Computational Investigations of a pH-Induced Structural Transition in a CTAB Solution with Toluic Acid

In this work, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the pH-induced structural transitions for a CTAB/p-toluic acid solution. Spherical and cylindrical micelles were obtained for aqueous surfactants at pH 2 and 7, respectively, which agrees well with the experimental observations. The structural properties of two different micelles were analyzed through the density distributions of components and the molecular orientations of CTA⁺ and toluic acid inside the micelles. It was found that the bonding interactions between CTA⁺ and toluic in spherical and cylindrical micelles are very different. Almost all the ionized toluic acid (PTA⁻) in the solution at pH 7 was solubilized into the micelles, and it was located in the CTA⁺ headgroups region. Additionally, the bonding between surfactant CTA⁺ and PTA⁻ was very tight due to the electrostatic interactions. The PTA⁻ that penetrated into the micelles effectively screened the electrostatic repulsion among the cationic headgroups, which is considered to be crucial for maintaining the cylindrical micellar shape. As the pH decreased, the carboxyl groups were protonated. The hydration ability of neutral carboxyl groups weakened, resulting in deeper penetration into the micelles. Meanwhile, their bonding interactions with surfactant headgroups also weakened. Accompanied by the strengthen of electrostatic repulsion among the positive headgroups, the cylindrical micelle was broken into spherical micelles. Our work provided an atomic-level insights into the mechanism of pH-induced structural transitions of a CTAB/p-toluic solution, which is expected to be useful for further understanding the aggregate behavior of mixed cationic surfactants and aromatic acids.     

Switchable Spherical-Wormlike Micelle Transition in Sodium Oleate/N-(3-(Dimethylamino)propyl)-Octanamide Aqueous System Induced by Carbon Dioxide Stimuli and pH Regulation

The structure transitions of the aggregates in the sodium oleate (NaOA)/N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-octanamide (DPOA) aqueous system was investigated upon CO₂ stimuli. During the process of bubbling of CO₂, three appearance states of sol, gel, and emulsion with little white precipitate were observed continuously. The cryo-transmission electron microscope characterization and rheological measurements exhibited that the sol–gel transition was attributed to a spherical-wormlike micelle transition. Moreover, this transition was switchable at least three cycles in the pH range of 10.91–9.56 by CO₂ stimuli and pH regulation (adding NaOH), which could be explained by the protonation of DPOA and deprotonation of DPOA · H⁺. Bubbling of CO₂ resulted in protonation of DPOA, which not only inserted into the OA^– as a co-surfactant but also screened the electrostatic repulsion among OA^–, corporately leading to the spherical-wormlike micelle transition. Adding NaOH caused the deprotonation of DPOA · H⁺ and hence reversed this transition. This surfactant system with switchable micelle transition not only displays tremendous application potential in various fields but also is of key importance in cyclic utilization of surfactant.     

Effect of the protonation equilibrium on the interaction of mixed micelles with their counterions

Ionic/nonionic mixed micelle formation of dodecyldimethylamine oxide (DDAO) was studied by measuring the activities of DDAO⁺ ions and Cl⁻ ions using surfactant-selective electrodes and Ag/AgCl electrodes at three pH values in the absence of added salt. DDAO monomer exists as either a nonionic or a cationic species depending on the pH of the aqueous solution and hence the two species are not independent of each other. A new relation between the activity of the surfactant ions and that of the counterions is presented which differs from the corresponding relation valid for ionic/nonionic mixed micelles consisting of independent components. Received: 15 May 1998 Accepted in revised form: 30 September 1998     

10-十一烯酸衍生物混合体系有序溶液与聚集体研究

对三甲基－[2-(10-十一烯酰氧乙基）]碘化铵CH2＝CH（CH2）8COOCH2CH2N（CH3）3I和N，N－[2-(10-十一烯酰甲基牛磺酸钠）]CH2＝CH（CH2）8CON（CH3）CH2CH2SO3Na的表面及聚集行为进行了研究。混合体系溶解度良好，在40cmc时仍为稳定胶团溶液。结合正规溶液理论计算了混合体系表面吸附层、胶团的组成及分子间作用参数。基于两亲分子几何结构及分子间相互作用原理对上述现象进行了合理解释，发现了少量长链脂肪醇促使正负离子表面活性剂混合胶团转化为囊泡的新现象。     

Effect of double bond on the surface properties of aqueous solutions of eicosapolyenoic acids

Surface tensions of aqueous solution of eicosapolyenoic acids (EA) with 25 double bonds were measured by use of a Du Nöuy tensiometer at pH 7.80 and 25°C, and the effects of double bond on the surface properties of EA were investigated. The value of critical micelle concentration of EA increased twofold with increasing number of double bonds. The free energy for the adsorption per double bond at the air-water interface was estimated as 2.47 kJ (double bond)^–1, and the negative value of free energy for the adsorption of EA molecule decreased with increasing number of double bonds.     

Factors influencing the mechanism of surfactant catalyzed reaction of vitamin C-ferric chloride hexahydrate system

The kinetics of vitamin C by ferric chloride hexahydrate has been investigated in the aqueous ethanol solution of basic surfactant viz. octadecylamine (ODA) under pseudo-first order conditions. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactant was determined by surface tension measurement. The effect of pH (2.5–4.5) and temperature (15–35°C) in the presence and absence of surfactant were investigated. Activation parameters, ΔE _a, ΔH ^#, ΔS ^#, ΔG ^≠, for the reaction were calculated by using Arrhenius and Eyring plot. Surface excess concentration (Γ_max), minimum area per surfactant molecule (A _min), average area occupied by each molecule of surfactant (a), surface pressure at the CMC (Π_max), Gibb’s energy of micellization (ΔG _M°), Gibb’s energy of adsorption (ΔG _ad°), were calculated. It was found that the reaction in the presence of surfactant showed faster oxidation rate than the aqueous ethanol solution. Reaction mechanism has been deduced in the presence and absence of surfactant.     

混合胶束中Gemini阳离子表面活性剂14-s-14与常规表面活性剂的协同作用:连接臂及反离子效应(英文)

The mixed micelle formation of binary cationic 14-s-14 gemini with conventional single chain surfactants was studied by conductivity measurements.The critical micelle concentration(cmc) and the degree of counterion binding values(g) of the binary systems were determined.The results were analyzed by applying regular solution theory(RST) to calculate micellar compositions(X),activity coefficients(f1,f2),and the interaction parameters(β).The synergistic interactions of all the investigated cationic gemini+conventional surfactant combinations were found to be dependent upon the length of hydrophobic spacer of the gemini surfactant.The excess Gibbs free energy of mixing was evaluated,and it indicated relatively more stable mixed micelles for the binary combinations.     

Wormlike micelles in poly(oxyethylene) surfactant solution: Growth control through hydrophilic-group size variation

Rheological responses of colloidal gels formed from fumed silica suspensions in aqueous KOH solution at pH 11 by the addition of cationic surfactants, such as dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (C12 TAC) and hexadodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (C16 TAC) have been investigated as functions of silica and surfactant concentrations. Stable and aggregated fumed silica suspensions with negative charges cause gelling by adding the cationic surfactants through electrical neutralization of their micelles. The resulting critical strain and storage modulus of the gelled silica suspension increase with an increase in the surfactant concentration, irrespective of the cationic surfactant. This means that the higher the surfactant concentration is, the more effective the electrical neutralization interaction through the micelle of the cationic surfactant is. Moreover, the resulting gels can be classified into the strong-link gel and the weak-link one in the presence of C12 TAC and C16 TAC, respectively, from a comparison of the silica volume fraction dependences of critical strain and storage modulus with the fractal gel model.     

二-(2-乙基己基)磷酸/正辛醇反胶束萃取L-辛弗林

利用二-(2-乙基己基)磷酸(P204)/正辛醇反胶束从枳实粗提物中萃取L-辛弗林。 研究了萃取机理和水相pH值、含水量W0、阳离子浓度、萃取时间以及P204浓度对L-辛弗林萃取率的影响。 通过原子力显微镜观察了P204/正辛醇反胶束;萃取L-辛弗林的最佳条件为：萃取原料液水相pH=6.5,含水量W0=15、P204浓度为0.08 mol/L,在此条件下萃取15 min,对L-辛弗林的单次萃取率为68.0%。 基于萃取率建立的数学模型可反映pH值、P204浓度与萃取率的关系,在一定pH值及P204浓度区间可预测萃取率的变化趋势。     

Rheology and high-temperature stability of novel viscoelastic gemini micelle solutions

To broaden the application of clean fracturing fluid based on surfactant, a gemini cationic C₂₅-tailed surfactant, called FL-25, was synthesized. FL-25 can form a wormlike viscoelastic fluid in aqueous solution without adding any organic or inorganic salts. The rheological properties and thermal stability of the novel gemini micelle solutions were further investigated. The results show that the gemini micelle solution possesses viscoelasticity, thixotropy, and shear-thinning properties. The apparent viscosity of the viscoelastic gemini micelle solution at a shear rate of 170?s^?1 remains approximately 69?mPa?·?s at 110°C for 90 minutes, showing good high-temperature-resistance property. FL-25 may be a novel gemini surfactant applied in clean viscoelastic surfactant fracturing fluids in the oil and gas field.     

CO2/N2-switchable viscoelastic fluids based on a pseudogemini surfactant system

We prepared a CO₂/N₂-switchable pseudogemini surfactant system composed of sodium oleate (NaOA) and N, N, N’, N’-tetramethyl-1, 6-hexanediamine (TMHDA) at a mole ratio of 2:1. The two tertiary amine groups of the TMHDA can be protonated into quaternary ammonium salt when the system was bubbled with CO₂, which can ‘‘bridge’’ two NaOA molecules via electrostatic attraction to form a pseudogemini surfactant. The formed pseudogemini surfactant can further self-assemble to wormlike micelles, causing a sharp increase in viscosity. The viscoelastic property and structure transitions of the pseudogemini surfactant system were investigated before and after bubbling of CO₂. The pseudogemini surfactant system transformed from water-like to gel-like fluid with the bubbling of CO₂, followed by white precipitate. The cryo-transmission electron microscope (cryo-TEM) characterization and rheological measurements exhibited that the sol–gel transition was attributed to a spherical-wormlike micelle transition. Moreover, this transition was switchable at least in three cycles. Finally, a reasonable mechanism of aggregate behavior transition was proposed from the viewpoint of the molecular states, micelle structures, and intermolecular interactions.     

Reactivity of supramolecular systems based on calix[4]resorcinarene derivatives and surfactants in hydrolysis of phosphorus acid esters

The formation of mixed micelles of amphiphilic calix[4]resorcinarenes with aminomethyl (AMC, PAMC), tris(hydroxymethyl)amide (THAC) fragments and the cationic surfactant cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in water and aqueous DMF solutions (10-50% DMF) leads to the decrease of the critical micelle concentration of the systems and the increase of the size of the mixed micelles in comparison with CTAB micelles. The catalytic activity of the mixed systems in the hydrolysis of phosphorus acid esters is higher than those of CTAB micelle and AMC, PAMC or THAC aggregates.     

Micellar effects on the electrochemistry of dopamine and its selective detection in the presence of ascorbic acid

The electrochemistry of dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) was studied by cyclic voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles at different pH. The anodic peak potential (E(pa)) and peak current (I(pa)) were found to be remarkably dependent on the charge and the concentration of the surfactant. The E(pa) and I(pa) change abruptly around the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the surfactants and reach a plateau above the CMC. The E(pa) at the plateau shifts to more positive values in the cationic CTAB micellar solution, e.g. from 180 mV vs SCE in aqueous solution at pH 6.8 to 410 mV in CTAB micelle, whilst it shifts to less positive values in the anionic SDS micellar solution, e.g. 150 mV at pH 6.8. Therefore, the overlapped anodic peaks of dopamine and ascorbic acid in the mixture of the two compounds in aqueous solutions can be separated in CTAB micelles since the micelle shifts the E(pa) of ascorbic acid to less positive values. The two peaks are separated by ca. 400 mV at pH 6.8 in CTAB micelle, hence dopamine can be determined in the presence of 100 times excess of ascorbic acid. In SDS micelle and in the presence of ascorbic acid, the I(pa) of dopamine is greatly enhanced due to the catalytic oxidation of the latter that enables quantitative determination of both compounds.     

Interaction between β‐Cyclodextrin and Mixed Cationic‐Anionic Surfactants (1): Thermodynamic Study

The interactions between β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and the mixtures of cationic‐anionic surfactants in aqueous solution were investigated by surface tension and ¹H NMR measurements. It was shown that the critical micelle concentration (cmc) increased linearly with the increase of β‐CD concentration. Furthermore, β‐CD formed 1∶1 inclusion complex with both cationic and anionic surfactants in the mixed surfactant systems, and no significant selective inclusion was observed. The thermodynamic parameters of the inclusion process of β‐CD to mixed cationic‐anionic surfactants were calculated by a numerical method based on the surface tension measurements, and it was found that the inclusion process was both enthalpy and entropy favorable.     

Unique role of ionic liquid [bmin][BF4] during curcumin-surfactant association and micellization of cationic, anionic and non-ionic surfactant solutions

Hydrophilic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroburate, modified the properties of aqueous surfactant solutions associated with curcumin. Because of potential pharmaceutical applications as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic agent, curcumin has received ample attention as potential drug. The interaction of curcumin with various charged aqueous surfactant solutions showed it exists in deprotonated enol form in surfactant solutions. The nitro and hydroxyl groups of o-nitrophenol interact with the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups of the enol form of curcumin by forming ground state complex through hydrogen bonds and offered interesting information about the nature of the interactions between the aqueous surfactant solutions and curcumin depending on charge of head group of the surfactant. IL[bmin][BF4] encouraged early formation of micelle in case of cationic and anionic aqueous surfactant solutions, but slightly prolonged micelle formation in the case of neutral aqueous surfactant solution. However, for curcumin IL [bmin][BF4] favored strong association (7-fold increase) with neutral surfactant solution, marginally supported association with anionic surfactant solution and discouraged (～2-fold decrease) association with cationic surfactant solution.     

Synthesis and properties of quaternary ammonium Gemini surfactants with hydroxyl groups

The article describes synthesis of four hydroxyethyl alkylene–double alkyl bromide through substitution of nucleophilic d iethanolamine, 1-bromododecane, and 1,4-dibromobutane. The structure of the new hydroxyl cationic surfactant (HDCS) was characterized by ¹H NMR and FTIR spectra. The aqueous solution of HDCS showed critical micelle concentration, i.e., 5.6 × 10^?2 mM, and could reduce oil/water interfacial tension to 3.28 × 10^?3 mN m^?1. The surface tension measurements provided a series of parameters, including critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at the CMC (γ_CMC), adsorption efficiency (pC₂₀), and effectiveness of surface tension reduction (Π_CMC). In addition, maximum surface excess concentration (Г_max) and minimum surface area/molecule (A_min) at the air/water interface were obtained by the Gibbs adsorption isotherm. The influence of inorganic salts (sodium chloride, calcium chloride) and organic salts (sodium benzoate) on the surface tension of HDCS in aqueous solution was investigated. For wettability alteration measurement, contact angle measurement as a quantitative method was utilized. Meanwhile, foam ability, foam stability, and emulsifying property of the synthesized surfactant were also examined at different concentration. HDCS also had excellent viscosity property.     

Spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of uranium(VI) in water samples after mixed micelle-mediated extraction

A cloud point extraction process using mixed micelle of the cationic surfactant CTAB and non-ionic surfactant TritonX-114 to extract uranium(VI) from aqueous solutions was investigated. The method is based on the color reaction of uranium with pyrocatechol violet in the presence of potassium iodide in hexamethylenetetramine buffer media and mixed micelle-mediated extraction of complex. The optimal extraction and reaction conditions (e.g. surfactant concentration, reagent concentration, effect of time) were studied and the analytical characteristics of the method (e.g. limit of detection, linear range, preconcentration, and improvement factors) were obtained. Linearity was obeyed in the range of 0.20-10.00 ng mL⁻¹ of uranium(VI) ion and the detection limit of the method is 0.06 ng mL⁻¹. The interference effect of some anions and cations was also tested. The method was applied to the determination of uranium(VI) in tap water, waste-water and well water samples.     

Supramolecular micellization and pH‐inducible gelation of a hydrophilic block copolymer by block‐specific threading of α‐cyclodextrin

A poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(L ‐lysine) diblock copolymer (PEG‐b‐PLL) was synthesized. Micellization of this hydrophilic copolymer due to the block‐specific threading of α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) molecules onto the polyethylene glycol (PEG) block yielded supramolecular‐structured nanoparticles, which undergoes pH‐inducible gelation in aqueous media. The pH‐inducible gelation of supramolecular micelle in water appeared to be completely reversible upon pH changes. The synergetic effect of selective complexation between PEG block and α‐CD and the pH‐inducible hydrophobic interaction between PLL blocks at pH 10 was believed to be the driving force for the formation of the supramolecular hydrogel. ¹H NMR and wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) were employed to confirm the inclusion complexation between α‐CD and PEG block. Meanwhile, the morphology of the micellized nanoparticles was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thermal stability of inclusion complexes (ICs) was investigated and the rheologic experiment was conducted to reveal the micelle‐gel transition. Such pH‐induced reversible micelle‐gel transition of the supramolecular aggregates may find applications in several fields, for example as advanced biomedical material possessing stimulus‐responsiveness. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 782–790, 2008     

The interaction of isomeric hexanediols with sodium dodecyl sulfate and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles

The micelle formation process for a typical anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and a typical cationic surfactant, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, has been investigated in a series of mixed solvents consisting of different concentrations of isomeric hexanediols (1,2-hexanediol and 1,6-hexanediol) in water. The critical micelle concentrations and the degrees of counterion dissociation of the mixed micelles were obtained from conductance experiments. Luminescence probing experiments have been used to determine the concentration of micelles in solution and, hence, the micellar aggregation numbers of the surfactants in the mixed solvent systems. The alcohol aggregation numbers were determined by combining the partition coefficients (obtained using NMR paramagnetic relaxation enhancement experiments) with the micellar concentrations from the luminescence probing experiments. All these results are interpreted in terms of the difference in the interaction of the isomeric hexanediols with the surfactant as a function of the position of the hydroxyl groups on the six-carbon chain of the alcohol. Received: 28 June 2000/Accepted: 5 July 2000     

The Effect of a Cationic Gemini Surfactant,Ethonium, on the Physicochemical Properties of Quercetin in Solutions and on the Surface of Highly Dispersed Silica

The formation of supramolecular complexes with ethonium, a cationic gemini surfactant having a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, is shown to significantly alter the physicochemical properties (spectral, protolytic, and adsorption properties and solubility) of a natural f lavonol, quercetin. The constant of binding between quercetin and ethonium is calculated. Apparent dissociation constants pK _a1 ^a of quercetin in solutions of this cationic surfactant are for the first time determined within a broad concentration range. A shift in the pH dependence of quercetin adsorption by 0.5 units to the alkaline region upon the transition from a premicellar ethonium solution to a micellar one correlates with an increase in pK _a1 ^a under these conditions. The value of quercetin adsorption from aqueous ethonium solutions depends on the concentration of the cationic surfactant, pH of a solution, and the pK _a1 ^a value of the f lavonol bound into the supramolecular complex.