Solid and liquid phase equilibria and solid-hydrate formation in binary mixtures of water with amines

Solid and liquid phase diagrams have been constructed for {water+triethylamine,or+N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF) or+N,N-dimethlacetamide (DMA)} Solid-hydrates form with the empirical formulae N(C2H5)3 3H2O,DMF 3H2O,DMF 2H2O,DMA 3H2O and (DMA)2 3H2O.All are congruently melting except the first which melts incongruently.The solid-hydrate formation is attributed to hydrogen bond.The results are compared with the references     

Isothermal vapor–liquid equilibria and excess molar volumes for 2-methyl pyrazine (2MP) containing binary mixtures

2-Methyl pyrazine (2MP) has led to significant interest for its industrial and pharmaceutical uses. The new vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE) at 353.15 K and excess molar volumes (V^E) at 298.15 K over the whole mole fraction range for seven binaries (water, n-hexane, cyclohexane, n-heptane, methylcyclopentane (MCP), methylcyclohexane (MCH) and ethyl acetate (EA) with 2MP) have been measured. VLE were measured by using headspace gas chromatography and V^E were determined using precision density meter. The water+2MP system has only the minimum boiling azeotrope. The experimental VLE and V^E data were well correlated in terms of common g^E models and Redlich–Kister equation, respectively.     

Vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria of water, 2-methoxyethanol and cyclohexanone: Experiment and correlation

Vapor-liquid equilibria and liquid-liquid equilibria of a ternary mixture consisting of water, 2-methoxyethanol and cyclohexanone and in addition of all binary subsystems were studied experimentally at several temperatures. A ternary corrective term in the expression for the Gibbs free energy based on the NRTL model improves simultaneous representation of binary and ternary phase equilibria.     

Determination and correlation of liquid–liquid equilibria for four binary N,N-dimethylformamide + hydrocarbon systems

Liquid–liquid equilibrium measurements for four binary N,N-dimethylformamide + hydrocarbon (hexane, heptane, octane, and cyclohexane) systems were performed using a laser scattering technique. The experimentally determined cloud points were satisfactorily correlated with two local composition models (NRTL, and Tsuboka–Katayama's modification of the Wilson equation). In addition, the prediction of LLE by means of the modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) model was also tested.     

High-pressure vapor–liquid equilibria of systems containing ethylene glycol,water and methane: Experimental measurements and modeling

This work presents new experimental phase equilibrium measurements of the binary MEG–methane and the ternary MEG–water–methane system at low temperatures and high pressures which are of interest to applications related to natural gas processing. Emphasis is given to MEG and water solubility measurements in the gas phase. The CPA and SRK EoS, the latter using either conventional or EoS/G^E mixing rules are used to predict the solubility of the heavy components in the gas phase. It is concluded that CPA and SRK using the Huron–Vidal mixing rule perform equally satisfactory, while CPA requires fewer interaction parameters.     

Isobaric vapour–liquid equilibria for binary systems of 2-butanone with ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol at 20 and 101.3 kPa

Consistent isobaric vapour–liquid equilibrium data have been measured for 2-butanone + ethanol, 2-butanone + 1-propanol, and 2-butanone + 2-propanol at 20 and 101.3 kPa. The binary systems 2-butanone + ethanol and 2-butanone + 2-propanol present a minimum boiling azeotrope at both pressures, and show that the azeotropic compositions is strongly dependent on pressure. The equilibrium data were correlated using the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC models for which the parameters are reported.     

RP-HPLC study of redox equilibria in vanadium-PAR binary and ternary systems: Direct determination of vanadium in steel

The reversed-phase high-performance liquid Chromatographic (RP-HPLC) behaviour of the binary chelates of V(V) and V(IV) with 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol (PAR) and ternary chelates of vanadium with PAR and auxiliary ligands: hydrogen peroxide, hydroxylamine, tartrate and citrate were studied using a C₁₈ column. The complex double-peak chromatograms of V(IV)/V(V)-PAR systems were studied and the origin of each peak was proved. Vanadium in ternary systems with PAR and hydrogen peroxide was found exclusively in V(V)-H₂O₂-PAR complex (single peak on the chromatogram) despite its initial oxidation state. The double role of hydroxylamine (complex agent and reductor) in vanadium systems with PAR was confirmed: in the V(V) system three species were identified (V(V)-PAR, V(V)-NH₂OH-PAR and V(IV)-PAR), but in the V(IV) system only two: V(IV)-PAR and V(V)-NH₂OH-PAR. Citrate and tartrate giving single peak were found as auxiliary ligands in ternary V(V) systems of analytical importance. Due to its masking potential towards iron (III) ions, citrate was chosen as the most suitable third component of a ternary vanadium system with PAR, to form the basis of an RP-HPLC method for direct determination of V in steel.     

Association Model and Its Representation of Phase Equilibria and Excess Enthalpies of Alcohol, Aniline, and Acetonitrile Mixtures

An association model is presented to describe vapor–liquid equilibria,liquid–liquid equilibria, and excess enthalpies of binary and ternary liquid solutionscontaining alcohols, aniline, and/or acetonitrile using the concepts of linearself-association of associated components and of solvation between unlike molecules.Calculated results also show that the model works well in representing thethermodynamic properties for alcohol + aniline, alcohol + acetonitrile, andalcohol + alcohol mixtures.     

Liquid–liquid equilibria for binary systems of tert-amyl ethyl ether (TAEE), isopropyl tert-butyl ether (IPTBE) and di-sec-butyl ether (DSBE) with water and for ternary systems with methanol or ethanol

The liquid–liquid equilibria for binary systems of tert-amyl ethyl ether (TAEE) + water, isopropyl tert-butyl ether (IPTBE) + water and di-sec-butyl ether (DSBE) + water are analytically determined in the temperature range 278.65–358 K. Additionally, tie-lines for six ternary systems of TAEE, IPTBE and DSBE with methanol and water or with ethanol and water are also measured at 298.15 K. All the measured binary and ternary data were correlated with the NRTL and UNIQUAC model. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data for ternary systems was ascertained by using the Othmer–Tobias correlation.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of ternary and quaternary systems with two hydrocarbons, an alcohol, and water at 303.15 K. Systems containing cyclohexane, benzene, ethanol, and water

Tie-line data for the water, ethanol, and cyclohexane [{w₁H₂O + w₂C₂H₅OH + (1−w₁−w₂)C₆H₁₂}] ternary system, where w is the mass fraction, was investigated at T=303.15 K. A quaternary system containing these three compounds and benzene {w₁C₂H₅OH + w₂C₆H₆ + w₃C₆H₁₂ + (1−w₁−w₂−w₃)H₂O} was also studied at the same temperature, while data on its other two partially miscible ternary systems were taken from the literature [the fourth {w₁C₂H₅OH + w₂C₆H₆ + (1−w₁−w₂)C₆H₁₂} is not partially miscible]. From our experimental results we conclude that this quaternary system presents a very small water tolerance and that phase separation could produce a considerable loss of C₂H₅OH drawn into the aqueous phase. On the other hand, the results also show that the aqueous phase generally contains a higher concentration of C₆H₆ than of C₆H₁₂. A comparison with other similar quaternary systems investigated in our laboratory was also made. The ternary experimental results were correlated with the UNIQUAC equation, and predicted with the UNIFAC group contribution method. As previously, the equilibrium data of the three ternary systems (including those taken from the literature) were used to determine interaction parameters for the UNIQUAC equation. These parameters were then averaged in order to predict equilibrium data of this quaternary system. The UNIFAC method was also used with the same purpose. The UNIQUAC equation appears to be more accurate than the UNIFAC method for this ternary system. However, this last model is slightly better for the quaternary system, as can be seen from the values of both residuals.     

Surface tension and density of binary mixtures of monoalcohols,water and acetonitrile: equation of correlation of the surface tension

Measurements of the surface tension (σ) and density (ρ) of binary mixtures of monoalcohols, water and acetonitrile at 298.15 K and at atmospheric pressure, as a function of mole fraction (x) have been made. The experimental values of the deviation of surface tension and the excess of molar volume (Δσ, V ^E) have been correlated by the Redlich–Kister equation. An empirical correlation equation is presented for the study of the surface tension of these mixtures, and comparisons are made of the experimental values of surface tension versus those obtained with the correlation equation and with other models of correlation. Finally, with the purpose of corroborating the validity of the correlation equation, the latter is applied to other reference binary mixtures.     

Vapor–liquid equilibria of binary tri-potassium citrate + water and ternary polypropylene oxide 400 + tri-potassium citrate + water systems from isopiestic measurements over a range of temperatures

Water activity measurements have been carried out on the aqueous solutions of both tri-potassium citrate (K₃Cit) and polypropylene oxide (PPO) 400 + K₃Cit over a range of temperatures at atmospheric pressure. The data obtained is used to calculate the vapor pressure as a function of temperature and concentration. The effect of temperature on the constant water activity lines of aqueous PPO + K₃Cit systems has been studied and it was found that, at higher temperatures the higher concentration of polymer is in equilibrium with a certain concentration of the salt. Also it was found that the vapor pressure depression for an aqueous PPO + K₃Cit system is more than the sum of those for the corresponding binary solutions. The experimental water activities have been correlated successfully with the segment-based local composition Wilson model. The agreement between the correlation and the experimental data is good.     

Vapor+liquid equilibrium of water, carbon dioxide, and the binary system, water+carbon dioxide, from molecular simulation

NVT- and NpT-Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo (GEMC) simulations were applied to describe the vapor–liquid equilibrium of water (between 323 and 573 K), carbon dioxide (between 230 and 290 K) and their binary mixtures (between 348 and 393 K). The properties of supercritical carbon dioxide were determined between 310 and 520 K by NpT-MC simulations. Literature data for the effective pair potentials (for water: the SPC-, SPC/E-, and TIP4P potential models; for carbon dioxide: the EPM2 potential model) were used to describe the properties of the pure substances. The vapor pressures of water and carbon dioxide are calculated. For water, the SPC- and TIP4P models give superior results for the vapor pressure when compared to the SPC/E model. The vapor–liquid equilibrium of the binary mixture, carbon dioxide–water, was predicted using the SPC- as well as the TIP4P model for water and the EPM2 model for carbon dioxide. The interactions between carbon dioxide and water were estimated from the pair potentials of the pure components using common mixing rules without any adjustable binary parameter. Agreement of the predicted data for the compositions of the coexisting phases in vapor–liquid equilibrium and experimental results is observed within the statistical uncertainties of the simulation results in the investigated range of state, i.e. at pressures up to about 20 MPa.     

Modelling interfacial properties of binary and ternary liquid mixtures of tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane

The present modelling study has been dedicated to determining the interfacial properties of binary and ternary liquid mixtures made up of tetrahydrofuran, 2-propanol and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. The variation of the temperature is from 288 to 308 K. By using both UNIFAC activity model and the fugacity model based on the cubic plus association (CPA) equation of state (EOS), a model based on the equality of chemical potentials in the liquid and the surface layer is utilised to describe the liquid–vapour interface of these liquid mixtures. The surface tension, composition and density are simultaneously predicted. The results of this model show that experimental surface tension data are in a good agreement with the predicted ones. The model using CPA EOS and molar volume has a better performance than the one uses the UNIFAC activity model.     

Algorithms for GPU‐based molecular dynamics simulations of complex fluids: Applications to water,mixtures, and liquid crystals

A custom code for molecular dynamics simulations has been designed to run on CUDA‐enabled NVIDIA graphics processing units (GPUs). The double‐precision code simulates multicomponent fluids, with intramolecular and intermolecular forces, coarse‐grained and atomistic models, holonomic constraints, Nosé–Hoover thermostats, and the generation of distribution functions. Algorithms to compute Lennard‐Jones and Gay‐Berne interactions, and the electrostatic force using Ewald summations, are discussed. A neighbor list is introduced to improve scaling with respect to system size. Three test systems are examined: SPC/E water; an n‐hexane/2‐propanol mixture; and a liquid crystal mesogen, 2‐(4‐butyloxyphenyl)‐5‐octyloxypyrimidine. Code performance is analyzed for each system. With one GPU, a 33–119 fold increase in performance is achieved compared with the serial code while the use of two GPUs leads to a 69–287 fold improvement and three GPUs yield a 101–377 fold speedup. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Vapor–liquid equilibria and excess molar volumes of diethylamine(1) + acetone(2) and diethylamine(1) + acetonitrile(2) binary systems

Isothermal vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for diethylamine(1)+acetone(2) and diethylamine(1)+acetonitrile(2) binary systems were obtained at 323.15 K by dynamic method. Excess molar volumes at 298.15 K for these systems were measured by a dilution dilatometer. VLE data have been checked for thermodynamic consistency and correlated by Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC equations. UNIFAC group interaction parameters for CH₂NH---CH₃CO and CH₂NH---CH₃CN pairs are also obtained from the experimental VLE data.     

On the analyses of mixture vapor pressure data: the hydrogen peroxide/water system and its excess thermodynamic functions

Reported here are some aspects of the analysis of mixture vapor pressure data using the model-free Redlich-Kister approach that have heretofore not been recognized. These are that the pure vapor pressure of one or more components and the average temperature of the complex apparatuses used in such studies can be obtained from the mixture vapor pressures. The findings reported here raise questions regarding current and past approaches for analyses of mixture vapor pressure data. As a test case for this analysis approach the H2O2-H2O mixture vapor pressure measurements reported by Scatchard, Kavanagh, and Tickner (G. Scatchard, G. M. Kavanagh, L. B. Ticknor, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 3715-3720; G. M. Kavanagh, PhD. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA), 1949) have been used; there is significant recent interest in this system. It was found that the original data is fit far better with a four-parameter Redlich-Kister excess energy expansion with inclusion of the pure hydrogen peroxide vapor pressure and the temperature as parameters. Comparisons of the present results with the previous analyses of this suite of data exhibit significant deviations. A precedent for consideration of iteration of temperature exists from the little-known work of Uchida, Ogawa, and Yamaguchi (S. Uchida, S. Ogawa, M. Yamaguchi, Japan Sci. Eng. Sci. 1950, 1, 41-49) who observed significant variations of temperature from place to place within a carefully insulated apparatus of the type traditionally used in mixture vapor pressure measurements. For hydrogen peroxide, new critical constants and vapor pressure-temperature equations needed in the analysis approach described above have been derived. Also temperature functions for the four Redlich-Kister parameters were derived, that allowed calculations of the excess Gibbs energy, excess entropy, and excess enthalpy whose values at various temperatures indicate the complexity of H2O2-H2O mixtures not evident in the original analyses of this suite of experimental results.     

Measurement of vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE) and excess enthalpies (H) of binary systems with 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and prediction of these properties and γ using modified UNIFAC (Dortmund)

Vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE) and excess enthalpies (H^E) were measured for a variety of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, alcohols, ketones and water in several ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [EMIM]⁺[BTI]⁻, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [BMIM]⁺[BTI]⁻, 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [HMIM]⁺[BTI]⁻ and 1-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [OMIM]⁺[BTI]⁻, covering the temperature range from 323.15 to 413.15 K. The new data were used together with the already available experimental data for imidazolium compounds to fit the required group interaction parameters for modified UNIFAC (Dortmund). The results show that in the future modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) can be applied successfully also for systems with ionic liquids.