G-四链体-氯化血红素DNA酶在传感器设计中的应用

G-四链体-氯化血红素(hemin)DNA酶是一种由特定的核酸G-四链体与hemin结合后形成的具有过氧化物酶活性的人工模拟酶。作为一类重要的DNA酶,G-四链体-hemin DNA酶近年来在分析化学领域受到了越来越多的关注。目前这类DNA酶已被用在了多种传感器,包括金属离子传感器、适配体传感器、酶传感器、DNA传感器及药物传感器的设计当中。本文对G-四链体-hemin DNA酶在传感器设计中的应用进行了系统的介绍和评述,并对其未来的发展进行了初步的展望。     

聚多巴胺包埋G-四联体/血红素DNA酶制备过氧化氢生物传感器

利用多巴胺的氧化自聚实现对G-四联体/血红素DNA酶的包埋,成功构建了H2O2电化学生物传感器。DNA和血红素混合得到G-四联体/血红素复合物;DNA酶物理吸附在玻碳电极上后,将10μL 5 g/L多巴胺的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 8.0)滴在表面,空气中的氧气氧化多巴胺形成聚多巴胺膜,实现DNA酶的固定。考察了不同DNA序列对传感器性能的影响,表明电化学与光学传感过程具有不同序列响应。此传感器对H2O2的检出限为2.2μmol/L;线性范围为0.01～1.5 mmol/L。本研究证实了利用聚多巴胺固定酶和用DNA酶代替天然酶构筑传感器的可行性。     

基于G-四链体-血红素和链式放大反应的基因检测传感器的构建

该文以特殊设计的DNA序列为捕获探针,以G-四链体-血红素复合物作为信号分子,利用链式反应实现目标DNA的灵敏检测。在目标DNA存在时,捕获探针与目标DNA相互识别,同时目标DNA能与辅助探针发生连续的链式反应,从而在电极表面引入大量G-四链体结构。血红素存在下,G-四链体可与血红素结合形成具有很强电化学信号的G-四链体-血红素复合物。用差分脉冲伏安法(DPV)扫描得到的电化学信号与体系中的目标DNA浓度存在对应关系,从而实现对目标DNA的检测。在各组分浓度最适的情况下,电流响应值与目标DNA浓度在0.01～10 pmol/L内具有良好的线性关系,检出限可达8 fmol/L。该传感器灵敏度高、特异性好,具有良好的应用前景。     

基于G-四链体-氯化血红素DNA酶比色法测定银离子和汞离子传感器的构筑

利用G-四链体DNA(5′-CTGGGAGGGAGGGAGGGA-3′)与氯化血红素结合形成G-四链体-Hemin DNA酶,其能高效催化H_2O_2氧化反应底物由无色变为绿色,当溶液中有Ag~+或Hg~(2+)存在时会阻碍该DNA酶的形成,导致绿色溶液变浅。基于此,建立了比色法测定Ag~+和Hg~(2+)的传感器。在最佳实验条件下,溶液的吸光度与Ag~+和Hg~(2+)浓度分别在100.0～1 000.0 nmol/L和80.0～800.0 nmol/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,检出限(3δ/Slope)分别为55.9 nmol/L和64.3 nmol/L。该方法具有较好的选择性,采用该方法对实际样品进行测试,结果满意。     

基于G-四链体的生物传感器在食品污染物检测中的研究进展

食品污染物不仅对人类健康造成了严重威胁,还会给食品工业造成巨大的经济损失。G-四链体(G4)是由鸟嘌呤的碱基配对形成的核酸三维二级结构,具有灵活的绑定能力,已成为生物传感器的重要组成部分。将G4与生物传感器结合用于食品中污染物的检测得到了广泛的应用。本文对G4进行了简介,综述了2015～2022年间G4在食品污染物检测中的研究进展,并对其未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

DNA G-四链体的结构完整性对催化性质的影响

DNA酶中的G-四链体-血红素(G4-hemin)DNA酶结构具有较高的设计性和化学稳定性,因此格外受研究者关注.G-平面作为辅酶因子hemin的结合位点,不仅提供大π平面与hemin结合,而且其平面上的G碱基还可以充当近端配位基团与hemin进行配位.因此,研究G-平面完整性在G4-DNA酶体系中的作用具有重要意义....     

利用对G-四链体环部的构型调节进行传感器的设计

对鸟嘌呤碱基G重复序列之间连接环结构对G-四链体形成的影响进行了研究。发现在连接环较长,DNA链不易形成G-四链体的情况下,可以通过将环序列设计成双链结构的方式促进G-四链体的重新形成。这就为传感器的设计提供了一个新途径,即可以利用目标分子对环部双链的调节作用控制G-四链体DNA酶的活性。为证明这一点,在双链区域引入T-T碱基错配,破坏双链结构使DNA链不能形成G-四链体。Hg2+对T-T错配的稳定作用可以促进双链结构的形成,DNA链重新折叠成G-四链体,得到的G-四链体与氯化血红素(Hemin)结合后形成具有过氧化物酶活性的G-四链体DNA酶,据此构建了Hg2+传感器。利用此传感器可在10~700 nmol/L范围内实现Hg2+的定量检测,检出限为8.7 nmol/L。在此基础上,利用半胱氨酸可以将Hg2+从T-Hg2+-T碱基对上竞争下来的能力,设计了一种半胱氨酸的检测方法。此方法可以在20~600 nmol/L范围内实现半胱氨酸的定量检测,检出限为14 nmol/L。     

G-四聚体和G-三聚体DNA在电化学生物传感中的应用

富鸟嘌呤的单链核酸在一定条件下可通过折叠形成特殊的G-四聚体和G-三聚体核酸高级结构.该结构和功能具有丰富的多样性,可作为多功能的信号元件在各类生物传感器的构建中发挥作用.电化学生物传感器因其具有灵敏度高、易于微型化、成本低廉及分析速度快等优点,被广泛应用于各类目标物的分析检测中.近年来,随着现场检测、快速检测成为体外...     

基于"分段"-"完整"转化的G-四链体脱氧核糖核酸酶传感器用于多聚核苷酸激酶的检测

采用"分段"转化为"完整"G-四链体脱氧核糖核酸酶的策略,构建了检测多聚核苷激酶(T4 PNK)的传感器.将形成G-四链体的富G序列PS5.M序列拆分成5 '和3'端均为羟基的两条链:链S1OH和链S2OH,即分别具有12个碱基的"分段"的PS5.M.在ATP存在下,T4 PNK酶可以将链S2OH的5 '端的羟基磷酸化,转化为S2P;在S1OH、S2P以及Helper链S—H存在下,T4 DNA连接酶(T4 DNA Ligase)将链S1OH和链S2P连接成"完整"的PS5.M序列.在体系中再加入核酸外切酶Ⅲ(ExoⅢ),从S—H的3'端剪切S-H,释放出PS5.M.在K+存在下,PS5.M与氯化血红素(Hemin)作用,形成具有类过氧化物酶活性的复合物,催化H2O2氧化2,2'-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)的反应,通过检测氧化产物在418 nm处的吸收值变化,实现对T4 PNK活性的定量检测.线性检测范围为0.02 ～ 3.0 U/mL,检出限为0.014 U/mL(S/N=3).对Hela细胞和HEK293细胞实际样本的T4 PNK活性进行了检测,平均回收率为95.6％～105.7％.     

钌配合物与G-四链体DNA的相互作用研究进展

人体端粒由富含鸟嘌呤(G)的DNA重复序列组成,该序列在一定条件下可以形成G-四链体DNA结构。小分子化合物诱导该结构的形成并使之稳定,可以抑制端粒酶活性而达到抗肿瘤的目的。因此,G-四链体DNA稳定剂的设计和筛选是近年来生物无机化学的重要前沿研究领域之一。在金属配合物中,钌配合物由于具有丰富的光化学、光物理特性以及生物活性,其作为G-四链体DNA稳定剂引起人们的高度关注。本文以近年一些代表性的研究工作为例,对钌配合物与G-四链体DNA相互作用方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

Smartphone-Assisted Colorimetric Detection of Glutathione and Glutathione Reductase Activity in Human Serum and Mouse Liver Using Hemin/G-Quadruplex DNAzyme

Abnormal levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione reductase (GR) are usually related to a variety of diseases, so it is of great significance to determine the GSH concentration and GR activity. We herein develop a smartphone-assisted colorimetric biosensor for the detection of GSH and GR activity in human serum and mouse liver using hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme. Firstly, an obvious color change from colorless to green can be observed, owing to the high peroxidase-like activity of hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme toward 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). With the addition of GSH or GR, the H₂O₂-mediated oxidation of ABTS catalyzed by hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme is significantly inhibited, resulting in remarkable color fading. Therefore, the detection of GSH and GR activity can be achieved by observing the color transition or measuring the absorbance at 420 nm. The detection limit was estimated to be as low as 0.1 μM and 10 μU/mL for GSH and GR, respectively. More interestingly, the RGB values of the sensing system can be identified by the smartphone application (APP, color collect), which makes it an ideal format for on-site determination and point-of-care testing (POCT). In addition, the proposed method shows excellent selectivity and acceptable applicability for the determination of GSH concentration and GR activity in human serum samples and mouse liver tissues, which might hold great application potential in clinical diagnosis and drug screening.     

Design of a High-Sensitivity Dimeric G-Quadruplex/Hemin DNAzyme Biosensor for Norovirus Detection

G-quadruplexes can bind with hemin to form peroxidase-like DNAzymes that are widely used in the design of biosensors. However, the catalytic activity of G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzyme is relatively low compared with natural peroxidase, which hampers its sensitivity and, thus, its application in the detection of nucleic acids. In this study, we developed a high-sensitivity biosensor targeting norovirus nucleic acids through rationally introducing a dimeric G-quadruplex structure into the DNAzyme. In this strategy, two separate molecular beacons each having a G-quadruplex-forming sequence embedded in the stem structure are brought together through hybridization with a target DNA strand, and thus forms a three-way junction architecture and allows a dimeric G-quadruplex to form, which, upon binding with hemin, has a synergistic enhancement of catalytic activities. This provides a high-sensitivity colorimetric readout by the catalyzing H₂O₂-mediated oxidation of 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline -6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS). Up to 10 nM of target DNA can be detected through colorimetric observation with the naked eye using our strategy. Hence, our approach provides a non-amplifying, non-labeling, simple-operating, cost-effective colorimetric biosensing method for target nucleic acids, such as norovirus-conserved sequence detection, and highlights the further implication of higher-order multimerized G-quadruplex structures in the design of high-sensitivity biosensors.     

Insight into How Telomeric G‐Quadruplexes Enhance the Peroxidase Activity of Cellular Hemin

The toxic oxidative damage of G‐quadruplexes (G4), linked to neurodegenerative diseases, may arise from their ability to bind and oxidatively activate cellular hemin. However, there have been no precise studies on how telomeric G4 enhances the low intrinsic peroxidase activity of hemin. Herein, a label‐free and nanopore‐based strategy was developed to explore the enhancement mechanism of peroxidase activity of hemin induced by telomeric G4 (d(TTAGGG)_n). The nanopore‐based strategy demonstrated that there were simultaneously two different binding modes of telomere G4 to hemin. At the single‐molecule level, it was found that the hybrid structural telomeric G4 directly binds to hemin (the affinity constant (K_a)≈10⁶ m ^?1) to form a tight complex, and some of them underwent a topological change to a parallel structure with an enhancement of K_a to approximately 10⁷ m ^?1. Through detailed analysis of the topology and peroxidase activity and molecular modeling investigations, the parallel telomere G4/hemin DNAzyme structure was proven to be preferable for high peroxidase activity. Upon strong π–π stacking, the parallel structural telomere G4 supplied a key axial ligand to the hemin iron, which accelerated the intermediate compound formation with H₂O₂ in the catalytic cycle. Our studies developed a label‐free and single‐molecule strategy to fundamentally understand the catalytic activity and mechanism of telomeric DNAzyme, which provides some support for utilizing the toxic, oxidative‐damage property in cellular oxidative disease and anticancer therapeutics.     

Activity Enhancement of G‐Quadruplex/Hemin DNAzyme by Flanking d(CCC)

G‐quadruplex (G4)/hemin DNAzymes have been extensively applied in bioanalysis and molecular devices. However, their catalytic activity is still much lower than that of proteinous enzymes. The G4/hemin DNAzyme activity is correlated with the G4 conformations and the solution conditions. However, little is known about the effect of the flanking sequences on the activity, though they are important parts of G4s. Here, we report sequences containing d(CCC), flanked on both ends of the G4‐core sequences remarkably enhance their DNAzyme activity. By using circular dichroism and UV‐visible spectroscopy, the d(CCC) flanking sequences were demonstrated to improve the hemin binding affinity to G4s instead of increasing the parallel G4 formation, which might explain the enhanced DNAzyme activity. Meanwhile, the increased hemin binding ability promoted the degradation of hemin within the DNAzyme by H₂O₂. Furthermore, the DNAzyme with d(CCC) flanking sequences showed strong tolerance to pH value changes, which makes it more suitable for applications requiring wide pH conditions. The results highlight the influence of the flanking sequences on the DNAzyme activity and provide insightful information for the design of highly active DNAzymes.     

Label-Free Electrochemiluminescent Determination of DNA Using Luminol and Hemin Functionalized Nanoparticles

Luminol and hemin dual-functionalized silica nanoparticles were synthesized using a typical reverse water-in-oil microemulsion protocol. The obtained nanoparticles were further characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry, chemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence. The results indicated that the luminol and hemin dual-functionalized silica nanoparticles exhibited significantly higher chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence intensities than those of luminol functionalized silica nanoparticles due to the catalytic effect of hemin on the chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence of luminol. Furthermore, a simple and sensitive label-free electrochemiluminescence DNA biosensor was developed based on the chitosan modified luminol and hemin dual-functionalized silica nanoparticles and a single-stranded DNA probe. The chitosan modified luminol and hemin dual-functionalized silica nanoparticles were immobilized on the surface of an indium-doped tin oxide electrode and the single-stranded DNA probe was immobilized on the surface of the nanoparticles through electrostatic interactions between single-stranded DNA and chitosan, which allowed hybridization with the target DNA sequences. The hybridization events were evaluated by electrochemiluminescence, and only the complementary sequence formed double-stranded DNA with the DNA probe to give strong electrochemiluminescence signals. Finally, the electrochemiluminescence intensity was found to be linearly related to the concentration of the complementary sequence at concentrations from 1.0?×?10^?12 to 1.0?×?10^?6?mol·L^?1 with a detection limit of 5.0?×?10^?13?mol·L^?1.     

氯化血红素修饰玻碳电极的制备及其作用机理

以正交法设计实验方案 ,用循环伏安法研究了氯化血红素在玻碳电极上的电化学行为及电催化作用 ,发现 :(1)氯化血红素在电极表面有两种状态 单体和二聚体 ,阴极峰电位分别为 - 0 .2 5± 0 .0 1V和 - 0 .4 3± 0 .0 1V ;(2 )两种状态对过氧化氢均有电催化还原作用 ,单体的催化活性是二聚体的 1.4 5倍 ,并给出了相应的作用机理。以介质转换后Δi2 为指标确定了影响膜稳定性的主要因素为pH ,给出了制备与测试该修饰电极的最佳条件。电催化还原过氧化氢电流与其浓度的线性关系为Δi (A) =3.184 6× 10 -6+2 .6 371× 10 -5C(mmol/L) ;检出限为 1.7× 10 -5mol/L ;相关系数为 0 .992 8,电极催化性能两星期内不变