臭氧氧化法及其联合技术在废水处理中的应用

臭氧具有极强的氧化能力,其反应产生的物质一般对环境污染很小。综述了臭氧处理单元的几种方式、臭氧联合技术及其在处理城市污水及工业污水中的应用,并概述了臭氧氧化技术的发展现状及趋势。     

Radwaste Immobilization by Structural Modification—the Crystallochemical Properties of SYNROC,a Titanate Ceramic

New studies utilizing electron microscopic techniques have revealed the immobilization of radionuclides in crystalline ceramic waste forms to be not merely a question of substituting waste elements into the appropriate crystallographic sites of a host matrix. Rather than entering the ceramic as a “continuous” solid solution it has been found that the incorporation of highly radioactive waste elements is commonly accompanied by structural modification. This may take the form of cation ordering, crystallographic shear, or twinning on a unit cell scale. Such mechanisms considerably enhance the capacity of a ceramic to immobilize (simulated) radwaste and impart to it the flexibility to respond to inevitable variations in wastestream composition.     

辐射技术在环境保护中的应用

由于高能电子束和γ射线本身具有的特性,其辐射技术在环境保护领域具有巨大的应用潜力。本文介绍了国内外利用辐射技术在废水、废气和固体废物(“三废”)处理中的研究和应用,涉及印染废水、造纸废水、硝基苯胺类物质、卤系阻燃剂类物质、环境内分泌干扰物和藻毒素的处理,燃煤尾气脱硫脱硝,以及挥发性有机物、污泥等方面的处理研究,并对辐射处理各种有机污染物的机理进行了探索和分析。表明辐射技术是处理“三废”的一种十分有效的方法。同时,讨论了辐射技术在环境处理应用中的有限性,并对该技术的研究和发展方向进行了展望。     

废旧塑料回收利用技术的现状及发展趋势

本文详细综述了从30年代到现在国内外废旧塑料再生利用技术发展的过程及近几年废塑料回收最新技术,对未来废旧塑料回收利用技术的发展趋势进行了预测。     

Environmental and economic comparison of waste solvent treatment options

The sustainable development and consumption need more efficient use of natural resources. As a consequence, the use of industrial solvents demands their recovery instead of end-of-pipe treatment. It is not always clear, however, which treatment alternative should be applied. Based on an industrial case study, the environmental and economic evaluation and comparison of the treatment alternatives of a non-ideal solvent mixture containing azeotropes is investigated for determining the preferable option. For the recovery of the industrial solvent mixture, two different separation alternatives are evaluated: a less effective alternative and a novel design based on hybrid separation tools. An end-of-pipe treatment alternative, incineration, is also considered and the split of the solvent mixtures between recovery and incineration is investigated. The environmental evaluation of the alternatives is carried out using ‘Eco-indicator 99 life-cycle impact assessment methodology’. Economic investigation is also accomplished. The economic features clearly favour the total recovery, however, the environmental evaluation detects that if a recovery process of low efficiency is applied, its environmental burden can be similar or even higher than that of the incineration. This motivates engineers to design more effective recovery processes and reconsider the evaluation of process alternatives at environmental decision making.     

Extraction of penicillin G from aqueous solution using a membrane contactor: Numerical investigation

In the current study, the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing penicillin G treatment using a hollow fibre membrane contactor was investigated. A mathematical model based on the finite element method was developed. The extraction was performed using Shellsol TK as organic solvent containing 5% Aliquat 336. The effect of feed pH, flow rate and temperature were examined for the extraction of penicillin G from aqueous solution. The results showed that there is reasonable good agreement between experimental data and modelling values. It was found that increasing temperature from 10 °C to 30 °C increases the penicillin G extraction from 33% to 54%. Also, penicillin G extraction was decreased from 34.7% to 25.1% with increasing pH from 5.5 to 6.5 while it grew to 45.8% when the pH of feed solution was 7. Furthermore, the results showed the diffusive flux is favourable for the system and penicillin G extraction but the convective flux has negative impact on the system in terms of penicillin G extraction. It was concluded that a hollow fibre membrane contactor has the potential for use in wastewater treatment through it is important to improve diffusive flux in the system to enhance penicillin G extraction.     

焙烧的P-25 TiO2微结构特性和光催化活性

光催化氧化能把有机污染物完全转化为二氧化碳和水,被认是有广泛应用前景的水处理方法[1,2]．但是,这一方法真正在污水处理中实际应用,有许多问题仍待解决,其中光催化剂的活性和稳定性需要进一步改善．研究最多的光催化剂是TiO2,影响其催化活性的因素很多[3,4],本工作用XRD、TEM、BET研究了烧结的P－25TiO2微结构特征,并用苯酚光催化降解作探针反应,得到了很有意义的相关信息．1材料和方法1．1催化剂商品P－25TiO2是从Degussa公司购买．样品分别经不同温度和时间焙烧,具体条件见表1．1．2催化剂表征XRD用于测定样品品相…     

A critical review of hazardous waste generation from textile industries and associated ecological impacts

Among many industries, the textile industry is the oldest industry of human civilization. Cloth is the second most important human need after food. Textile processing includes several steps in which wet processing is the most important. As wet processing involves an extensive amount of water and chemicals, an enormous volume of textile effluent generates during wet processing. Textile effluents is disposed of on bare land or on water bodies, which causes soil and water contamination. Improper disposal of textile effluents causes severe soil and water contamination. Textile effluents contain dyes, heavy metals, inorganic salts, surfactants, organic contaminants, oil, and grease. Textile effluents cause contamination in water bodies. The colour present in effluents hinders the photosynthesis of aquatic plants. Inorganic salts cause the degradation of water quality and soil excellence. Heavy metals enter the food chain and cause severe health impacts on human life. Various physical, chemical, bailogical and hybrid methods are used to treat textile effluents. Textile processing has been explained in brief in this study. The current research deals with different textile processing steps, various pollutants generated in textile processing and their ecotoxicity, various ecological crises associated with textile processing, and numerous treatment methods for the remediation of textile effluents.     

Detoxification of acetonitrile — water wastes from liquid chromatography

Summary Acetonitrile is one of the most frequently used solvents in column liquid chromatography. Because of its toxicity, safe disposal of the waste solvent is essential. Combustion in a hazardous waste plant, if available, is recommended. Otherwise the waste can be degraded in the laboratory to acetic acid and ammonia by treatment with sodium hydroxide. The addition of hydrogen peroxide is not necessary. The waste needs to be diluted to 10% acetonitrile in water in order to prevent the formation of a two-phase system on addition of concentrated sodium hydroxide. This reagent must be added in excess; 2.5 mols of sodium hydroxide per mol of acetonitrile are recommended. It was found that the kinetics are of second order, with an activation energy of 89 kJ mol⁻¹ and a frequency factor of 9 × 10⁹. Therefore even at room temperature degradation is possible, although a hydrolysis time of approximately 15 days is needed under these conditions. At 80°C, where refluxing is not necessary, hydrolysis is complete after, e.g., 2 h, depending on the amount of sodium hydroxide added.     

絮凝处理对聚驱污水中部分水解聚丙烯酰胺浓度的影响

用常见无机和有机絮凝剂处理了聚驱污水,分别考察了絮凝剂单剂和复配处理后聚驱污水中残余部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)质量浓度和透光率随絮凝剂剂量的变化.结果表明:采用无机絮凝剂处理聚驱污水时,残余HPAM质量浓度随絮凝剂剂量增加先减小后增大;采用有机絮凝剂处理聚驱污水时,残余HPAM质量浓度随絮凝剂剂量增加而线性增加.将无机絮凝剂与无机絮凝剂复配使用,则残余HPAM质量浓度与透光率成反比;将无机絮凝剂与有机絮凝剂复配使用,则残余HPAM质量浓度取决于复配体系中阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)的添加量.     

Detoxification of acetonitrile-water wastes from liquid chromatography

Summary Acetonitrile is one of the most frequently used solvents in column liquid chromatography. Because of its toxicity, safe disposal of the waste solvent is essential. Combustion in a hazardous waste plant, if available, is recommended. Otherwise the waste can be degraded in the laboratory to acetic acid and ammonia by treatment with sodium hydroxide. The addition of hydrogen peroxide is not necessary. The waste needs to be diluted to 10% acetonitrile in water in order to prevent the formation of a two-phase system on addition of concentrated sodium hydroxide. This reagent must be added in excess; 2.5 mols of sodium hydroxide per mol of acetonitrile are recommended. It was found that the kinetics are of second order, with an activation energy of 89 kJ mol⁻¹ and a frequency factor of 9×10⁹. Therefore even at room temperature degradation is possible, although a hydrolysis time of approximately 15 days is needed under these conditions. At 80°C, where refluxing is not necessary, hydrolysis is complete after, e.g., 2 h, depending on the amount of sodium hydroxide added.     

顺酐生产中废水治理方法的改进

目前普遍应用的两种顺酐废水治理方法,生物法和传统真空蒸发法,都存在着运行成本高和不能将废水中有用物质充分回收的缺点.经过对传统真空蒸发法的改进和完善,使顺酐废水的治理既达到零排放的目的,又回收生产了富马酸合格产品,创造了经济效益.     

化学液相沉积与沸石疏水性

用SiCl₄化学液相沉积法对丝光沸石和ZSM-5沸石进行了表面疏水化,并以正庚烷/水气相混合物竞争吸附法测定了沸石的疏水系数.研究了沸石原料类型、Si/Al比、预处理和沉积条件对疏水性的影响.对疏水化沸石样品的结构和物性进行了表征,测定了它们对含酚类废水的处理能力.经化学液相沉积的HZSM-5沸石(Si/Al比为100)的疏水性能超过了国产硅沸石.     

Thermal decomposition of meat and bone meal

A series of runs has been performed to study the thermal behavior of meat and bone meal (MBM) both in inert and reactive atmosphere. Although they are actually burned, the thermal decomposition of such MBM wastes has not been studied from a scientific point of view until now. The aim of this work is to present and discuss the thermogravimetric behavior of MBM both in nitrogen and air atmospheres. A thermobalance has been used to carry out the study at three different heating rates. A kinetic scheme able to correlate simultaneously (with no variation of the kinetic constants) the runs performed at different heating rates and different atmospheres of reaction is presented.     

废橡胶裂解研究进展

废橡胶的处理和循环利用是世界橡胶工业一直以来的研究重点和难点。裂解作为一种环境友好型且有潜力的固体废弃物的热处理方法,备受人们关注。废橡胶通过裂解不仅能有效地解决废橡胶对环境造成的污染,而且能回收三类有价值的裂解产物：裂解炭、裂解油和气。本文综述了真空移动床、固定床、回转窑、流化床、微波和催化裂解等典型的废橡胶裂解工艺方法,概述了影响废橡胶裂解过程中的主要因素,详细地分析了裂解产物的组成、性质及应用。废橡胶裂解的核心是能在获得高品质的裂解产物的同时,最大程度地降低裂解过程对能量的消耗。如何开发出经济性更佳,资源利用更彻底的热解工艺及获得价值更高的裂解产品是今后废轮胎热解技术研究的主要方向。