Vinyl Polymerization. 254.∗ Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate by the System Cellulose-Water-Carbon Tetrachloride

Radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by the system cellulose-water-carbon tetrachloride was kinetically studied. Results obtained are: 1) The amounts of water, carbon tetrachloride, and cellulose affected the conversion. Michaelis-Menten's equation was applied to the relationship between the rate of polymerization and the amount of MMA. 2) Other methacrylates and acrylates were also polymerized by this system. 3) When methanol or ethanol was used instead of water, some weak polymerization activity was observed. 4) Initiating ability depended on the kind of cellulose used. 5) The activity of cellulose was not changed by washing with boiling water or by solvent extraction. 6) Polymerization was inhibited by the presence of air. 7) Heating in the presence of water and carbon tetrachloride markedly decreased the activity of the cellulose.     

A Model for the Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride

Phenomena of emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride have been analyzed on the molecular scale. A quantitative model is developed in which the polymerization is assumed to occur in a shell surrounding the dead core of the particles. The shell has the same composition as the entire particle, but it is assumed that the active species generated in the aqueous phase are not able to diffuse to the center of the particles and rather remain in a zone of limited thickness. Kinetic and geometric parameters are determined by fitting calculated values of rates and molecular weights to experimental data at 50°C.     

炭黑对乙烯基单体自由基聚合反应的影响

用悬浮聚合法制备静电复印用增色剂时，着色剂炭黑在反应体系中具有明显的阻聚作用。研究了炭黑对反应活性不同的乙烯基单体和不同引发剂体系聚合反应的影响。通过在炭黑表面进行接枝，以降低炭黑对聚合反应的干扰。     

New Methods for Controlled Chain Growth in Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride

Published data concerning the ways to control the kinetic parameters of vinyl chloride polymerization and molecular-weight characteristics of polyvinyl chloride through directed modification of the reactivity of the growing macroradical are considered.     

Kinetic Models for Bulk Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride and Their Rate Expressions

The various models and their rate expressions developed for the bulk polymerization of vinyl chloride are checked against carefully evaluated experimental data. Only Ugelstad's and Olaj's models yield rate expressions consistent with experiment.     

衰减链转移(DT)聚合醋酸乙烯酯的动力学

在醋酸乙烯酯的普通自由基聚合体系中加入少量碘（质量分数为0.57%～0.86%）,用偶氮二异丁腈作引发剂合成聚醋酸乙烯酯,对其聚合反应的动力学及反应机理进行了研究。 考察了碘质量分数对聚合反应速率、聚合物分子量及分子量分布的影响,发现随着碘浓度的增加,聚合物分子量及分子量分布得到更好的控制;对聚合过程进行了核磁跟踪,考察了聚合过程中几种化合物的变化情况,特别是初级自由基与碘生成的加合物A-I（A来自引发剂分裂后产生的自由基）及单体加合物A-Mn-I（M代表单体单元）的变化情况;对聚合物结构作了详细的1H NMR分析,结果表明,聚合过程中分子量随时间延长而逐渐增大,分子量分布随单体转化率增加而变窄,聚合终期,单体转化率达到80%左右时,所得聚合物分子量分布窄（Mw/Mn≤1.41）,且含有碘端基。该方法的自由基聚合具有活性/可控的性质。     

复合引发剂体系引发下氯乙烯悬浮聚合动力学模型及应用

在建立复合引发剂分解动力学模型的基础上,推导了复合引发剂体系引发下的氯乙烯(VC)悬浮聚合动力学模型.用模型预测不同温度、引发剂复合体系引发的氯乙烯聚合动力学与实验数据能较好地吻合.其中TxEHP,Tx99,Tx23和Tx36在51和57℃下的引发效率由单一引发剂引发的VC动力学数据计算     

Importance of Radical Transfer in Precipitation Polymerization: The Case of Vinyl Chloride Suspension Polymerization

The importance of radical transfer between the reactive phases in precipitation polymerization processes is investigated with the vinyl chloride suspension polymerization as an example. A two‐film model that accounts for a mass transfer resistance in both the monomer‐rich and the polymer‐rich phase is constructed and applied. Equilibrium is assumed at the interphase boundary. Based on model calculations using intrinsic rate coefficients obtained by regression to experimental data the effect of accounting for radical transfer between the reactive phases on the simulated monomer conversion and total moments of the molar mass distribution is demonstrated. It is found that the effect of radical transfer between the reactive phases is most pronounced at low polymerization temperatures.

     

丙烯酰胺与二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵共聚动力学

采用膨胀计法研究了以过硫酸铵 亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂,丙烯酰胺（AM）和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DMDAAC）在水溶液中的共聚反应动力学,测定了相应的聚合表观活化能、聚合速率方程和单体竞聚率。 结果表明,当AM与DMDAAC摩尔比分别为5∶5、6∶4和7∶3时,表观活化能分别为Ea1=90.61 kJ/mol、Ea2=88.88 kJ/mol和Ea3=85.15 kJ/mol;聚合反应温度为45 ℃下,聚合速率方程分别为Rp1=kc(M)2.84c(IO)0.51·c(IR)0.61,Rp2=kc(M)2.77c(IO)0.51c(IR)0.59和Rp3=kc(M)2.73c(IO)0.50c(IR)0.56;2种单体的竞聚率分别为rAM=6.11,rDMDAAC=0.14。 上述实验结果可从动力学角度为不同阳离子度共聚物Poly(DMDAAC-co-AM)（PDA）聚合反应速率差别及产物特征黏度值差异进行解释。     

偏氯乙烯悬浮聚合反应速率模型

通过实验研究了偏氯乙烯悬浮聚合反应动力学,比较了偏氯乙烯与氯乙烯聚合动力学行为的异同.在假定偏氯乙烯聚合反应发生在单体相和液固界面两个区域的基础上,提出了偏氯乙烯沉淀聚合反应速率模型.模型预测的转化率值几乎在全转化率范围内都与本文的偏氯乙烯悬浮聚合实验结果一致.     

TiCl4共引发乙烯基单体正离子聚合反应动力学及其机理

TiCl4,共引发异丁烯（1B）或苯乙烯（St）进行正离子聚合，聚合反应速率与共引发剂TICl4之间可呈一级和二级动力学关系，这与TiCl4浓度（[TiCl4]）、单体浓度、亲核试剂的亲核性等多方面因素有关。单分子TiCl4与休眠分子链末端进行离子化反应并产生活性中心碳正离子和反离子TiCl5^-，TiCl5^-与另一个TiCl4分子进一步反应则形成双分子反离子Ti2Cl9^-，导致TiCl4表现为二级动力学关系的机理。     

Polymerization Mechanism of Vinyl Chloride with Trialkylaluminum-Lewis Base Catalyst and Thermal Stability of Poly(vinyl Chloride)

The mechanism of vinyl chloride polymerization by the tri-ethylaluminum-Lewis base-carbon tetrachloride catalyst system and the thermal stability of the resulting polymer were investigated. When the Lewis base is multidentate, the resultant complex with triethylaluminum shows significantly high catalytic activity for radical polymerization of vinyl chloride in the presence of carbon tetrachloride to give a white powder with high molecular weight. Carbon tetrachloride accelerates the rate of polymerization and participates in an initiating process rather than in a propagating step. The thermal stability of the polymer prepared with this catalyst system is much superior to that of commercial polyvinyl chloride), although the numbers of the double bonds in a chain end and of the head-to-head linkage are similar in both samples, suggesting that the thermally unstable structures of the former react with triethylaluminum to give the thermally stable structure on the polymerization process.     

对甲氧基苯辛基二甲基烯丙基氯化铵与丙烯酰胺共聚动力学研究

采用定时取样研究了以过硫酸钾-亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂,对甲氧基苯辛基二甲基烯丙基氯化铵(ADMAAC)和丙烯酰胺(AM)在水溶液中的共聚反应动力学,测定了相应的聚合速率方程、聚合表观活化能;采用阴阳离子相互作用测定残余ADMAAC的含量,紫外分光光度法测定残余AM的含量,根据单体投料量和残余量差值,得到低转化率下共聚物的组成,按Kelem-Tudos法得到两单体竞聚率。实验结果表明:聚合反应温度在40℃下,聚合速率方程为:Rp=K[M]1.241[KPS]0.52[SHS]0.55;根据Arrhenius经验公式计算出对甲氧基苯辛基二甲基烯丙基氯化铵(ADMAAC)和丙烯酰胺(AM)共聚的表观活化能为73.85kJ/mol,高于AM水溶液均聚合的活化能Ea(70.32kJ/mol);两种单体的竞聚率为rADMAAC=0.197、rAM=4.503,为ADMAAC-AM共聚合反应控制确定了重要的动力学参数。两单体的竞聚率的积小于1,ADMAAC与AM共聚合行为类型是一种无恒比点的非理想共聚行为,共聚物组成曲线,在对角线下方。     

Molecular Versus Conventional Kinetics of Emulsion Polymerization

Summary: Experimental data are discussed challenging the deterministic kinetics of emulsion polymerization. Examples are given for the overall rate of polymerization, in-situ stabilizer formation, and swelling of latex particles. Improving the deterministic view on emulsion polymerization kinetics requires the consideration of results of molecular modelling and the application of multiscale integration techniques.     

Kinetics and Modeling of Vinyl Acetate Graft Polymerization from Poly(ethylene glycol)

A kinetic model for the graft polymerization of VAc from PEG was developed using the method of moments. Experiments were carried out to verify the model. The effect of various parameters, such as initiator concentration, temperature, and PEG molecular weight on the polymerization kinetics was examined. Polymerization rate, grafting efficiency, graft copolymer molecular weight, and PEG grafted ratio were measured. The model was in good agreement with the experimental data. No gel effect was observed at the studied PEG/VAc weight ratio of 1:1. The chain transfer constant to PEG was correlated to be . The model was also applied in a semi‐batch reaction and compared with the experimental results.

     

多官能团乙烯基单体原子转移自由基交联聚合机理

乙烯基单体;原子转移自由基交联聚合;聚合机理;交联网络     

Vinyl Polymerization. 386. Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Initiated by Imidazole in Aqueous Solution of Copper(II) Chloride

The radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out with the system of imidazole (Im), copper(n) chloride, and water at 85°C. The effects of the amount of each component on the conversion of MMA were investigated. The polymerization proceeded through a radical mechanism. The overall activation energy was estimated to be 28.7 kJ/mole. The conversion of MMA showed a maximum at pH 8-9 of the aqueous solution. The formation of a complex of CuCl₂ with Im, water, and MMA was confirmed by electronic spectra. An initiation mechanism was proposed.     

二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)聚合反应动力学研究

采用TG-DSC-DTG技术研究了二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)在流动高纯氮气中的聚合反应动力学. 利用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法进行了非等温动力学计算, 得到了MDI聚合反应的动力学参数, 通过Satava-Sestak法、Coats-Redfern法对不同机理模型进行选取, 确定了MDI聚合反应的机理为随机成核和随后生长模型, 机理函数为 . 由以上三种方法计算结果表明: MDI聚合反应的表观活化能E＝58.42 kJ•mol^－1, 指前因子A＝ 5006 min^－1, 动力学方程为: [－ln(1－α)]^1/2＝5006exp(-58.42*1000/8.314T)t.     

乙烷氧氯化制氯乙烯的研究

氯乙烯单体 ( VCM)是重要的基本化工原料 ,是生产聚氯乙烯的单体 ,其应用十分广泛 .生产VCM的传统方法是以乙烯为原料 ,分步生成目的产物 ,首先通过氧氯化反应生成 1 ,2 -二氯乙烷 ,然后脱氯化氢得到 VCM.由于乙烯法生产氯乙烯工艺复杂、成本较高 ,因此 B.F.Goodrich公司、孟山都公司及比利时的 EVC公司等世界各大化学公司都一直在研究开发乙烷一步法制氯乙烯的技术 ,以此来降低生产成本 .欧洲乙烯公司以乙烷为原料 ,采用直接氧氯化法 ,经过 9年多的开发研究 ,成功地半工业化生产出氯乙烯单体 ,使 VCM生产成本大大降低[1] .原料气乙…