On time transformations for differential equations with state-dependent delay

Systems of differential equations with state-dependent delay are considered. The delay dynamically depends on the state, i.e. is governed by an additional differential equation. By applying the time transformations we arrive to constant delay systems and compare the asymptotic properties of the original and transformed systems.     

Reduction of Balance Laws in (3+1)-Dimensions to Autonomous Conservation Laws by Means of Equivalence Transformations

A class of partial differential equations (a conservation law and four balance laws), with four independent variables and involving sixteen arbitrary continuously differentiable functions, is considered in the framework of equivalence transformations. These are point transformations of differential equations involving arbitrary elements and live in an augmented space of independent, dependent and additional variables representing values taken by the arbitrary elements. Projecting the admitted infinitesimal equivalence transformations into the space of independent and dependent variables, we determine some finite transformations mapping the system of balance laws to an equivalent one with the same differential structure but involving different arbitrary elements; in particular, the target system we want to recover is an autonomous system of conservation laws. An application to a physical problem is considered.     

The painlevé property and coordinate transformations

In this paper, the question of conserving the Painlevé property of partial differential equations via coordinate transformations between partial differential equations is studied. Also, the effects of some types of transformations, like ordinary Bäcklund as well as auto-Bäcklund transformations of partial differential equations, are shown as well. Some features and comments, concerning higher order prolongations of these transformations as well as of the partial differential equations themselves, are given.     

Criteria for fourth-order ordinary differential equations to be linearizable by contact transformations

Solution of linearization problem of fourth-order ordinary differential equations via contact transformations is presented in the paper. We show that all fourth-order ordinary differential equations that are linearizable by contact transformations are contained in the class of equations which is at most quadratic in the third-order derivative. We provide the linearization test and describe the procedure for obtaining the linearizing transformations as well as the linearized equation. Moreover, we obtain the general form of ordinary differential equations of order greater than four linearizable via contact transformations.     

Symmetry groups and similarity solutions for the system of equations for a viscous compressible fluid

Here, using Lie group transformations, we consider the problem of finding similarity solutions to the system of partial differential equations (PDEs) governing one-dimensional unsteady motion of a compressible fluid in the presence of viscosity and thermal conduction, using the general form of the equation of state. The symmetry groups admitted by the governing system of PDEs are obtained, and the complete Lie algebra of infinitesimal symmetries is established. Indeed, with the use of the entailed similarity solution the problem is transformed to a system of ordinary differential equations(ODEs), which in general is nonlinear; in some cases, it is possible to solve these ODEs to determine some special exact solutions.     

Equivalence Transformations of Quasilinear First Order Systems and Reduction to Autonomous and Homogeneous Form

Classes of 2×2 first order quasilinear partial differential equations involving arbitrary continuously differentiable functions that can be mapped into autonomous and homogeneous form through equivalence transformations are considered. Equivalence transformations are point transformations of independent and dependent variables of differential equations involving arbitrary elements. The transformations act on the arbitrary elements as point transformations of an augmented space of independent, dependent variables and additional variables representing values taken by the arbitrary elements. Projecting the admitted symmetries into the space determined by the independent and dependent variables, we determine some finite transformations mapping the system into autonomous and homogeneous form. Some physical applications are considered and a comparison with reduction of quasilinear first order systems to autonomous and homogeneous form through Lie point symmetries is discussed.     

Ermakov–Pinney and Emden–Fowler Equations: New Solutions from Novel Bäcklund Transformations

We study the class of nonlinear ordinary differential equations y″ y = F(z, y²), where F is a smooth function. Various ordinary differential equations with a well-known importance for applications belong to this class of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Indeed, the Emden–Fowler equation, the Ermakov–Pinney equation, and the generalized Ermakov equations are among them. We construct Bäcklund transformations and auto-Bäcklund transformations: starting from a trivial solution, these last transformations induce the construction of a ladder of new solutions admitted by the given differential equations. Notably, the highly nonlinear structure of this class of nonlinear ordinary differential equations implies that numerical methods are very difficult to apply.     

Author index for volume 75

In this paper we present a method for constructing invariant solutions of partial differential equations. Using a computerprogram we derive a simple class of transformations including similarity transformations which leaves invariant a given hydrodynamical equation. Methods from differential geometry will enable us to construct ordinary differential equations leading to invariant solutions of a given equation.     

An attempt to differential Galois theory of second order polynomial system and solvable subgroup of Mbius transformations

By introducing the conception "relativistic differential Galois group" for the second order polynomial systems, we establish the relation between the conformal relativistic differential Galois group and the subgroup of Mobius transformations, and prove that the system is integrable in the sense of Liouville if its conformal relativistic differential Galois group is solvable with a derived length at most 2. Some omissions on the structures of solvable subgroups of Mobius transformations at the first author's article published in this journal in 1996 are refreshed in this paper.     

QUASI-DIAGONALIZATION FOR A SINGULARLY PERTURBED DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEM WITH TWO PARAMETERS

By two successive linear transformations,a singularly perturbed differential system with two parameters is quasi-diagonalized. The method of variation of constants and the principle of contraction map are used to prove the existence of the transformations.     

An attempt to differential Galois theory of second order polynomial system and solvable subgroup of M(o)bius transformations

By introducing the conception "relativistic differential Galois group" for the second order polynomial systems, we establish the relation between the conformal relativistic differential Galois group and the subgroup of M(o)bius transformations, and prove that the system is integrable in the sense of Liouville if its conformal relativistic differential Galois group is solvable with a derived length at most 2. Some omissions on the structures of solvable subgroups of M(o)bius transformations at the first author's article published in this journal in 1996 are refreshed in this paper.     

MHD stagnation-point flow of an upper-convected Maxwell fluid over a stretching surface

The present analysis comprises the steady two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic flow of an upper-convected Maxwell fluid near a stagnation-point over a stretching surface. The governing non-linear partial differential equation for the flow are reduced to an ordinary differential equation by using similarity transformations. The analytic solution of nonlinear system is constructed in the series form using Homotopy analysis method. Convergence of the obtained series is discussed explicitly. The effects of the sundry parameters on the velocity profile is shown through graphs. The values of skin-friction coefficient for different parameters is tabulated.     

Nonlinear Transformations of Smooth Measures on Infinite-Dimensional Spaces

We investigate the properties of the image of a differentiable measure on an infinitely-dimensional Banach space under nonlinear transformations of the space. We prove a general result concerning the absolute continuity of this image with respect to the initial measure and obtain a formula for density similar to the Ramer–Kusuoka formula for the transformations of the Gaussian measure. We prove the absolute continuity of the image for classes of transformations that possess additional structural properties, namely, for adapted and monotone transformations, as well as for transformations generated by a differential flow. The latter are used for the realization of the method of characteristics for the solution of infinite-dimensional first-order partial differential equations and linear equations with an extended stochastic integral with respect to the given measure.     

An attempt to differential Galois theory of second order polynomial system and solvable subgroup of Möbius transformations

By introducing the conception “relativistic differential Galois group” for the second order polynomial systems, we establish the relation between the conformal relativistic differential Galois group and the subgroup of Möbius transformations, and prove that the system is integrable in the sense of Liouville if its conformal relativistic differential Galois group is solvable with a derived length at most 2. Some omissions on the structures of solvable subgroups of Möbius transformations at the first author’s article published in this journal in 1996 are refreshed in this paper.     

Indefinite integrals involving the incomplete elliptic integral of the third kind

A substantial number of new indefinite integrals involving the incomplete elliptic integral of the third kind are presented, together with a few integrals for the other two kinds of incomplete elliptic integral. These have been derived using a Lagrangian method which is based on the differential equations which these functions satisfy. Techniques for obtaining new integrals are discussed, together with transformations of the governing differential equations. Integrals involving products combining elliptic integrals of different kinds are also presented.     

Solving second-order differential equations with variable coefficients

A method is developed in which an analytical solution is obtained for certain classes of second-order differential equations with variable coefficients. By the use of transformations and by repeated iterated integration, a desired solution is obtained. This alternative method represents a different way to acquire a solution from classic power series techniques and other approaches. It is, at times, more involved than traditional methods.     

Lie group analysis of two-dimensional variable-coefficient Burgers equation

The modern group analysis of differential equations is used to study a class of two-dimensional variable coefficient Burgers equations. The group classification of this class is performed. Equivalence transformations are also found that allow us to simplify the results of classification and to construct the basis of differential invariants and operators of invariant differentiation. Using equivalence transformations, reductions with respect to Lie symmetry operators and certain non-Lie ans?tze, we construct exact analytical solutions for specific forms of the arbitrary elements. Finally, we classify the local conservation laws.     

Solving linear ordinary differential equations by exponentials of iterated commutators

Summary A sequence of transformations of a linear system of ordinary differential equations is investigated. It is shown that these transformations produce new systems which represent progressively smaller perturbations of the original set of equations.The transformations are implemented as a basis of a numerical method. Order, stability and error control of this method are analyzed. Numerical examples demonstrate the potential of this approach.