醋酸纤维素膜固定化脲酶的研究

酶固定膜反应器兼具有反应和分离两种功能,是酶工程领域中较活跃的研究课题.随着酶固定化技术和水平的提高,各种固定化酶生物反应器不断涌现,其中以采用固定化脲酶技术制作的人工肾最为成功.     

Decolorization of Distillery Effluent Using Poly(Vinyl Chloride) and Cellulose Acetate Phthalate as Adsorbents

Decolorization of distillery effluents, using low cost polymer adsorbents, is one of the challenging areas for environmental technologists. Untreated distillery effluents are harmful to the environment, causing foul smell, spoiling fresh water sources and killing aquatic life. The color of distillery effluents have been decolorized by using polymer based adsorbents, such as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), which are water insoluble, easily available, and cheap. In the present article, special emphasis is given to studies such as the effect of contact time, dosage amount, dilution, and the variation in the amount of sample on the degree of decolorization of the effluent. The decolorization of a distillery effluent was monitored by using UV/Visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). From these studies, it was noticed that moderate to fair results were obtained and it was also found that CAP was a better adsorbent, compared to PVC, for decolorization of distillery effluents.     

水可分散体羧甲基纤维素醋酸丁酸酯结构与性能研究

采用大浴比碱化、醚化与半均相酯化的合成方式,制备出纤维素混合醚酯——羧甲基纤维素醋酸丁酸酯（CMCAB）。利用^1H—NMR、FTIR、XRD、TG和DSC等技术对CMCAB结构与热性能进行分析与表征,并对其溶液表面性能、水分散体流变性能进行了研究。结果表明,CMCAB分子链上亲水性羧基分布均匀;CMCAB结晶度低、热...     

废醋酸纤维素丙酮溶液的流变性和可纺性研究

用旋转粘度计研究了废醋酸纤维素(WCA)丙酮溶液的流变性质,考察了溶液对切变速率,增塑剂含量、浓度和温度的依赖关系,并对可纺性进行了研究。研究结果表明,WCA丙酮溶液的粘弹性低于CA丙酮溶液;WCA丙酮溶液的可纺性良好。     

三醋酸纤维素/醋酸纤维素正渗透膜的制备工艺对性能的影响

通过相转变法制备了一系列三醋酸纤维素/醋酸纤维素正渗透膜,并探索了影响正渗透膜水通量的三个重要因素:膜厚度、凝胶时间、热处理过程。结果表明膜厚度为300mm、凝胶时间48 h,并经过热处理以后的正渗透膜水通量效果最佳,达到7.088 L/m~2·h。     

Thermodynamics of Mercurous Acetate from E M. F. Measurements

Measurements of the e.m. f.'s of the cell, have been made over a temperature range from 15° to 40°C. The standard e.m.f. of the Hg/Hg₂Ac₂(s), Ac^? electrode was given by E⁰=?0.8640+1.832×10_×3T?21.84×10_?7T₂. The thermodynamic properties of the reaction, Hg₂Ac₂(s)+2Cl^?=Hg₂Cl₂(s)+2Ac_? and those for the formation of Hg₂Ac₂(s) at 25°C were Computed.     

Thermodynamic Studies of Bi-Univalent Electrolytes. IV. Osmotic and Activity Coefficients of Cadmium Perchlorate and Chloride from Isopiestic Measurements

Isopiestic method was used to determine the osmotic and activity coefficients of cadmium perchlorate and chloride in aqueous solutions at 25°C. The dissociation degree and the real mean activity coefficient of cadmium chloride were evaluated.     

Grafting Studies on Cotton Cellulose

Graft copolymerization reactions of vinyl monomers with fibrous cotton cellulose that were initiated at free-radical sites formed on the cellulose molecule are discussed. The effects of experimental conditions on the methods of initiating these free-radical reactions and on the location of these sites on the cellulose molecule are outlined. Some of the properties of the fibrous cellulose graft copolymers are discussed.     

Thermodynamic Studies of Bi-Univalent Electrolytes. VI. Thermodynamics of Cadmium Acetate from E. M. F. and Calorimetric Measurements

E. M. F. of the Cell, Cd-Hg (2-phase)/CdAc₂(m), Hg₂Ac₂(s)/Hg was measured at 20°, 25°, 30° and 40°C. The standard e. m. f. of the cell, Cd/CdAc₃(m), Hg₂Ac₂(c)/Hg was evaluated as E°=1.1500?11.09×10^?4T+1.06×10^?8T² The thermodynamic data of the reaction, Cd(c) + Hg₂Ac₂(c)=2Hg(l)+Cd⁺⁺(aq)+2Ac^?(aq) at 25°C were estimated as ΔF°=?42,139, ΔH°=?48,698 cal mole^?1 and ΔS°=?22.0 cal deg^?1 mole^?1 at 25°C. The thermodynamic data for the formation of Hg₂Ac₂(s) were evaluated as ΔF_f°=?202.3, ΔH_f°=?154.5 Kcal mole^?1 and S°=72.9 cal deg^?1 mole^?1. From measurements of the heats of solution of CdAc₂·2H₂O in aqueous solution, the relative partial molal enthalpies of cadmium acetate in aqueous solution were estimated.     

Studies on Non-natural Deoxyammonium Cellulose

Summary: Ammonium group containing cellulose derivatives are prepared from homogeneously synthesized cellulose p-toluenesulfonic acid esters (tosyl cellulose) by conversion with sodium azide and subsequent reduction of the azido moiety applying NaBH₄/CoBr₂/2,2′-bipyridine as reagent. Regarding the tosylation, cellulose samples of different degree of polymerization and hemicellulose content possess a different reactivity. The deoxyamino cellulose is water soluble in the protonated state. Elemental analysis, FTIR- and NMR spectroscopy were carried out to analyze the degree of substitution and functionalization pattern. It was also studied to synthesize deoxyazido celluloses without isolation of the tosyl cellulose. However, a predominant formation of deoxychloro moieties occurs.     

Studies on the Electrochemical Characterization of Cellulose Acetate and Dowex-50 Membranes for Uni-Univalent Electrolytes in Aqueous Solutions

Membrane potential and bi-ionic potential studies using cellulose acetate and Dowex-50 membranes and sodium chloride and potassium chloride aqueous solutions have been carried out. The results have been used to estimate solute permeability, ionic transport numbers, fixed charge density, and surface charge density of both the membranes. Both membrane potential and bi-ionic potential are affected by adsorption of ions. Adsorbed ions affect the surface potential as well as solute retention capacity of the membranes. Solute retention expressed in terms of the “maximal retention” of membranes could thus be estimated. Furthermore, a correlation between permselectivity of the membrane and effective concentration with the dielectric constant of the membrane has also been established.     

Synthesis of Cellulose Long-Chain Esters in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate: Structure-Property Relations

In this study, we prepared cellulose long-chain esters homogeneously in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, using cotton linter as the raw material, long-chain fatty acid as the esterification agent and paratoluensulfonyl chloride as the co-reactant. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the product. The maximum degree of substitution was found to be 1.53 when the molar ratio of cellulose, lauric acid and paratoluensulfonyl chloride was 1 : 6 : 6, provided that the reaction temperature was 60°C and the reaction time was 24 h. The mechanical property of the free-film made of cellulose laurate was also tested. It was found that the toughness of cellulose laurate was much better than that of cellulose acetate.     

两性纤维素接枝共聚物的研究Ⅰ. 两性共聚物的合成

用过硫酸铵和四甲基乙二胺氧化还原引发体系合成了羧甲基纤维素接枝甲基丙烯酸二甲胺基乙酯两性共聚物（ＣＧＤ）,研究了反应温度、ｐＨ、原料羧甲基取代度、引发剂用量、反应物料配比和外加盐对接枝共聚的影响,并用红外光谱对接枝共聚物结构进行了鉴定     

Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase on Cellulose／Cellulose Acetate Membrane and its Detection by Scanning Electrochemical Microscope （SECM）

Cellulose/cellulose acetate membranes were prepared and functionalized by introducingamino group on it, and then immobilized the glucose oxidase (Gox) on the functionalizd membrane.SECM was applied for the detection of enzyme activity immobilized on the membrane.Immobilized biomolecules on such membranes was combined with analysis apparatus and can beused in bioassays.     

稀溶液的渗透压、化学势、外压与蒸气压关系

以外压对化学势的影响为主线,从外压对化学势的改变和外压对稀溶液蒸气压的改变两个方面,讨论了稀溶液的渗透压、化学势、外压与蒸气压关系。以帮助学生更好地理解和掌握这些基本概念。     

馆库温湿度对醋酸纤维素酯胶片物理性能影响的研究

醋酸纤维素酯胶片档案保存环境的温湿度是影响胶片长期保存的关键因素之一。由于技术及理念等方面原因,使得我国大部分档案馆的保存环境均未达到国际标准组织所推荐的条件,致使这些宝贵的胶片档案正在遭受醋酸综合症的危害。本文选取20世纪80年代国产的醋酸纤维素酯胶片作为研究对象,研究了接近实际馆藏温度和湿度对胶片片基层和乳剂层的影响。结果表明:当胶片档案保存的实际温度高于20℃、湿度高于60%RH时,均会对胶片的乳剂层和片基层造成不同程度的损伤,特别是高湿条件会严重损毁胶片乳剂层所载信息。本研究对胶片档案的保存具有一定的参考意义。     

Grafting onto Cellulose. VI. Graft Copolymerization of Vinyl Acetate by Use of Metal Chelates as Initiators

Graft copolymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) onto cellulose has been studied in an aqueous medium in the presence of Fe(acac)₃, Al(acac)₃, and Zn(acac)₂ as initiators. Percentage of grafting has been determined as a function of concentration of initiators and monomer, reaction time, and temperature. The reactivities of different metal chelates toward grafting of VAc on cellulose have been determined and were found to follow the order: Zn(acac)₂ > Al(acac)₃ > Fe(acac)₃. A plausible mechanism for grafting involving complex formation between metal chelates and vinyl monomer has been suggested. Several grafting experiments were carried out in presence of CCl₄, CHCl₃, CH₃CH₂CH₂SH and Et₃N. All these additives with the exception of Et₃N were found to suppress grafting.     

Osmotic Pressure, Small-Angle X-Ray, and Dynamic Light Scattering Studies of Human Serum Albumin in Aqueous Solutions

Osmotic pressure measurements of human serum albumin (HSA) dissolved in water and in 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 M phosphate buffer are reported as a function of the protein concentration. Two different forms of the protein were studied: defatted HSA (HSA1) and HSA with fatty acids (HSA2). The measured values of the osmotic coefficient were well below 1, indicating large deviations from ideality even for dilute protein solutions. The measured values increased with increasing HSA concentration and the increase was a function of pH. For higher concentrations of added phosphate buffer, the pH of solution had less influence on the measured osmotic pressure. The osmotic pressure of HSA1 in water was found to be considerably lower than that of the HSA2 modification. This effect was ascribed to formation of dimers in the HSA1 solution. The osmotic measurements were complemented by the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies of dilute HSA solutions in water. The SAXS and DLS data confirmed the dimerization of HSA1 molecules under these conditions. Detailed analysis of the SAXS data suggested a parallel orientation of two protein molecules in a dimer. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

Biosensors Based on the Oxygen Electrode Covered with Both Enzyme-Immobilized Fibroin and Acetate Cellulose Membranes

Based on uricase-immobilized silk fibroin membranes and oxygen electrode, an amperometric biosensor for uric acid in flow-injection analysis has been developed. In the sensor, We first introduced a tailing inhibitor-ion pair reagent into a buffer system so as to eliminate all interference from hemacyte,macromolecules and small molecular weight charged species besides electroactive specie ascorbate in complex matrices.