomimetic non-smooth surface further, studies on laser alloying of Cr powder with different pre-placed coating thickness were performed to change both the composition and the microstructure of non-smooth unit. Additionally, the optimization of coating thickness was done based on the content of Cr in alloyed zone and the thermal fatigue behaviors of non-smooth samples. The results indicated that there was a critical coating thickness which corresponded to the increase of Cr content in alloyed zone under a definitive laser processing conditions, and the critical thickness was 0.3 mm in this paper. Any coating thicker than 0.3 mm would lead to the waste of alloying powder. The thermal fatigue resistance of non-smooth samples was better than that of smooth sample. In addition among all the non-smooth samples, the sample which was treated by the laser alloying of Cr had superior resistance to thermal fatigue compared with laser melting treated samples. And the thermal fatigue resistance increased with increasing of Cr content in alloyed zone which was caused by pre-placed coating thickening.     

Heating process and damage threshold analysis of Au film coated on Cu substrate for femtosecond laser

The heating processes of a two-layer film assembly of Au padded with Cu irradiated by femtosecond laser pulse are studied using a two-temperature model. It is found that the chosen substantially influence the energy transport, and consequently the temperature variation, and thermal equilibrium time. At the same laser fluence, the different thickness of gold film leads to a change of gold surface temperature. By choosing the thickness of the gold layer in the two-layer film assemblies, the damage threshold of the gold film can be maximized. The results can be used to optimize the damage threshold of gold coating optical components.     

基于高光谱技术建筑反射隔热涂料光谱特征减损规律的分析

受太阳辐射、气象等外界不可控因素的影响,建筑反射隔热涂料的反射隔热性能会逐渐减损。建筑反射隔热涂料性能在时间维度的变化是评价建筑在特定时段内节能效果的关键基础数据,明确建筑反射隔热涂料性能在时间维度的减损规律具有重要的现实与理论意义。建筑反射隔热涂料的反射、吸收特征是其性能的直观体现,借助高光谱技术定量分析涂料反射、吸收特征可正确揭示涂料性能在时间尺度的变化特征。为研究分析建筑反射隔热涂料性能在时间尺度上的减损规律,该研究利用高光谱技术,联合进行室内与外置实验采集涂料样本不同时期的光谱数据,并结合吸收峰深度、图谱分析法等光谱处理方法,定量分析涂料光谱反射特征、吸收特征在时间维度的变化特征,以研究分析涂料光谱反射率在外界环境影响下的减损规律。研究结论如下：(1)在350～2 250 nm波段区间内,建筑反射隔热涂料的光谱反射率随时间的增加而降低;光谱反射率的降低幅度在1月—5月内呈增加趋势,而在5月—10月内呈递减规律,且光谱反射率在可见光区间的降低幅度明显高于近红外区域。(2)建筑反射隔热涂料的吸收峰深度随时间的增加而降低,降低幅度在0～0.163范围内。(3)涂料厚度对涂料光谱反射率...     

Effect of thickness on the optical nonlinearity of gold colloidal nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation

The effect of thickness on the nonlinear optical properties of Au nanoparticles which produced by laser ablation of high purity gold bulk in distilled water were investigated by employing different optical techniques. Experiments were performed on the 0.3, 0.6, and 1 mm thickness cells of Au nanoparticles-fluid. The effect of nonlinear refractive index of samples on the laser beam broadening was observed. The optical limiting behavior of samples is investigated by measuring the transmitted intensity of the laser beam through the samples. The third order nonlinearity of Au nanoparticles-fluid was measured by using Z-scan data. Results show a positive second order refractive index and absorption coefficient for Au nanoparticles-fluid that are increased in due of increasing the thickness of the cells. The magnitudes of both real and imaginary parts of third order susceptibility of samples are increased by increasing the thickness.     

疏导式结构在头锥热防护中的应用

针对高超声速飞行器工作时头锥恶劣的热环境,为了保证飞行器头锥的尖锐外形, 提出疏导式热防护结构,利用内置高导热碳材料结构为飞行器头锥提供热防护. 采用流固耦合方法对头锥疏导式防热结构进行了分析,验证了头锥内置高导热碳材料具有较好防热效果, 其中来流马赫数(Ma)为9时头锥前缘壁面最高温度下降了21.9%,尾部最低温度升高了15.2%, 实现了热流由高温区向低温区的转移,削弱了头锥的热载荷,强化了头锥的热防护能力. 本文对外蒙皮结构参数、材料参数以及内部高导热碳材料导热率对头锥热防护性能的影响进行了分析, 其中头锥最高温度随着蒙皮材料导热系数的增加而降低到一个稳定值; 随着蒙皮材料表面黑度的增加而降低;随着蒙皮厚度的增加而升高;随着高导热碳材料导热系数的 增加而呈抛物线下降.     

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利用化学气相反应法对掺杂石墨材料进行了SiC梯度涂层,研究了SiC梯度涂层对掺杂石墨材料热力学性能以及微观结构的影响。获得了约100μm的SiC涂层,涂层后的材料导热性能下降,而机械强度有所增加。对涂层表面的物相成分分析表明,除了SiC之外,还有少量的单质Si。厚膜SiC梯度涂层的掺杂石墨材料在HT-7托卡马克装置中经等离子体放电实验后,SiC的颗粒形貌发生了明显的变化,涂层厚度下降到约30μm。     

Determination of residual stresses within plasma spray coating using Moiré interferometry method

In this paper, residual stresses of the Ni-Cr-B-Si coatings prepared by supersonic plasma spray processing were measured by moiré interferometry and X-ray diffraction method. Moiré interferometry method was used in measuring the distribution of residual stresses of the Ni-Cr-B-Si coatings alongside the specimen thickness direction, then the distribution of residual stresses both in the substrate and the coating was also analyzed. Experimental results showed that residual stresses in the coating and the substrate are tensile and compressive separately; residual stresses of the coating are diminished with the increase of the distance from the coating surface and almost zero at the coating-substrate interface; the maximum of compressive residual stresses of the substrate are present to the vicinity of the coating-substrate interface. It could be concluded that residual stresses in the specimen would result from the dismatch of thermophysical properties between the coating and substrate during the spray process, and the distribution of residual stresses of the substrate would be influenced by the sandblasting prior to spraying.     

Effect of graded interlayer on the mode I edge delamination by residual stresses in multilayer coating-based systems

The mode I edge delamination could be initiated due to the presence of the interfacial peeling stresses near the edges of the multilayered systems due to the material mismatches between the adjacent layers. However, the exact peeling stress distributions could not be obtained by using the existing analytical and numerical models. It was proposed recently that the peeling moment resulting from the localized peeling stresses could be used to characterize mode I edge delamination. In this paper, the effect of the graded interlayer on the mode I edge delamination by thermal residual stresses in multilayer coating-based systems was investigated. Following the previous analysis approaches, the exact closed-form solutions for the peeling moments at individual interfaces and the curvatures for bilayer system, typical thermal barrier coating (TBC) system and TBC-based system with a graded interlayer inserted between the metallic layer and the ceramic layer were, respectively, derived. Case studies showed that the edge delamination by thermal stress could be impeded by properly selecting the coating materials and individual layer thicknesses. These studies may provide some important insights for developing fail-safe designing methodologies for multilayered systems.     

Coating thickness affects surface stress measurement of brush electro-plating nickel coating using Rayleigh wave approach

A surface ultrasonic wave approach was presented for measuring surface stress of brush electro-plating nickel coating specimen, and the influence of coating thickness on surface stress measurement was discussed. In this research, two Rayleigh wave transducers with 5 MHz frequency were employed to collect Rayleigh wave signals of coating specimen with different static tensile stresses and different coating thickness. The difference in time of flight between two Rayleigh wave signals was determined based on normalized cross correlation function. The influence of stress on propagation velocity of Rayleigh wave and the relationship between the difference in time of flight and tensile stress that corresponded to different coating thickness were discussed. Results indicate that inhomogeneous deformation of coating affects the relationship between the difference in time of flight and tensile stress, velocity of Rayleigh wave propagating in coating specimen increases with coating thickness increasing, and the variation rate reduces of difference in time of flight with tensile stress increasing as coating thickness increases.     

K9和石英玻璃基片上Au膜真空紫外反射特性研究

采用离子束溅射法,分别在经过不同前期清洗方法处理过的K9及石英玻璃光学基片上,选择不同的镀膜参量,镀制了多种厚度的Au膜。对镀制的Au膜在真空紫外波段较宽波长范围内的反射率进行了连续测量。测试结果表明:辅助离子源的使用方式、Au膜厚度对反射镜的反射率有重大影响。基片材料、镀前基片表面清洗工艺等对反射率也有一定影响。采用镀前离子轰击,可显著提高Au膜反射率及膜与基底的粘合力;获得最高反射率时的最佳膜厚与基片材料、镀膜工艺密切相关。对经过离子清洗的石英基片,膜厚在30 nm左右反射率最高;比较而言,石英基片可获得更高的反射率;辅助离子源的使用还显著影响获得最高反射率时对应的最佳膜厚值,且对K9基片的影响更显著。     

Ultrafast temperature relaxation evolution in Au film under femtosecond laser pulses irradiation

Ultrafast temperature relaxation processes in Au film including two temperature relaxation and thermal diffusion relaxation with femtosecond laser pulse excitation were investigated numerically by Finite Element Method (FEM). With the temperature dependent thermal parameters, the full 2D temperature field evolution in picosecond and nanosecond domains were obtained. It is proposed that the heat transfer depth can be alternatively localized or enhanced by the distinct temperature relaxation mechanisms. Moreover, the effect of laser parameters and Au film thickness and surface reflectivity on the two temperature relaxation time were analysed.     

Design of double-coated optical fibers to minimize long-term axial-strain-induced microbending losses

The design of double-coated optical fibers to minimize long-term axial-strain-induced microbending losses is investigated. The microbending loss is dominated by the compressive radial stress at the interface between the glass fiber and primary coating. To know the long-term axial-strain-induced microbending losses in double-coated optical fibers, the stresses in fibers are analyzed by the viscoelastic theory. To minimize these long-term microbending losses, the thickness and Young's modulus of the secondary coating should be decreased if the strength of coating is satisfied. Meanwhile, the Poisson's ratio of the primary coating should be increased, but the Young's modulus of the primary coating and relaxation time of the secondary coating should be decreased. Alternatively, the radius and relaxation time of the primary coating exist their optimum values. The long-term axial-strain-induced microbending losses in single-coated optical fibers are also discussed.     

Electrical conductance of double layers composed of two metal thin films with different disorder

Thin films of Al, Cu, Ag and Au are coated at low temperatures with a highly disordered film of the same or one of the other metals, respectively. The total conductance of the thin film sandwich first decreases, then passes through a minimum, and finally increases with increasing thickness of the disordered overlayer. These total conductance versus overlayer thickness curves are interpreted within the Fuchs-Sondheimer-model of the geometrical size effect. Using this model the calculated fraction of specularly scattered conduction electrons at the surface of the base film is very much reduced by lowering the condensation temperature of the base film. Moreover the decrease in conductance is dependent on the choice of coating metal. This observation is an indication of fissures in the surface of the base film.     

Current-in-plane giant magnetoresistance: The effect of interface roughness and spin-depolarization due to the proximity of a buffer layer

We report on proximity effects of a Au buffer layer on the current-in-plane giant magnetoresistance effect (CIP-GMR) in high-quality, epitaxial Fe/Cr/Fe(001) trilayers. The lower Fe layer is grown in the shape of a wedge and allows simultaneous preparation of 24 GMR stripe-elements with different lower Fe thicknesses in the range from 13 to 14.5 ML. The layer-by-layer growth mode in combination with the small thickness variation gives rise to: (i) well-controlled roughness changes from stripe to stripe as confirmed by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), and (ii) to a varying influence of the underlying Au buffer. The oscillatory roughness variation along the wedge yields an oscillatory GMR behavior as a function of Fe thickness and confirms the previous result that slightly increased interface roughness causes a higher GMR ratio. The proximity of the Au buffer to the GMR trilayer results in an increase of the GMR ratio with increasing Fe thickness. The latter effect is explained by spin-depolarization at the Fe/Au interface and in the bulk of the Au buffer.