三势阱中玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的开关特性

应用平均场近似的方法,研究了弱耦合的三势阱中玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的开关效应.当粒子置于左阱时,可以通过在中间势阱中加入少量粒子控制左阱粒子向右阱的隧穿,从而呈现出明显的导通与截止行为.对中间势阱的深度和相对相位的影响也进行了讨论,并指出了该理论模型的一些潜在应用前景. 关键词： 玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚 开关效应 三势阱 平均场近似     

A simple model for ordering in adsorbed layers

Order-disorder phase transitions in adsorbed and confined fluids with directional interactions are studied using lattice density functional theory. A new model is developed that is capable of predicting both order-disorder and condensation phase transitions. For systems with weak interactions, the results of this model are compared with both lattice Monte Carlo simulation data and simple isotherm theories that are commonly used to fit experimental data. The results show that these simple isotherms are incapable of duplicating complex behaviour exhibited by anisotropic molecules. When sufficiently strong interactions are present, confined fluids with directional interactions may spontaneously form ordered structures. It is shown that the ordering predicted by this model can result in the assembly of long chains. Such ordering has been observed experimentally in magnetorheological fluids in a magnetic field. It is shown that the orientation of the chains predicted by this model can be controlled by adjusting the molecule-surface interaction. It may be possible to create nanoscale devices that exploit this type of molecular switching.     

Role of hybridization in phase transition in the Falicov-Kimball model

Extended Falicov-Kimball model has been considered for samarium-chalcogenides where, (a) f-f interactions are considered to be quite large, (b) periodicity of the system has been taken into account, (c) f-d interactions are considered within mean field approximation and (d) the unperturbed conduction bandwidth is taken to be non-zero. We observe both continuous as well as discontinuous transitions and hence conclude that “extended Falicov-Kimball model” is a suitable model which can describe both a first order transition and a suitable intermediate valence phase in Sm-chalcogenides.     

Two-parameter estimation with three-mode NOON state in a symmetric triple-well potential

We propose a scheme to realize two-parameter estimation via Bose–Einstein condensates confined in a symmetric triple-well potential. The three-mode NOON state is prepared adiabatically as the initial state. The two parameters to be estimated are the phase differences between the wells. The sensitivity of this estimation scheme is studied by comparing quantum and classical Fisher information matrices. As a result, we find an optimal particle number measurement method. Moreover, the precision of this estimation scheme means that the Heisenberg scaling behaves under the optimal measurement.     

Phase transitions detached from stationary points of the energy landscape

The stationary points of the potential energy function V are studied for the ?4 model on a two-dimensional square lattice with nearest-neighbor interactions. On the basis of analytical and numerical results, we explore the relation of stationary points to the occurrence of thermodynamic phase transitions. We find that the phase transition potential energy of the ?4 model does in general not coincide with the potential energy of any of the stationary points of V. This disproves earlier, allegedly rigorous, claims in the literature on necessary conditions for the existence of phase transitions. Moreover, we find evidence that the indices of stationary points scale extensively with the system size, and therefore the index density can be used to characterize features of the energy landscape in the infinite-system limit. We conclude that the finite-system stationary points provide one possible mechanism of how a phase transition can arise, but not the only one.     

Statistics of internal excitations of atomic systems

The character of internal excitations is compared for phase transitions and chemical transitions in atomic systems. Although the temperature dependences of some physical parameters of atomic systems have resonance-like structures with maxima in both cases, the dependences of the partition functions on the number of elementary excitations or the excitation energy differ because of the difference in the numbers of interactions that govern the transitions. The phase changes of condensed rare gases are considered in the case where the external pressure is small and the differences between phases are predominantly associated with differences in configurations. Important energy parameters of rare gases are determined by the attractive part of the pairwise interaction potential between atoms. The statistical analysis shows the existence of a “freezing limit” temperature for these systems, below which the liquid state becomes unstable. The kinetics of decay of such unstable states is analyzed in terms of the diffusion of voids.     

"Devil's staircases" in bulk-immiscible ultrathin alloy films

Ground-state phase diagrams of ultrathin epitaxial alloy films are studied within the framework of a discrete lattice-model Hamiltonian incorporating competing elastic and chemical interactions. For bulk-immiscible alloy systems an infinite number of commensurate, long-period stripe-superstructure ground states are obtained as a function of chemical potential. The average periodicity of these stripe superstructures is found to be a nonmonotonic function of alloy composition, in contrast to the predictions of continuum theories for two-dimensional systems with competing interactions.     

Ising model with a new class of four-spin interactions

The Ising model on a Union-Jack lattice, described by a Hamiltonian with second-neighbor pair-pair, four-spin, infinite-range interactions is considered. The model is solved exactly and the results are compared with MFA predictions. Within the exact treatment two new classes of phase transitions are obtained. The first one includes transitions from a disordered to a metastable, ordered and then to a stable and ordered phase with decreasing temperature. The metastable phase does not appear if the temperature is increased. The second one contains transitions between ordered and partialy ordered, partialy frustrated phases.     

面心立方(001)方向AB合金薄膜表面层的有序无序相变

采用平均场近似方法对两组元面心立方合金薄膜的有序无序相转变过程进行模拟计算，结果表明，合金薄膜的有序无序相变受薄膜层数奇偶性的影响.薄膜层数奇偶性不同，会导致薄膜具有不同的相结构和热力学性质.在弱表面偏析作用下，对于偶数层薄膜，由于薄膜边界对称性破缺，对应体组分x=0.5的化学势区间，偶数层薄膜有序无序相变过程中出现了中间温度相和浸润现象.而奇数层薄膜的有序无序相变类似体材料的相变.在强表面偏析作用下，由于受表面偏析作用和有限尺寸效应影响，对应体组分x=0.5的化学势区间，奇数层薄膜中出现AB(AB)关键词： 合金薄膜 有序无序相变 浸润现象 准热力学相变     

Hubert model for modulated states in systems with competing exchange interactions

Within a continuum model for magnetic systems with competing interactions introduced by Hubert the classification of all possible modulated structures for axial easy-plane systems has been carried out, and the phase portraits for these solutions are constructed. Analytic solutions for the structure of isolated domain walls between helicoids of different chirality are presented. The equilibrium structures of the modulated phases in an applied magnetic field and the critical field for transitions from helical to fan phase are in qualitative agreement with results obtained within the corresponding discretized model and various experimental data.     

Hybridization effect on phase transitions in the Falicov-Kimball model

The Falicov-Kimball model extended by the hybridization between the localized electron states and the conduction band states is studied in Hartree-Fock approximation. Taking into account the periodicity of the system, the occupation number of the localized levels always varies continuously with the level energy for non-vanishing hybridization. This result is in contradiction with earlier mean-field calculations which are not self- consistent for the periodic model. Since first order phase transitions in intermediate valence compounds such as SmS have been observed experimentally, it follows that their explanation needs a more general theoretical frame than the model considered here.     

Phase Transition Induced by Small Molecules in Confined Copolymer Films

We investigate the phase transition induced by small molecules in confined copolymer films by using density functional theory. It is found that the addition of small molecules can effectively promote the phase separation of copolymers. In a symmetric diblock copolymer film, the affinity and concentration of small molecules play an important role in the structure transitions. The disordered-lamellar transitions, larnellar-lamellar transitions and the re-entrant transitions of the same structures are observed. Our results have potential applications in the fabrication of new functional materials.     

Critical Phenomena in Light–Matter Systems with Collective Matter Interactions

We study the quantum phase diagram and the onset of quantum critical phenomena in a generalized Dicke model that includes collective qubit–qubit interactions. By employing semiclassical techniques, we analyze the corresponding classical energy surfaces, fixed points, and the smooth Density of States as a function of the Hamiltonian parameters to determine quantum phase transitions in either the ground (QPT) or excited states (ESQPT). We unveil a rich phase diagram, the presence of new phases, and new transitions that result from varying the strength of the qubits interactions in independent canonical directions. We also find a correspondence between the phases emerging due to qubit interactions and those in their absence but with varying the strength of the non-resonant terms in the light–matter coupling. We expect our work to pave the way and stimulate the exploration of quantum criticality in systems combining matter–matter and light–matter interactions.     

Ground-state properties of the Falicov-Kimball model in one and two dimensions

A new numerical method is used to study the ground-state properties of the spinless Falicov-Kimball model in one and two dimensions. The resultant solutions are used to examine the phase diagram of the model as well as possibilities for valence and metal-insulator transitions. In one dimension a comprehensive phase diagram of the model is presented. On the base of this phase diagram, the complete picture of valence and metal-insulator transitions is discussed. In two dimensions the structure of ground-state configurations is described for intermediate interactions between f and d electrons. In this region the phase separation and metal-insulator transitions are found at low f-electron concentrations. It is shown that valence transitions exhibit a staircase structure. Received 20 October 2000     

Cold atom dynamics in a quantum optical lattice potential

We study a generalized cold atom Bose-Hubbard model, where the periodic optical potential is formed by a cavity field with quantum properties. On the one hand, the common coupling of all atoms to the same mode introduces cavity-mediated long-range atom-atom interactions, and, on the other hand, atomic backaction on the field introduces atom-field entanglement. This modifies the properties of the associated quantum phase transitions and allows for new correlated atom-field states, including superposition of different atomic quantum phases. After deriving an approximative Hamiltonian including the new long-range interaction terms, we exhibit central physical phenomena at generic configurations of few atoms in few wells. We find strong modifications of population fluctuations and next-nearest-neighbor correlations near the phase transition point.     

Phase separation and structure in a concentrated colloidal dispersion of uniform plates

The structure and phase behaviour of a colloidal dispersion of plate-like particles are described. The plates are nickel (II) hydroxide and have short-range, repulsive interactions and a low polydispersity. As the concentration of the plates is increased, an equilibrium phase separation between a columnar phase and a less ordered phase is observed. Complementary measurements using small-angle neutron and small-angle X-ray scattering have been used to distinguish the columnar phase from other possible ordered structures. Previously isotropic-nematic phase transitions have been observed [#!ref1!#], however this dispersion forms the more highly ordered columnar phase, due to the aspect ratio and the low polydispersity of the plate-like particles. The concentration at which phase separation occurs, increases as the range of the particle interactions is reduced. This system provides an interesting model for comparison with theory and calculations of structures in liquid crystal and mesophase in which the particle interactions can be altered. Received 24 February 1999     

Thermal hysteresis and memory effects in TlGaSe2 crystal with incommensurate phase

Temperature dependencies of dielectric permittivity of TlGaSe₂ have been measured under various thermal cycles. Peculiarities of anomalies in temperature dependencies of dielectric permittivity corresponding to structural phase transitions at 108 and 115?K are discussed. The coexistence of two different incommensurate structures in TlGaSe₂ was proposed. The phase transitions at 108 and 115?K are considered as commensurate lock-in transitions. As a result a new model of the structural phase transitions in TlGaSe₂ has been suggested.     

Structure Phase Transitions of the (D + 1)-Dimensional Double sine-Gordon Field Theory

Using the thermal coherent state approach, we investigate the finite temperature quantum double sine-Gordon (DsG) field theory. From the stability conditions of the vacuum states of effective potential, the exact soliton-like solution of the field equation and the resemblance between the DsG model andλφ⁴ model, we show that there exist two types of structure phase transitions among four structures of the (D+1)-dimensional DsG model similar to the symmetry restored phase transition of λφ⁴ model. For the first type of phase transition, the small kink-like solutions will disappear at the critical temperature while the large kinklike solutions will be changed continuously at the critical temperature. For the second type of the phase transitions, the metastable localized soliton-like solution will disappear, while the stable kink-like solution exists for all the temperatures and their exact form is also independent of the temperature being under or over the critical temperature.