食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的分析方法研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯是应用最广泛的增塑剂,具有生殖、发育毒性及致癌性,是近年来食品污染的一个重要来源。该类化合物种类多、同系物和同分异构体性质接近、在基体中含量范围宽,高效样品前处理、高选择性分离和高灵敏检测、降低本底干扰等技术是食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物准确测定面临的挑战。本文综述了液液萃取、液液微萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、基质固相萃取等传统及新型的提取与净化技术在食品样品分析中的应用,比较分析了气相色谱、液相色谱、串联质谱、高分辨质谱以及酶联免疫、离子迁移谱等快速检测技术的特点,并展望了发展趋势。     

水和食品中有机磷农药残留检测的研究进展

综述了水和食品中有机磷农药残留检测中样品的前处理方法 (包括液液萃取、固相萃取、液相微萃取、固相微萃取、拌棒吸附萃取、磁固相萃取、QuEChERS等)和测定方法(包括气相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱法、液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱法等)的研究进展(引用文献58篇)。     

食品及环境样品中双酚类物质的前处理及检测方法研究进展

双酚类物质作为一种环境内分泌干扰物,广泛存在于食品包装材料及环境介质中,对生态环境造成污染,也对人体健康产生一定危害。双酚残留是目前重要的食品安全问题,检测食品和环境样品中的双酚类物质的含量对人体健康具有重要的意义。由于残留目标物浓度通常较低,且实际样品存在基质干扰,因此需经一定的样品前处理,并结合仪器分析方法,提高检测效率,增强分析灵敏度与可靠性。常用的前处理分析方法主要有液液萃取、微波辅助萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、基质分散固相萃取、QuEChERS等,常用仪器分析方法包括液相色谱法、气相色谱法、毛细管电泳法、酶联免疫吸附测定法、生物传感器法等。该文综述了食品及环境样品中双酚类物质的样品前处理及仪器分析方法,为双酚类化合物的残留监测提供了参考依据。     

食品及食品包装材料中光引发剂分析方法的研究进展

综述了食品及食品包装材料中光引发剂分析方法的研究进展,包括样品的前处理方法(如固相萃取、固相微萃取、基质分散固相萃取、加速溶剂萃取、分散液液微萃取、凝胶渗透色谱)和分析方法(如气相色谱-质谱法、气相色谱-串联质谱法、液相色谱法、液相色谱-串联质谱法、超高效合相色谱法),并对其发展趋势作了展望。     

两种样品处理方法对LC-MS/MS测定鸡肉中金刚烷胺基质效应比较

比较了液液萃取结合分散固相萃取(QuEChERS)和Oasis MCX小柱固相萃取(SPE)提取两种样品处理方法,分析鸡肉中金刚烷胺的基质效应。从绝对基质效应、提取回收率、方法过程效率及方法稳定性等方面的考察发现,经QuEChERS法和SPE法两种前处理方法处理后,不同浓度金刚烷胺的绝对基质效应均大于90%。SPE法虽能增强金刚烷胺的离子化效率,但金刚烷胺的提取回收率小于85%,方法过程效率也很低。与之相比,采用QuEChERS法处理鸡肉样品后,不仅能够有效增强金刚烷胺离子化效率,同时提取回收率和方法过程效率也相对较高且稳定,更适合作为鸡肉中金刚烷胺检测的前处理方法。     

基于气相色谱-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法快速筛查和确证农产品中222种农药残留

该文在QuEChERS方法的基础上采用固相分散萃取样品处理一体机(Sio-dSPE)对样品进行前处理,结合气相色谱-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法(GC-Orbitrap MS)对农产品中多农药残留进行筛查和确证.对Sio-dSPE前处理方法中盐析剂和除水剂的种类、净化剂的种类与用量、基质效应等进行考察.在最优条件下,采用G...     

动物源性食品中四环素类残留分析研究进展

综述了检测动物源性食品中四环素类残留的前处理方法,包括固相萃取、固相微萃取、基质分散技术、分子印迹技术、限进介质材料;对高效液相色谱、毛细管电泳、微生物法和酶联免疫分析等在四环素类药物中的检测应用进行了综述,比较了各种方法的优缺点。     

环境样品中双酚类化合物的固相萃取研究进展

双酚类化合物作为一类内分泌干扰物广泛存在于环境介质中,经过多种途径迁移至人体后,可对人体产生内分泌毒性、细胞毒性、基因毒性、生殖毒性、二噁英毒性和神经毒性,已被加拿大政府风险评估识别为进一步优先控制名录。随着环境领域对双酚类化合物的广泛关注,相关研究工作逐渐向水、沉积物、灰尘和生物样品等多介质开拓。但是,由于不同环境样品在基质复杂性和污染物浓度水平等方面存在显著差异,开发提取效率高、净化选择性好、普适性强、操作简单、高通量的提取和净化方法,有助于实现环境介质中双酚类化合物的高灵敏、批量检测。近年来,新型前处理技术发展迅速,尤其是固相萃取技术,在双酚类化合物提取与净化方面取得了长足的发展,不仅在一定程度上克服了传统提取净化方法存在的耗时、耗力和耗溶剂等不足,而且为新型污染物分析提供了更多的技术支持。该文简述了典型双酚类化合物的理化性质、用途用量和环境危害,重点围绕新型固相萃取吸附剂开发和固相萃取模式转变两个方面,总结了固相萃取在双酚类化合物提取净化方法方面取得的进展。商品化固相萃取产品普适性强,在环境监测领域应用范围较广,适用于双酚类化合物的产品种类有限;新型吸附剂研发聚焦吸附容量(如介孔硅材料、碳纳米材料、金属-有机框架材料、环糊精)和选择性(如分子印迹聚合物和混合模式离子交换聚合物)两个方面,种类多样化可满足不同检测需求;越来越多的高灵敏分析仪器不断推向市场,为适应新的发展形势,固相萃取模式正逐渐向微型化、自动化、简易化等方向发展,如QuEChERS、固相微萃取、磁固相萃取等。     

食品中甲霜灵残留的样品前处理技术及检测方法研究进展

甲霜灵作为一种农田中常用的杀菌剂,主要用于防治豌豆、马铃薯、水稻等农作物的霜霉病、黑胚病、薯晚疫病等。不规范使用甲霜灵会造成农药残留,残留的甲霜灵通过食物链富集效应导致食品安全问题。目前,对于甲霜灵检测的样品前处理技术包括QuEChERS法、分散液-液微萃取法、温度控制分散液-液微萃取法、基质固相分散萃取法、磁固相萃取法等。检测方法包括色谱法、色谱-质谱法、基质辅助激光解吸电离-成像质谱法、胶体金免疫层析法以及酶联免疫吸附法。本文综述了近年来食品中甲霜灵残留的样品前处理技术及检测方法,并对其发展方向进行了展望,旨在为食品中甲霜灵残留的检测和监控提供参考。     

典型全氟有机酸类化合物的样品前处理与分析方法研究进展

全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛烷羧酸（PFOA）是两种典型的全氟有机酸类化合物,也是全氟化合物（PFCs）前体物的最终降解产物,具有肝毒性、胚胎毒性、生殖毒性、神经毒性,检出率最高。在各种被污染的介质中,PFOS和PFOA含量往往很低,基体复杂多样,快速高效的样品前处理技术成为测定的关键环节。目前,国际上对PFOS和PFOA的测定无统一标准,而我国关于PFCs的分析研究落后于国际发展水平。该文介绍了PFOS和PFOA的特性,系统总结和评述了前处理技术（液液萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、超声萃取和QuEChERS法）及分析方法（色谱-质谱方法、光谱法、酶联免疫法和电化学法）,以期为PFOS和PFOA的分析监测及标准制定提供参考。     

固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定儿童手推车中3种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂

有机磷酸酯是一类重要的磷系阻燃剂,由于其具有类似持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants, POPs)的性质,欧美等国家已纷纷设立相关法规限制其在儿童用品中的使用。目前国际和国内均未有儿童手推车中有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的检测标准。本文建立了儿童手推车中3种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的超声萃取-弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱净化-气相色谱/质谱检测方法。该方法的加标回收率为89.5%~107.3%,检出限(3S/N)为0.01 mg/kg,定量限(10S/N)为0.1 mg/kg,能较好地排除基质干扰,适用于儿童手推车软垫材料中3种有机磷酸酯的定性和定量分析。37个样品的分析结果表明,磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯(TCPP)的检出率为81.1%,含量范围为1.0~15312.8 mg/kg,依据欧盟玩具新指令2014/79/EU, TCPP超标(> 5 mg/kg)率为32.4%;其中2个样品中还检出了磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP)和磷酸三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯(TDCP),含量范围为6.2~44.1 mg/kg,均已超标。可见,市场上的儿童手推车存在较高的有机磷酸酯阻燃剂暴露风险。     

Determination of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in lipid-rich matrices using dispersive solid-phase extraction as a sample cleanup step and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

A fast, robust and highly sensitive analysis method for determination of trace levels of organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers in lipid-rich samples was presently developed, and based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled to a positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (UHPLC-MS/MS-APCI(+)). The target OPEs in the sample were extracted from the biota samples, such as egg and liver, by ultrasonic extraction, and cleaned up further by dispersive solid phase extraction (d-ESP). As a result, background contamination was largely reduced. Different dispersive ESP sorbents were tested and primary secondary amine (PSA) bonded silica sorbents showed the best recoveries for these target OPEs. The recoveries obtained were in the range 54–113% (RSD < 17%), with method limits of quantification (MLOQs) ranging between 0.06 and 0.29 ng/g in egg, and 0.05 and 0.50 ng/g w.w. in liver sample. The matrix effects (MEs) associated with using APCI(+) and ESI(+) sources were investigated. APCI(+) showed much less ion suppression than ESI(+) for the determination of these OPEs. For egg and liver samples, the APCI(+) ME values ranged from 40% to 94%, while ESI(+) ME values ranged from 0% to 36%. Although APCI(+) was used for the determination of OPEs, the ionization mechanism might mainly be a thermospray ionization process. This UHPLC-MS/MS-APCI(+) method showed good response linearity for calibration (R2 > 0.99). The proposed method was applied to real environmental bird egg and fish samples, where several OPE were quantifiable and different OPE patterns was observed between samples.     

Determination of Propylenethiourea,the Main Metabolite of Propineb,in Tomato by HILIC-MS

A quantitative acetonitrile extraction with dispersive solid-phase clean-up and subsequent high performance hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-MS-MS) analysis is outlined for the determination of propylenethiourea (PTU, 4-methylimidazolidine-2-thione), the main degradation product of propylenebisdithiocarbamate (PBDC). In the present study, the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method (QuEChERS) methodology was adopted for the extraction of PTU from tomato matrix. The synthesis and impurity profiling of a new internal standard compound (4,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2-thione) is also reported, which was used instead of tris(1,3-dichlorisopropyl)phosphate due to poor ionization at elevated acetonitrile levels. The effect of chromatographic parameters on the HILIC separation and MS detection was studied. Coupling of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection was advantageous not only in view of separation and ionization efficiency but also in direct injection of the QuEChERS extract without the need for solvent exchange.     

Review of the QuEChERS method for the analysis of organic pollutants: Persistent organic pollutants,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,and pharmaceuticals

In multi-residue pesticide analysis, the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction method has replaced less efficient traditional extraction methods due to its many advantages. In addition to pesticide analysis, this method has been widely used for the detection and analysis of pharmaceuticals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and several persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, perfluoroalkyl substances, and brominated flame retardants in food, biological, and environmental matrices. The analysis of PAHs and POPs is challenging due to the properties of the target compounds and their low concentrations in complex matrices. This review summarizes previously reported the QuEChERS extraction approaches to the analysis of a wide range of analytes. The QuEChERS approaches, which include dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE), have generally been combined with either gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis. Further on, in recent years, GC and LC-tandem mass spectrometry has been utilized with the QuEChERS extraction due to its high selectivity, sensitivity, and specificity. This enables the extraction methods for target analytes to be modified through the selection of different extraction solvents, salt formulations, and buffers for salting-out partitioning and the selection of different d-SPE and SPE sorbents for the clean-up process. The most significant advantage of this method is that concentration steps are not required. This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of information regarding the modification of extraction techniques based on target compounds and sample matrices.     

LC-MS-based procedures for monitoring of toxic organophosphorus compounds and verification of pesticide and nerve agent poisoning

Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are used worldwide as, e.g., flame retardants, plasticizers, and pesticides and remaining stockpiles of OPC nerve agents are present in military arsenals. These OPCs exhibit acute and potential chronic toxicity to man, the environment, and biota thus emphasizing the need for efficient analytical procedures to monitor potential risk to health. Therefore, this review discusses LC-MS-based procedures for OPC detection, addressing sample preparation, separation, ionization, and detection in comprehensive detail. For sample preparation conventional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and diverse solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures are still used most frequently. Nevertheless, during the last three years a number of sophisticated novel methods have been introduced. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir-bar-sorptive extraction (SBSE), membrane-assisted solvent extraction (MASE), and specifically designed molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) exhibit high potential for frequent use in the future. Additional emphasis in this review is dedicated to the quite young history and current progress in ionization and MS detection of OPCs. The number of relevant published LC-MS reports has tripled in the last five years. This is especially due to the proliferating use of electrospray ionization (ESI), nowadays an indispensable and reliable tool for LC-MS coupling. LC-MS is becoming an appropriate complementary or replacement method for the more traditional GC-MS methods, and not only for non-volatile, hydrophilic, and ionic OPCs. The last section of this review covers recent approaches for verification of OPC poisoning. LC-MS-MS detection of phosphylated peptides generated from inhibited circulating serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by valuable proteomics techniques enables proof of intoxication on the molecular level. Therefore, this review gives a comprehensive overview on the status quo of LC-MS-based OPC analysis in respect of both technical progress and relevant applications.      

GC-MS/MS法对焙烤食品及其塑料包装材料中25种磷酸三酯类与邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的同时测定

建立了气相色谱-质谱/质谱(GC-MS/MS)测定焙烤食品及其塑料包装材料中25种磷酸三酯类及邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的高通量检测方法。焙烤食品以乙腈-丙酮(8∶2,体积比)超声提取,采用50 mg C18和50 mg PSA混合填料进行Qu ECh ERS净化;塑料包装材料经二氯甲烷-甲醇超声提取后直接检测。样液经DB-5 ms色谱柱分离,选择反应监测(SRM)模式测定。25种化合物在各自线性范围内的相关系数不小于0.997 5,方法检出限为10~500μg/kg,平均回收率为80.2%~119.6%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.5%~9.4%。该方法操作简单,净化效果好,可有效消除基质效应,适用于不同焙烤食品及其塑料包装材料中磷酸三酯类及邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的同时测定。     

Spatiotemporal Distribution and Analysis of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the Environmental Systems: A Review

In recent times, there has been a cumulative apprehension regarding organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) owing to their high manufacturing and usage after brominated flame retardants were strictly regulated and banned from being distributed and used in many countries. OPFRs are known as the main organic pollutants in the terrestrial and aquatic environment. They are very dangerous to humans, plants and animals. They are also carcinogenic and some have been implicated in neurodevelopmental and fertility challenges. OPFRs are distributed into the environment through a number of processes, including the usage, improper disposal and production of materials. The solid phase extraction (SPE) method is suggested for the extraction of OPFRs from water samples since it provides high quality recoveries ranging from 67% to 105% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 20%. In the same vein, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is highly advocated for the extraction of OPFRs from sediment/soil. Recoveries in the range of 78% to 105% and RSDs ranging from 3% to 8% have been reported. Hence, it is a faster method of extraction for solid samples and only demands a reduced amount of solvent, unlike other methods. The extract of OPFRs from various matrices is then followed by a clean-up of the extract using a silica gel packed column followed by the quantification of compounds by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC–MS) or a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). In this paper, different analytical methods for the evaluation of OPFRs in different environmental samples are reviewed. The effects and toxicities of these contaminants on humans and other organisms are also discussed.     

Determination of pesticides in fruit and fruit juices by chromatographic methods. An overview

In order to combat a variety of pests, pesticides are widely used in fruits. Several extraction procedures (liquid extraction, single drop microextraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, and stir bar sorptive extraction) have been reported to determine pesticide residues in fruits and fruit juices. The significant change in recent years is the introduction of the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) methods in these matrices analysis. A combination of techniques reported the use of new extraction methods and chromatography to provide better quantitative recoveries at low levels. The use of mass spectrometric detectors in combination with liquid and gas chromatography has played a vital role to solve many problems related to food safety. The main attention in this review is on the achievements that have been possible because of the progress in extraction methods and the latest advances and novelties in mass spectrometry, and how these progresses have influenced the best control of food, allowing for an increase in the food safety and quality standards.     

C_(18)膜萃取/液相色谱-质谱联用法测定极地水体中有机磷酸酯

建立了C_(18)膜萃取/液相色谱-质谱联用技术测定极地水体中10种有机磷酸酯(OPEs)的方法。根据优化后的样品前处理及仪器方法,利用C_(18)膜富集4 L水体中的10种OPEs,经二氯甲烷超声提取,在电喷雾正离子模式下,采用选择反应监测(SRM)模式进行分析,线性相关系数为0.994 4~0.999 9。10种OPEs的加标回收率为64.1%~115%,方法检出限为0.08~0.55 ng/L。该方法适用于极地水体中10种OPEs的分析,利用该方法对北极水体样品中的10种OPEs进行检测,测得冰川融水中∑OPEs的质量浓度为0.64~6.64 ng/L,海水中∑OPEs的质量浓度为0.09~2.03 ng/L。     

液液提取-固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定人体血液中16种有机磷酸酯

人体体液中有机磷酸酯(OPEs)浓度的测定对于了解人体OPEs的暴露水平以及评估人体健康风险具有重要意义.然而,目前的研究大多数集中于尿液中OPEs代谢物含量的分析测定,将其作为人体OPEs暴露的生物标志物,而对人体血液中OPEs的分析研究较少,仅有的少量研究涉及的OPEs种类有限.该研究在优化前处理过程(固相萃取,S...