Hydrophobicity modification of woven cotton fabric by hydrophobic fumed silica coating

Water repellency of woven cotton fabric was achieved by coating with the aqueous dispersion containing organosilane agent (HDTMS) and fumed silica. The coating agents were applied using padding method and then followed by batching the coated fabric at the ambient temperature for 24 h to allow the condensation reaction between HDTMS silanol group and fumed silica silanol group, rendering silica particles hydrophobic. An ultrasonicator was employed to prepare the homogenous coating dispersion. The water repellency evaluated by water contact angle determination which showed the contact angle over 110° was obtained with low amount of applied HDTMS of 1 wt%. The effect of fumed silica addition on an increase in fiber surface roughness geometry showed the influential result in improving the water contact angle. From durability to washing test, the hydrophobic coatings evidenced from SEM and ATR/FTIR remained adhering to fiber surface, indicating the durability. After washing, the coating on the fabric with fumed silica addition appeared to be scatter particles which made a contribution to the higher contact angle value when compared to sheet-like layer coating in case of HDTMS coating alone.     

气相白炭黑表面处理率的影响因素及判定

气相白炭黑是一种二氧化硅纳米材料，气相白炭黑的最主要应用是用于硅橡胶的补强，但气相白炭黑在硅橡胶中很难分散，影响了补强效果，本文用六甲基二硅氮烷对白炭黑进行表面处理并对白炭黑表面处理率问题做一些探讨。     

Dispersion stability and rheological behavior of suspensions of polystyrene coated fumed silica particles in polystyrene solutions

Polystyrene coated silica（SiO₂@PS） core-shell composite particles with averaged diameter of about 290 nm were prepared by in situ emulsion polymerization of styrene on the surface ofγ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane grafted SiO₂ nanoparticles of 20-50 nm in diameter.Rheological behavior and dispersion stability of SiO₂@PS suspension in 10 wt%PS solution were compared with suspensions of untreated SiO₂ and silane modified SiO₂ nanoparticles.Suspensions of the untreated and the silane modified SiO₂ exhibited obvious shear thinning.The SiO-2@PS suspension exhibits shear viscosity considerably smaller than suspensions of untreated and silane modified SiO₂ at low shear rates.Transmission electron microscopy showed that the composite particles can uniformly and stably disperse in PS solution compared to other suspensions,implying that the PS shell can effectively enhance the particle compatibility with PS macromolecules in solution.     

Thermomechanical properties of polymeric composites based on 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate and fumed silicas

Summary Thermomechanical properties have been investigated for the composites synthesized by the thermal polymerization of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate or its polymerization initiated with acrylamide complex of cobalt nitrate in the presence of the fumed silica or silicon hydride-containing silicas. The effect of the filler surface nature on temperature dependencies of deformability of the polymeric composites has been studied.     

Measurement of rheological properties of corn stover suspensions

Corn stover is currently being evaluated as a feedstock for ethanol production. The corn stover suspensions fed to reactors typically range between 10 and 40% solids. To simulate and design bioreactors for processing highly loaded corn stover suspensions, the rheologic properties of the suspension must be measured. In systems with suspended solids, rheologic measurements are difficult to perform owing to settling in the measurement devices. In this study, viscosities of corn stover suspensions were measured using a helical ribbon impeller viscometer. A calibration procedure is required for the impeller method in order to obtain the shear rate constant, k, which is dependent on the geometry of the measurement system. The corn stover suspensions are described using a power law flow model.     

Synergistic effect between POSS and fumed silica on thermal stabilities and mechanical properties of room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubbers

In this paper, both divinyl-hexa[(trimethoxysilyl)ethyl]-POSS (DVPS) and fumed silica were firstly introduced into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) system using as the cross-linker and the reinforcing filler respectively. And a series of novel RTV silicone rubbers synergistically enhanced by DVPS and fumed silica were prepared. The cross-linked networks in the novel RTV silicone rubbers have been studied by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, and the dispersions of POSS and fumed silica in these novel RTV silicone rubbers have been observed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM). And thermal stabilities, thermo-oxidative stabilities and mechanical properties of these novel RTV silicone rubbers were studied by means of thermal gravimetric analysis and universal tensile testing machine, respectively. From the obtained results, it was found that synergistic effect between POSS-rich areas and fumed silica on thermal stability and mechanical property of RTV silicone rubber indeed existed. And the experimental results also exhibited that the thermal stabilities and mechanical properties of the novel RTV silicone rubbers were far better than those of the reference materials (DVPR and MTFR). The striking enhancements in thermal properties and improvements on mechanical properties of novel RTV silicone rubbers were likely attributed to the synergistic effect between POSS-rich domains and fumed silica. Meanwhile, it was found that the mechanical properties of RTV silicone rubbers prepared with a given amount of POSS cross-linker were enhanced with the increment of the loading amount of fumed silica.     

Effects of the degree of surface modification on the rheological responses of precipitated silica suspensions in benzyl alcohol

Two types of precipitated silica powders modified by poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) were suspended in benzyl alcohol and their rheological properties were investigated as a function of silica volume fraction, φ. The suspensions were classified into sol, pre-gel, and gel states based on the increase in φ. An increase in the degree of surface modification by PDMS caused gelation at higher φ. Plots of apparent shear viscosity against shear rate in the sol and pre-gel states of highly modified silica suspensions showed weak shear thickening behavior, while the same plots for silica suspensions with a low modification level exhibited shear thinning behavior. The dynamic moduli of hydrophobic suspensions in the pre-gel and gel states were dependent on the surface modification: the storage modulus G′ was larger than the loss modulus G″ in the linear region and these moduli increased with increasing φ, irrespective of the silica powder. The linear region of the φ range for the precipitated silica suspensions was wider than that for the fumed silica powders modified by PDMS suspended in benzyl alcohol, while the G′ value in the linear region for the precipitated silica suspensions was less than those for the fumed silica suspensions.     

Effect of silica content on thermal stability of fumed silica/epoxy composites

Composites of a fumed silica industrial residue and an epoxy resin were prepared and their thermal stability and thermal degradation behaviour were studied by TGA in air. Classical thermal stability parameters, based on the initial decomposition temperature (IDT), temperature of maximum rate of mass loss (T_max) and integral procedure decomposition temperature (IPDT) were calculated before and after subtraction of the filler mass from the TGA curves. Without filler mass subtraction, the thermal stability of the epoxy resin seems to be improved and the mass loss rate was reduced by the addition of fumed silica. Nevertheless, after subtraction of the filler mass, the thermal degradation behaviour of the resin was only slightly affected by the silica content. A possible negative effect of the silica content on the cure was also found.     

Effect of fly ash silica and precipitated silica fillers on the viscosity,cure, and viscoelastic properties of natural rubber

The viscosity, cure properties, storage, and loss moduli and tan δ of natural rubber (NR) filled with the same amounts of precipitated silica (PSi) and fly ash silica (FASi) fillers were measured. The fillers were treated with bis[3‐triethoxysilylpropyl‐]tetrasulfide (TESPT), or, used in the rubber untreated. TESPT is a sulfur‐containing bi‐functional organosilane that chemically adheres silica to rubber and also prevents silica from interfering with the reaction mechanism of sulfur cure. The dispersion of PSi and FASi in the rubber was investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effects of silica type and loading and surface treatment on the aforementioned properties were of interest. The SEM results showed that the FASi particles were larger in size and had a wider particle size distribution when compared with the PSi particles. The viscosity of the compounds decreased progressively with mixing time, and the compounds with FASi had a lower viscosity than those filled with PSi. The treatment with Si69 had no beneficial effect on the dispersion of the fillers in the rubber matrix. At low temperatures, the type and loading of the filler had no effect on the storage and loss moduli of the compounds, but the effect was more pronounced at high temperatures. There was also evidence from the tan δ and glass transition temperature (T_g) measurements that some limited interaction between the filler particles and rubber had occurred because of TESPT. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

化学反应-顶空气相色谱法测定气相二氧化硅表面硅羟基

建立了一种基于化学反应-顶空气相色谱测定气相二氧化硅表面硅羟基含量的新方法.实验取气相二氧化硅放入顶空瓶中于105℃烘箱中加热2 h去除水分,将甲苯稀释的格氏试剂注入密闭的顶空瓶中,格氏试剂与气相二氧化硅表面硅羟基快速反应产生甲烷(CH4),甲烷量与气相二氧化硅表面硅羟基含量成正比.经过气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器测定...     

Effect of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide on rheological properties of aqueous zirconia suspensions with polyacrylate

The role of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) in determining the rheological properties of aqueous zirconia suspensions containing polyacrylate (PANH₄) was investigated. At acidic pH, the addition of TMAH after PANH₄ could result in a much higher stability in zirconia slurries than that with only polymer as dispersant. While in alkaline media, it was more easily realized to lower yield stress of suspensions by adding TMAH before PANH₄. Moreover, the both TMAH and PANH₄ contained systems were found to need the less polyacrylate for obtaining complete dispersion than those stabilized with PANH₄ alone.     

Flow‐induced particle orientation and rheological properties of suspensions of organoclays in thermoplastic resins

The influence of nano‐scale particles on the viscoelastic properties of polymer suspensions is investigated. We have developed a simulation technique for the particle orientation and polymer conformation tensors to study various features of the suspensions. The nano‐particles are modeled as thin rigid oblate spheroid particles and the polymers as FENE‐P type viscoelastic and Newtonian fluid. Both interparticle and polymer‐particle interactions have been taken into account in our numerical computations. The nonlinear viscoelastic properties of nanocomposites of layered silicate particles in non‐Newtonian fluids are examined at the start‐up of shear flow and are interpreted using the model to examine the effects of model parameters as well as flow conditions on particle orientation, viscosity, and first normal stress difference of the suspensions. We have studied the microstructure of polymer‐clay nanocomposites using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) scattering and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The rheology of these nanocomposites in step‐shear is shown to be fairly well predicted by the model. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 2003–2011, 2010     

Comparison of rheological properties of cross-linked and thermal-mechanically degraded HDPE

Rheological properties of a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) subjected to thermal-mechanical degradation were compared with those of the HDPE degraded by the addition of small quantities of peroxides as free radical initiator. The high molecular weight fraction of HDPE changes quantitatively during processing, which has a remarkable effect on the rheological properties of the material, when the MWD narrows and the HMW tail decreases. The molecular weight distribution, especially the highest molecular weight fraction, is concluded to be more important than the long chain for HDPE rheology. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Effects of Surface Properties on Rheological and Interfacial Properties of Pickering Emulsions Prepared by Fumed Silica Suspensions Pre-Adsorbed Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide)

The hydrophobic fumed silica suspensions physically pre-adsorbed poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) in water could prepare oil dispersed in water (O/W) Pickering emulsion by mixing of silicone oil. The resulting Pickering emulsions were characterized by the measurements of volume factions of emulsified silicone oil, adsorbed amounts of the silica suspensions, oil droplet size, and some rheological responses, such as stress-strain sweep curve and dynamic viscoelastic moduli as a function of the added amount of PNIPAM. Moreover, their characteristics were compared with those of the O/W Pickering emulsions prepared by the hydrophilic fumed silica suspensions pre-adsorbed PNIPAM. For the emulsions prepared by the hydrophobic silica suspensions, an increase in the added amount of PNIPAM led to (1) a decrease in the volume fraction of the emulsified oil in the emulsified phase, (2) both the size of oil droplets and the adsorbed amount of the corresponding silica suspensions being almost constant, except for the higher added amounts, and (3) both the storage modulus (G′) and the yield shear strain being constant. The term of 1 is the same for the emulsions prepared by the hydrophilic silica suspensions, whereas both the adsorbed amount of the corresponding silica suspension and the G′ value increase and both the droplet size and the yield shear strain decrease with an increase in the added amount of PNIPAM. The differences between the rheological properties of the emulsions prepared by the hydrophilic silica suspensions and those by the hydrophobic ones are attributed to the hydrophobic interactions of the flocculated silica particles in the Pickering emulsions.     

The rheological behaviour of suspensions of fat particles in oil interpreted in terms of a transient-network model

The transient-network model for concentrated dispersions, described in a previous paper, is used to describe the rheological behaviour of dispersions of glyceryl tristearate crystals in paraffin oil. The model prediction of the storage modulus of this system is compared with corresponding expressions given in literature. Model calculations are carried out to fit the linear viscoelastic behaviour of the system as well as its stress response in large amplitude shear experiments. Information is thus obtained about the stiffness and strength of the interparticle bonds, and the chance of them breaking in a state of rest or as the result of flow. It is concluded that the probability of interparticle bond fracture strongly depends on the measure of bond stretching. The general findings link up with the Lennard-Jones potential which is assumed to describe the potential energy of the bonds between the particles. Accurate measurements of the temperature dependence of the dynamic moduli by making use of a torsion resonator lead to the conclusion that the energy dissipation at a high frequency originates mainly from the flow of liquid around the particles.     

Preparation and properties of wheat gluten/silica composites

Wheat gluten (WG)/silica (SiO₂) hybrids were prepared through in-situ synthesis of SiO₂ in WG dispersion of aqueous ammonia. The hybrids with different SiO₂ contents were mixed with glycerol plasticizer to form cohesive dough and the dough was compressively molded to form cross-linked sheets. Morphology, moisture absorption, protein solubility in water, tensile mechanical properties and dynamic rheological behavior of the WG/SiO₂ composites were investigated in relation to SiO₂ contents. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50773068) and Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. Y407011)     

Preparation, characterization and biodegradation of biopolymer nanocomposites based on fumed silica

PLA and PCL based nanocomposites prepared by adding three different types of fumed silica were obtained by melt blending. Materials were characterized by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Dynamic–Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA).A good distribution of the fumed silica into both polymer matrices was observed. The highest thermo-mechanical improvements were reached by addition of the fumed silica with higher surface area. PLA and its nanocomposites were degraded in compost at 58 °C; at this temperature all samples presented a significant level of polymer degradation, but a certain protection action of silica towards PLA degradation was observed, whereas the addition of fumed silica did not show considerable influence on the degradation trend of PCL. These dissimilarities were attributed to the different degradation mechanism of the two polymers.     

褐煤中水分对油煤浆流变性质的影响

针对云南褐煤,用真空干燥脱水和恒温恒湿箱处理获得了不同含水率的褐煤,在常温常压(t=19.3℃,p=1.01×105Pa)条件下研究了褐煤含水率对油煤浆流变特性的影响。研究表明,原料煤含水率对油煤浆黏度和流变特性有一定的影响。随褐煤含水率增加,油煤浆黏度先减小后增加。油煤浆浓度不同,剪切速率不同,黏度出现最低值的含水率值wmin也不同。浓度为45.45%的油煤浆,剪切速率小于4.4 s-1时,wmin为9.20%;剪切速率大于4.4 s-1时,wmin为7.80%。浓度为55.56%的油煤浆,剪切速率小于1.32 s-1时,wmin为7.40%;剪切速率大于1.32 s-1时,wmin为10.00%。随剪切速率变化,油煤浆黏度上下行曲线之间形成滞后环,表明油煤浆体系有触变性,并且不同含水率煤浆体系触变性不同,含水率越大,触变性越明显。实验中不同含水率褐煤油煤浆都属于假塑性流体,且含水率对模型参数有一定的影响。